Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde FS Alkor Monitoring cruise Cruise- No. Al 43a 4 th February 14 th February 214 Kiel Bight to northern Gotland Sea This report is based on preliminary data
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung an der Universität Rostock Rostock-Warnemünde Seestraße 15 D 18 119 Rostock-Warnemünde Germany Phone: +49-381-5197- Fax: +49-381-5197-44 Monitoring cruise Warnemünde 14 th February 214 Cruise No. Al43a FS Alkor The first monitoring cruise of the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde in 214 was carried out with FS Alkor between February 4 th and February 14 th 214. The cruise is part of the German contribution to the HELCOM COMBINE program and contributes to IOW s long term data series in the central Baltic Sea. Scientific staff participating: Günther Nausch (scientist in charge) 4.2. 14.2.214 Jan Donath 4.2. 14.2.214 Ines Hand 4.2. 14.2.214 Uwe Hehl 4.2. 14.2.214 Jenny Jeschek 4.2. 14.2.214 Lars Kreuzer 4.2. 14.2.214 Michael Naumann 4.2. 14.2.214 Michael Poetsch 4.2. 14.2.214 Johann Ruickoldt 4.2. 14.2.214 Andrea Tschakste 4.2. 14.2.214 The area under investigation covered the Baltic Sea between Kiel Bight and the northern Gotland Sea. Marine meteorological, hydrographic, hydrochemical and hydrobiological investigations were performed according to the COMBINE program of HELCOM. The station map is attached to this report. The weather situation during the cruise was influenced by a chain of low pressure cells over the Atlantic Ocean, but affected the Baltic Sea only randomly. Air pressure ranged between 989 and 16 hpa. Wind speed mostly ranged between 4 and 6 Bft, only occasionally increasing up to 7 Bft. Wind direction was from SW to SE eastern direction, on 11 th February from E. Morning air temperature was astonishingly high for the season with temperatures always above C and up to 4 C. Weather conditions did not hamper the station work. The following hydrographical and hydrochemical characteristics have been observed during the cruise (cf. Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 4 and 5): Surface temperatures varied between.69 C (Lübeck Bight) and 2.99 C (Bornholm Basin). In all investigated areas of the Baltic Sea, temperatures are well above the
long-term mean. The reason is the mild winter so far. The water column in the main basins is mixed completely down to the halocline. Lübeck Bight Arkona Basin Bornholm Deep Gotland Deep Farö Deep Landsort Deep Karlsö Deep.69 C 1.6 o C 2.99 o C 2.75 o C 2.86 o C 2.63 o C 2.51 C Deep water layer temperatures decreased slightly in the central Baltic Proper during the last years due to the absence of major barotropic inflow events. But they are still higher as the long-term mean. Repeated inflow events during last summer resulted in high deep water temperatures in the Bornholm Basin. However, these inflows could not proceed further east. Febr 213 Aug. 213 Febr. 214 Mean 1971/9 Bornholm D. 5.82 C 4.88 C 8.65 C 6.1 C Gotland Deep 6.41 C 6.4 C 6.36 C 5.6 C Farö Deep 5.98 C 5.9 C 5.76 C 5.2 C Landsort D. 5.58 C 5.39 C 5.34 C 4.8 C Karlsö Deep 5.29 C 5.24 C 5.8 C 4.2 C The major Baltic inflow from January 23 was the last strong inflow event into the Baltic Sea. Inflows in 212 and 213 could not influence the deep basins around Gotland. Thus, the stagnation period continues there, documented by further decreasing salinity in the bottom layer in the central Baltic Proper: Feb. 213 August 213 Feb. 214 Gotland Deep 12.12 12.1 12.4 Farö Deep 11.45 11.49 11.4 Landsort Deep 1.4 1.5 1.36 Karlsö Deep 9.8 9.77 9.67 Thus, the oxygen situation in the deep water of central basins documents the longlasting stagnation period. Hydrogen sulphide concentrations (expressed as negative oxygen equivalents) in the near-bottom layer remained high, and increased further in the western Gotland Basin. Feb. 213 August 213 Feb. 214 Gotland Deep -6.48 ml/l -7.81 ml/l -6.74 ml/l Farö Deep -2.86 ml/l -3.48 ml/l -3.46ml/l Landsort Deep -1.31 ml/l -.82 ml/l -2.9ml/l Karlsö Deep -.6 ml/l -.6 ml/l -2.1ml/l Also the vertical extension of hydrogen sulphide is remarkable. At stations 271 (Gotland Deep) hydrogen sulphide was found between around 115 m and the bottom.
At station 286 (Farö Deep), station 284 (Landsort Deep) and station 245 (Karlsö Deep) the layer from 1 m downwards contained hydrogen sulphide. Thus, oxygen situation remains quite worse in the central deep basins. In contrast to that, storm events in autumn and early winter 213 ventilated the western Baltic Sea and the Arkona Basin down to the bottom. Thus, high oxygen concentrations were measured in the bottom near layer (Fig. 4). The nutrient situation in the surface layer is typical for the season. High phosphate and nitrate concentrations represent the winter plateau phase which is used for trend analysis (table 1). In the deep waters of the central basins, the hydrographic situation is mirrored. Continued oxygenation of the Bornholm Basin deep water caused low phosphate and ammonium concentrations and high nitrate values. The permanent stagnation caused the absence of nitrate and very high phosphate and ammonium concentrations in the eastern and western Gotland Basin (table 2). Also silicate concentrations have increased further, reaching more than 1 µmol/l in the bottom layer of the Gotland Basin. During the cruise, samples for the determination of organic pollutants at 7 stations as well as on 8 surface water transects were taken. Samples for phyto- and zooplankton (14 stations) as well as for the carbonate system (1 station) were collected for later analysis in the laboratory. At 7 stations in the western Baltic, surface sediment samples were taken which will be analyzed for trace metals and organic pollutants in the laboratory later on. On February 1 th, a sediment trap equipped with several microcats has been recovered and re-layered again at position 57 18,37 N and 2 4,75E. Attachments Tables 1 and 2: Preliminary results of selected parameters in the surface layer and the near bottom water layer - (unvalidated results) Figs. 1-3: Track charts Fig. 4: Oxygen/hydrogen sulphide in the bottom near layer for selected stations Fig. 5: Transect from the Kiel Bight to the northern Gotland Basin for temperature, salinity and oxygen (unvalidated data) Günther Nausch Scientist in charge
Table 1: Surface water layer (about 1 m depth) Area Stat. Temp. Sal. O 2 PO4 NO3 SiO4 Date Name/No.* o C psu ml/l µm µm µm Kiel Bight 36/5 1.5 14.6 8.65.56 4.66 15.2 4.2.214 Meckl.Bight 12/7 1.49 9.72 8.81.58 4.56 14.6 Lübeck Bight 22/6.69 12.3 8.92.68 6.51 18.6 4.2.214 Darss Sill 3/13 2.25 8.46 8.76.59 4.22 13.9 Arkona Basin 113/17 1.6 7.97 9.8.54 5.4 14.9 Bornholm Deep 213/4 2.99 7.6 8.55.69 3.93 13.3 7.2.214 Stolpe Channel 222/57 2.8 7.57 8.62.78 4.26 14.6 11.2.214 SE Gotland Basin 259/55 2.8 7.3 8.59.6 3.36 12.8 11.2.214 Gotland Deep 271/48 2.75 7.5 8.7.52 3.96 11.4 9.2.214 Farö Deep 286/46 2.86 6.86 8.61.78 4.54 16.6 9.2.214 Landsort Deep 284/43 2.63 6.75 8.83.84 3.78 17.8 8.2.214 Karlsö Deep 245/41 2.51 7.15 8.82.86 3.58 17.2 7.2.214 * see attached map
Table 2: Deep water layer (bottom near layer depths) Area Stat. Depth Temp. Sal. O 2 PO4 NO3 SiO4 Date Name/No.* m o C psu ml/l µm µm µm Kiel Bight 36/5 17 2.4 19.21 8.17.58 5.2 17. 4.2.214 Meckl.Bight 12/7 22 4.38 17.2 7.23.78 5.85 26.3 Lübeck Bight 22/6 21 4.81 17.99 6.61.74 6.78 28.1 4.2.214 Darss Sill 3/13 2 2.26 8.46 8.75.53 3.9 13.4 Arkona Basin 113/17 44 5.17 14.94 7.68.56 5.22 13.3 Bornholm Deep 213/4 86 8.65 15.99.84 1.68 6.69 51. 7.2.214 Stolpe Channel 222/57 86 8.19 13.74 1.98 1.85 9.97 44. 11.2.214 SE Gotland 259/55 85 7.9 13.36 2.7 1.72 8.69 42. Basin 11.2.214 Gotland Deep 271/48 231 6.36 12.4-6.74** 7.2 122.5 9.2.214 Farö Deep 286/46 186 5.76 11.4-3.46** 6.69 11. 9.2.214 Landsort Deep 284/43 429 5.34 1.36-2.9** 5.5 67. 8.2.214 Karlsö Deep 245/41 13 5.8 9.67-2.1** 4.9 6.9 7.2.214 * see attached map ** hydrogen sulphide was converted into negative oxygen equivalents
54 55 56 57 58 59 Odense 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 Fig. 1 AL43 / map all monitoring 4.2.214-14.2.214 61 stations Lübeck DENMARK Rostock GERMANY Kopenhagen TF361 TF2 TF1 TF3 TF36 Gedser TF1 TF4 Fehmarn TF46 TF11 TF41 Kiel TF12 TF22 TFO5 Trelleborg Ystad SWEDEN TF144 TF12 TF145 BORNHOLM Ronne TF69 TF15 TF14 TF13 TF19 TF113 TF11 TF111 TF114 ABBoje TF115 TF112 TF121 TF15 TF152 Sassnitz TF16 OBBoje TFOB4 map 1 TF142 TF14 map 2 Karlskrona Longitude [ ] TF21 TF2 TF211 TF212 TF213 TF221 TF214 Kalmar Koszalin Västervik ÖLAND TF222 POLAND TF245 TF24 TF284 Visby GOTLAND TF256 TF259 TF255 Gdynia Slite Gdansk TF253 TF283 TF25 TF263 TF26 limit 1-22 / 53.5-59 // scale 26-18 TF286 TF272 TF27 TF271 TF285 Kalingrad Liepaja LATVIA Klaipeda Ventspils -6-9 -12-18 -24-27 -33-36 -39-42 -45-48 -51-54 214 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Latitude [ ] 53.5 54. 54.5 55. 55.5 56. AL43 / map 1 monitoring 4.2.214-14.2.214 61 stations Kiel -5-1 -15-2 -25-35 -4-45 -5-55 -6-65 -7-75 -8 Odense TF36 TF361 Lübeck Fehmarn TF22 TF1 TF11 TF12 DENMARK Gedser TF4 TF46 TF41 TFO5 GERMANY Rostock Longitude [ ] Kopenhagen TF3 TF1 TF2 Trelleborg TF113 TF114 TF115 Sassnitz Ystad Ronne BORNHOLM 1. 1.5 11. 11.5 12. 12.5 13. 13.5 14. 14.5 15. TF69 TF12 TF15 TF14 TF13 TF19 TF11 limit 1-15 / 53.5-56 // scale 24-18 TF111 ABBoje TF112 TF121 TF15 TF152 TF16 TF145 OBBoje TFOB4 TF14 TF142 TF144 214 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Latitude [ ] Fig. 2
55. 55.5 56. 56.5 57. 57.5 58. 58.5 59. Fig. 3 AL43 / map 2 monitoring 4.2.214-14.2.214 61 stations Karlskrona Kalmar TF21 TF2 TF211 TF212 TF213 TF221 TF214 Västervik ÖLAND TF222 TF245 TF24 TF284 Longitude [ ] Visby GOTLAND TF255 TF259 TF256 15. 15.5 16. 16.5 17. 17.5 18. 18.5 19. 19.5 2. 2.5 21. 21.5 22. Slite TF253 TF283 TF25 TF263 TF26 TF286 TF272 TF27 TF271 TF285 limit 15-22 / 55-59 // scale 23-18 Liepaja Klaipeda Ventspils LATVIA -25-5 -75-1 -125-175 -2-225 -25-275 -325-35 -375-4 -425-45 214 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Latitude [ ] 54 55 56 57 58 59 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 Fig. 4 AL43 / map O2 monitoring 4.2.214-14.2.214 oxygen bottom - concentration [ml/l] Kiel Odense 8.12 Lübeck Fehmarn 7.23 6.61 DENMARK Gedser Rostock GERMANY Kopenhagen 8.8 Trelleborg 7.68 Ystad 9.5 Sassnitz 9.22 SWEDEN BORNHOLM Ronne Karlskrona 1.23 Longitude [ ] Kalmar.84 1.98 Koszalin Västervik ÖLAND POLAND -2.9(H2S) -2.21(H2S) -2.1(H2s) Visby GOTLAND 2.7 Gdynia Slite Gdansk limit 1-22 / 53.5-59 // scale 26-18 -3.46(H2S) -4.14(H2S) -6.74(H2S) Kalingrad Liepaja LATVIA Klaipeda Ventspils -6-9 -12-18 -24-27 -33-36 -39-42 -45-48 -51-54 214 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Latitude [ ]
Monitoring AL43 Kiel Bight - Gotland Sea 4.2.214 9:57-11.2.214 17:51 UTC TF36 TF361 TF1 TF11 TF41 TF46 TF2 TF1 TF3 TF115 TF114 TF113 TF15 TF14 TF12 TF145 TF144 TF142 TF14 TF2 TF212 TF213 TF221 TF222 TF256 TF259 TF255 TF253 TF25 TF263 TF26 TF272 TF271 TF27 TF286 TF285-1 Depth [m] -5-7 -9-11 -13-17 -19-23 Temperature [ C] -25 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1-1 Depth [m] -5-7 -9-11 -13-17 -19-23 Salinity [psu] -25 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 2 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 Depth [m] -1-5 -7-9 -11-13 -17-19 -23 KB-GS.srf Fig. 5 Oxygen [ml/l] -25 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 Distance [n.m.] 214 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1