Effects of quality assurance on winter maintenance Otto Kärki ELY-centre, Finland NordBalt Seminar Vantaa 7 8 October 2014
Development of Yearly Maintenance Cost, /km Area maintenance contracts, development of ALL COSTS (ALL FINLAND) 2011 prices (2004 and 2009 without Espoo and Vantaa contracts) 35 % reduction 20 % increase Most reduction in winter maintenance costs: - Roughly 10 % 2005 2010 and 30 % with index (South Ostrobothnia)
Area Maintenance Contracts 1.10.2014-1.10.2015 Information of Contracts: Roads 450-2300 km Cost/year 0,7 6 milj. Euros Duration 5 or 7 years Costs of Area Maintenance Contracts 16 % 7 % 3 % Contractor 7 % 12 % 55 % Contracts 81 Winter Maintenance Maintenance of traffic environment Maintenance of structures and facilities Maintenance of gravel roads Periodic Maintenance Minor Investments Tammisaari 3
Finnish Transport Agency/ELY Centre is always ultimately responsible for service quality Service, which is in line with values of Finnish Transport Agency, Customer Finnish Transport Agency Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment Producer Subproducer The needs of customers Contract Winter maintenance: - total price/winter - index is included Subcontracts - Not open to client - Legislation (tax. ect) required 4
Winter Maintenance Classification in Finland Regional AADT Highways Main roads roads Connecting roads Friction requirement always (NEW 2009) 15 000 6 000 4 000 3 000 1 500 780 km 2 400 km 3 850 km 10 400 km Is I Ib 2-2,5 hours regain time 2-3 hours regain time 1 000 500 19 900 km II 350 200 0 40 900 km III
Increases Cost of Winter Maintenance Has not increased much Road length % of traffic Cost Surface /km Is I 3274(4%) 4547(6%) 44 19 13 12 salted and bare 4000 2600 Ib II III jk+pp 10607 (14%) 19340 (25%) 40342 (52 %) 20 12 5 5400 Bicycle and pedestrian roads 21 18 28 4 partly bare mainly snow cover snow cover 2000 900 700 750 78188 km +5400 km 100 % 92+4= 96 M 1100 2013 Decision: No more increase in winter maintenance classes due to lack of financing
Winter maintenance Salt usage in Finland 1959-2009 160 Average salt usage: 79927 tn/years 2009-14 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 1000 tn / vuosi
Salt and sand usage in South Ostrobothnia Tn/km Tonnia/ km 12 10 8 6 4 No more sand bonus mechanism according to weather Salt dosage should be? Is (motorways) 23 t/km/year Is 11 t/km/year I 8 t/km/year Ib 3 t/km/year Destia suola Is-Ib Salt, Destia, IS-Ib Salt, Others, IS-Ib Sand, Destia, Ib-III Sand, Others, Ib-III Muut suola Is-Ib Destia hiekka Ib-III Muut hiekka Ib-III 2 0 Salt bonus still in use 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 No more salt bonus in two contracts Winter period Talvikausi
Quality Assurance Contracts are based on the principle of quality responsibility. The client primarily monitors the functionality of the contractor s quality system. Private consultants assist on spot checking Meetings once a month. Sanctions are used Bonus on the basis of customers - road users satisfaction Bonus/sanction system on the basis of optimum salt use, too 1,2 M salt bonus winter 2012-13 (1,3 %) % 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,7 4,1 11,0 10,5 29,3 44,1 <0,15 0,15-0,20-0,22-0,25-0,28-0,30- >0,35 0,19 0,21 0,24 0,27 0,29 0,34 kitka-arvo Friction 0,28 M quality sanctions winter 2012-13 (0,3 %) 0,13 M quality sanctions winter 2013 14 (0,1 %), only 0,3/contract!
Salt usage in Finland at present 1. Optimising or minimising salt use? 2. Big differences of salt amounts between contractors and contracts 3. Some contractors always salt all the route, some do not 4. Keeping road surface and ruts dry 5. Avoiding salting circle (salt again, again, again ) 6. Mostly moisturised salt 7. Some use liquid NaCl, some CaCl 2 8. Bonus has encouraged to minimise salt use (amount and salting times) 9. No more salt bonuses after 2012 started contracts 10. Environmental aspects important since 1990s
Challenges of de icing in Finland 1. Too big differences how work leaders allow salting even in one contractor & reacting weather centres information 2. Too long salting and ploughing routes on main roads 3. Anti-icing & De icing below -6 C 4. Anti-icing in the evening when temperature decreases 5. Anti-icing & De icing at night (cold, very little traffic) 6. Much lakes and coast roads: moisture (black ice) 7. Salt use before little snow fall (doing usually nothing?) 8. Geometry varies a lot in Finland 9. Too little sanding (no salt bonuses after 2012 contracts, but financial mechanism to ensure minimum salting)
Slippery weather increases inland (Temperature under 0 C/times per year) Winter 05-06 ( good old winter ) Winter 06-07 (mild winter) Winter 13-14 (very mild winter)
Traffic safety on state roads of Finland since 1980 Fatalities / 100 mill. kilometres driven 2,5 2,0 1,5 Fatalities have fallen by roughly 70 % since 1990 in winter Fatality risk the same in winter and summer 1,0 0,5 0,0 Development of road weather information systems Wintertime speed limits Client-producer model Open competition summer winter Increase of camera speed enforcement
Factors behind the positive safety trend in winter Wintertime speed limits (9000 km) on main roads, 12 lives/year Automated speed enforcement (3000 km), 12 lives/winter Road weather information systems 380 road weather stations Optical weather stations 460 weather cameras Winter maintenance Vehicle technology, winter tyres Winters: less mileage on wintry road conditions
1 5 Serious accidents take place on main roads in winter - 65 % of fatalities on 17 % of roads (13 400 km) - 50 % of injury accidents: Severity on main roads!
Fatalities (N=1016) on main roads 1997-2008 60 50 40 Summer Winter % 30 20 10 0
SPOT quality checks 2008-09 - Before the current winter maintanance policy was introduced 2009 10 - Quality requirement was already the same on the most important main roads 24 hours a day since 2004-05 Alitusten lukumäärä Quality under 350 requirement 300 250 200 150 1 7 Most traffic Most accidents Quality not always as required Contractors afraid of salting near -6 C ( getting to salting circle ) 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Klo Morning peak quality ok, accident risk low
Fatality risk and speeds on main roads in Finland (N=1016, winterperiods 1997 2008) Fatalities/100 milj.drivekm 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 mon-fri sat-sun ma-su Speed, mon-fri Speed, sat-sun 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 Yht. 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 Average speed (km/h)
Accidents & mileage on main roads 10 Injury accidents (%) Fatalities (%) mileage (%) mileage trucks (%) 9 8 7 6 Correlation Some correlation % 5 4 3 2 1 0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 Fatality risk increasis
Fatal accidents 2008-2012: - Much more strong risk taking non-office hours - How much the accidents can be affected? share of fatal road accidents 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % no risk factors listed below without a seat belt or 10-20 km/h overspeed alcohol, drugs, over 20 km/h overspeed, suicide or attack of illness summer winter summer winter office hours other time
Conclusions of traffic safety in winter Winter maintenance in Finland has been success considering costs, safety and environmental effects Quality is satisfactory from customers point of view Winter maintenance policy 2009: - Night time quality has not increased as required - Winter maintenance costs have not increased much - Focuses on injury accidents - Not functions towards vision zero optimally (2-lane roads ADT 3000-15 000, no barrier between the lanes) - Remains reduction potential max. 3 fatalities, 50 injury accidents per year by means of winter maintenance and quality enforcement - Winter maintenance & traffic safety: more to lose than win