HELSINKI COMMISSION HELCOM MONAS 4/2002 Monitoring and Assessment Group Fourth Meeting Warnemünde, Germany, October 2002
|
|
- Beatrix Whitehead
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 HELSINKI COMMISSION HELCOM MONAS 4/2002 Monitoring and Assessment Group Fourth Meeting Warnemünde, Germany, October 2002 Agenda Item X Document code: Date: Submitted by: To be filled in by the Secretariat To be filled in by the Secretariat HELCOM MONAS Indicator Report. 1. Title of Indicator: 1. Eutrophication (Hydrography and Oxygen in the deep basins) Responsible Institute: SMHI & FIMR Contact Person: Bertil Håkansson (SMHI) Note by Secretariat: FOR REASONS OF ECONOMY, THE DELEGATES ARE KINDLY REQUESTED TO BRING THEIR OWN COPIES OF THE DOCUMENTS TO THE MEETING Page 1 of 7
2 2. Graphs Figure 1. Figure 2. Page 2 of 7
3 Figure 3. Figure 4. Page 3 of 7
4 Figure Title(s) of graphs Figure 1 The Baltic Proper, divided into basins, with principle hydrographic sampling stations marked Figure 2 Time series of buoyancy frequency with depth, West Gotland Basin. Regions of strong stratification show in red. Figure 3 Time series of the maximum winter-spring buoyancy frequency (upper panel), and mean depth of the maximum (lower panel). Figure 4 Histogram of oxygen levels in the basins of the Baltic Proper ( Starred values for the Northern Baltic Proper, 2000 and 2001, were calculated using data from November December, as no August October data were available). Figure 5 Oxygen concentrations (2 mg/l and 0 mg/l shaded) in bottom water, , based on ICES and SMHI data ( ) and FIMR and SMHI data (2000 & 2001). Page 4 of 7
5 4. Key Message All basins show a freshening of the surface (0 10 metres depth) waters since 1990, at an average rate of 0.04 psu per year. Deep (below 80 metres depth) water salinities have increased in all basins except for the Southern Baltic Proper (see Table 1). Oxygen levels declined from a peak during Conditions are worst in the East Gotland Basin and Northern Baltic Proper, where almost 30% of the basin volume is affected. In autumn, hydrogen sulphide is present in all basins of the Baltic Proper, though not in the Gulf of Finland. Figure 1 None Figure 2 Buoyancy frequency shows effect of summer stratification (in upper 40 metres) and width of permanent halocline (60 90 metres) Figure 3 Upper: Stable values of the winter-spring (chosen to remove the effects of summer stratification) buoyancy frequency particularly in the Northern Baltic Proper and West Gotland Basin. Higher values, and also greater variability, in the Southern Baltic Proper. Lower: Deepening of the permanent halocline in the Southern Baltic Proper, from 45 to close to 60 metres. Shallowing of permanent halocline in Northern Baltic Proper from 80 to 60 metres. In East and West Gotland Basins, halocline depth appears stable. Figure 4 Effect of 1993 inflow to the Baltic on oxygen levels in the deep basins is clear. Since , basins have been affected by steadily worsening oxygen levels. Figure 5 Extent of depleted oxygen levels (below 2 mg/l) in bottom water. The effect of the 1993 inflow can be seen, reducing the extent of low- and anoxic waters. The extent of depleted oxygen levels in bottom water has since increased. 5. Results and Assessment 5.1 Relevance of the indicator for describing developments in the environment Baltic surface waters are strongly influenced by land run-off. Changes in run-off alter the surface salinity while inflows through The Sound (Öresund) and Belt Sea control the salinity of the deeper waters. Stratification between the upper and lower layers inhibits turbulent eddies from mixing surface and deep waters together, preventing the oxygenated surface water being mixed below the halocline, making the ventilation of deep water dependent on fresh inflows from the Kattegat. The stratification also hinders the transfer of phosphorous (which is abundant in the deep water) to the surface waters. This in turn limits the algal productivity. Buoyancy frequency is a measure of the strength of water column stratification. This is the frequency at which a parcel of water would oscillate around its original position if displaced slightly. A low frequency suggests that the parcel oscillates slowly, because the density difference between it and the surrounding water is small. This in turn implies that the water around our parcel is well (and easily) mixed. If the frequency is high, the water is strongly stratified. In well mixed water, turbulent eddies can grow, and mix the water column further, while in regions of strong stratification, the growth of eddies is inhibited, reducing mixing. Additionally, a region of strong stratification inhibits mixing between water above and below. Changes in buoyancy frequency with time show the effect of seasonal stratification (Figure 2). In summer, the strongest stratification is found in shallow water, due to the effect of the (warm) fresh water run-off from the land, and from solar heating. As the year progresses, the depth of the stratification maximum increases, due to increasing volumes of fresh water, further solar heating, and in the autumn, by mixing by waves, and surface cooling leading to downward convection. In winter and spring, the surface water becomes mixed down to the level of the permanent halocline (at about 80 metres depth). The mean winter - spring value and depth of the buoyancy frequency maximum indicates the strength of the longer-term stratification in the basin, and the depth of the surface layer without the noise introduced by the intra-annual variability. Figure 3 shows the changes in each of the basins between 1990 and Changes in Page 5 of 7
6 the depth, and magnitude of the buoyancy frequency could be expected due to changes in run-off from land, in the salinity of the deep water, temperature changes and also changes in storminess. Oxygen depletion is widely used as an indicator for the indirect effects of nutrient enrichment. Oxygen levels above 6 mg/l are considered to cause no problems. Levels below this cause increasing stress to organisms. Lowest oxygen levels are experienced at the end of summer, between August and October, when detritus from biological activity in the surface waters sinks, and is broken down by bacteria, which consume the available oxygen. When oxygen concentrations fall below about 1.5 mg/l, bacteria start to use anaerobic processes, which produce hydrogen sulphide as a by-product. This hydrogen sulphide is toxic, and its concentration is described in terms of negative oxygen the concentration of oxygen that is required to oxidise it. 5.2 Policy relevance and policy references 5.3 Assessment Figure 3 shows the changes in buoyancy frequency in each basin between 1990 and The buoyancy frequency is highest in the Southern Baltic Proper, due to the large density difference between the (relatively) saline bottom water, and the overlying, brackish water flowing out from the remainder of the Baltic. The depth of the maximum is also reduced compared to the other basins. Higher values of buoyancy frequency are expected if there is increased fresh water outflow, strong saline inflows, and/or higher surface temperatures. There is no clear trend in the strength of stratification. It is possible that there is an slight increase in the values from the West Gotland Basin and Northern Baltic Proper as could be expected from changes in salinity but these are very small. The depth of the maximum, shown in the lower plot, appears unchanged in the West Gotland Basin, but shallows in the Northern Baltic Proper. In the southern Baltic, the depth of the maximum appears to increase from around 40 metres in 1994, to about 60 in This could be attributed to a reduction in the inflow of salt water from the Kattegat, and a steady dilution of the basin by the fresher surface waters. Time series of surface salinity between 1990 and 2002 show a steady freshening of the surface 10 metres of the Baltic Proper, at an average rate of 0.04 practical salinity units (psu) per year. Deep-water salinity between 1990 and 2002 shows the opposite trend. Below 80 metres, salinity increased by 0.09 psu per year, with the highest rates of increase in the Northern Baltic Proper and the West Gotland Basin. The surface salinity changes are reasonable, given the increasing fresh water input particularly since The deep water changes suggest the movement of saline water in the deep basins of the north and west, which is not replaced with new salt water in the Southern Baltic Proper. Changes in salinity (psu/year) Surface (top 10 metres) Deep (bottom 80 metres) Southern Baltic Proper (-0.11) (-0.06) East Gotland Basin (-0.02) (-0.05) West Gotland Basin (-0.18) (+0.04) Northern Baltic Proper (-0.01) (-0.13) Gulf of Finland 0.00 (-0.25) No data Table 1 Rates of change of surface and deepwater salinity in the Baltic Proper, Bracketed values show data from Region Standard deviation Northern Baltic Proper 3.1% East Gotland Basin 10.8% West Gotland Basin 2.6% Southern Baltic Proper 6.4% Gulf of Finland 3.9% For each of the basins, autumn (August, Table 2 Standard deviation, as a percentage of basin volume, September and October) oxygen profiles in the estimates of the mean basin volume affected by reduced were examined using all data from SMHI oxygen levels in the Baltic Proper, and ICES (between ) and SMHI and FIMR ( ). For , the period was extended to December in the Northern Baltic Proper, due to a paucity of autumn data. For each profile, the depth at which the oxygen Page 6 of 7
7 concentration fell below certain levels (0, 2,4,5 and 6 mg/l) were calculated, and these depths were used to estimate the volume of water in each basin affected by reduced oxygen levels. These were then averaged, to give an annual basin-mean volume at each oxygen level, and are presented in Figure 4 as a percentage of the total volume of each basin. The standard deviation from these averages gives an idea of the variation within each basin. Table 2 shows the standard deviation within each basin. All basins show minimum oxygen depletion between 1992 and This was due to the inflow of oxygenated saline water from the Kattegat, spreading out first through the Southern Baltic Proper, and then into the deep regions of the other basins. Since this last, large inflow, oxygen concentrations have decreased in all basins. The East Gotland Basin and Northern Baltic Proper are worst affected, with between 20 and 40% of the total basin volume experiencing reduced oxygen levels, and almost 30% of the Northern Baltic Proper suffering acute toxicity in Hydrogen sulphide is present in 10% of the water by 2001, and area affected is increasing. The proportions of affected water in the Gulf of Finland, Southern Baltic Proper and West Gotland Basin are lower. These basins have a higher proportion of shallow areas compared to the East Gotland Basin and Northern Baltic Proper, while their surface waters (which make up a larger proportion of their volume) are regularly replaced (by fresh water flowing out). 6. References 7. Data Hydrographic data was collected by SMHI from the research vessel Argos, between 1990 and Oxygen data came from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute data archive (SHARK), from the ICES databank, and from the Finnish Institute for Marine Research. 8. Meta data Page 7 of 7
Annex I to Target Area Assessments
Baltic Challenges and Chances for local and regional development generated by Climate Change Annex I to Target Area Assessments Climate Change Support Material (Climate Change Scenarios) SWEDEN September
More informationBaltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde. Cruise report No. 40/04/11. r/v Professor Albrecht Penck. Monitoring cruise. 30 April 10 May 2004
Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde Cruise report No. 40/04/11 r/v Professor Albrecht Penck Monitoring cruise 30 April 10 May 2004 Kiel Bight to northern Gotland sea This report is based on preliminary
More informationLeibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde r/v Heincke Monitoring cruise Cruise- No. 06 / HK / 10 / 02 13 th 20 th May 2010 Kiel Bight to northern Gotland Sea This report is based on preliminary
More informationPHYSICAL PROPERTIES TAHOE.UCDAVIS.EDU 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 8 Lake surface level Daily since 1900 Lake surface level varies throughout the year. Lake level rises due to high stream inflow, groundwater inflow, and precipitation directly onto
More informationPH YSIC A L PROPERT IE S TERC.UCDAVIS.EDU
PH YSIC A L PROPERT IE S 8 Lake surface level Daily since 1900 Lake surface level varies throughout the year. Lake level rises due to high stream inflow, groundwater inflow and precipitation directly onto
More informationHomework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification
14 August 2008 MAR 110 HW5: Ocean Properties 1 Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification The ocean is a heterogeneous mixture of water types - each with its own temperature, salinity,
More informationMeteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer
Chapter 3 Worksheet 1 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26 C and the minimum temperature is 14 C, the daily
More informationHELCOM Red List Category: Previous HELCOM Red List threat assessments BSEP 75 (HELCOM 1998): BSEP 113 (HELCOM 2007): Greater concern stated by:
English name: Code in HELCOM HUB: Baltic Sea seasonal sea ice AC Characteristic species: Phytoplankton (diatoms, autotrophic flagellates, dinoflagellates), heterotrophic bacteria, zooplankton (heterotrophic
More informationLeibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Monitoring cruise FS Elisabeth Mann Borgese Cruise- No. EMB-0 30 th April th May 2014 Western and Central Baltic Sea This report is based on preliminary
More informationLeibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde FS Alkor Monitoring cruise Cruise- No. Al 43a 4 th February 14 th February 214 Kiel Bight to northern Gotland Sea This report is based on preliminary
More informationClimatic Conditions Around Greenland 1995
NAFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 27: 39 47 Climatic Conditions Around Greenland 1995 M. Stein Institut fur Seefischerei, Palmaille 9 D-22767 Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany Abstract The annual review of variability
More informationDIAMIX an experimental study of diapycnal deepwater mixing in the virtually tideless Baltic Sea
BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 7: 363 369 ISSN 1239-6095 Helsinki 23 December 2002 2002 DIAMIX an experimental study of diapycnal deepwater mixing in the virtually tideless Baltic Sea Anders Stigebrandt 1),
More informationTemperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea
Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)/Vol.1/No.1/September 2010/9/27-35 Temperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea Jamshidi, Siamak 1 ;
More informationTemperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea
Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)/Vol.1/No.1/September 2010/9/27-35 Temperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea Jamshidi, Siamak1; Abu
More informationHydrography and biological resources in the western Bering Sea. Gennady V. Khen, Eugeny O. Basyuk. Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre)
Hydrography and biological resources in the western Bering Sea Gennady V. Khen, Eugeny O. Basyuk Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre) Bering Sea: deep-sea basin, shelf, and US-Russia convention
More informationSix years of methane observations in the Baltic Sea: inter-annual variability and process studies
7 th FerryBox Workshop; Heraklion, Crete; April 2016 Six years of methane observations in the Baltic Sea: inter-annual variability and process studies Carolyn Graves, Michael Glockzin, Bernd Sadkowiak,
More informationSaline Layering in Prince William Sound
"The opinions expressed in this PWSRCAC-commissioned report are not necessarily those of PWSRCAC." Saline Layering in Prince William Sound This report was prepared for the Prince William Sound Regional
More informationBaltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde
INSTITUT FÜR OSTSEEFORSCHUNG WARNEMÜNDE an der Universität Rostock BALTIC SEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE Baltic Sea Research Institute C r u i s e R e p o r t r/v "Prof. A. Penck" Cruise- No. 07PE / 07 / 07 23
More informationALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway.
ALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway. From 18. Sept to 6 Oct. R/V ALKOR is working in the eastern Gotland Basin (central Baltic Sea.). The cruise led by R. Olaf
More informationOn the representation of regional characteristics by hydrographic measurements at central stations in four deep basins of the Baltic Sea
Ocean Sci., 2, 71 86, 26 www.ocean-sci.net/2/71/26/ Author(s) 26. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Ocean Science On the representation of regional characteristics by hydrographic
More informationMAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation
1 MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation Ocean Climate Temperature Zones The pattern of approximately parallel oceanic surface isotherms (lines of constant temperature)
More informationOcean Mixing and Climate Change
Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent
More informationpsio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key
NAME: psio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key Closed book; one sheet of your own notes is allowed. A calculator is allowed. (100
More informationHere s what a weak El Nino usually brings to the nation with temperatures:
Time again for my annual Winter Weather Outlook. Here's just a small part of the items I considered this year and how I think they will play out with our winter of 2018-2019. El Nino / La Nina: When looking
More informationAPPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1
APPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1 1 By David B. Fissel, Mar Martínez de Saavedra Álvarez, and Randy C. Kerr, ASL Environmental Sciences Inc. (Feb. 2012) West Greenland Seismic
More informationPacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO ):
Time again for my annual Winter Weather Outlook. Here's just a small part of the items I considered this year and how I think they will play out with our winter of 2015-2016. El Nino / La Nina: When looking
More informationSimulated halocline variability in the Baltic Sea and its impact on hypoxia during
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS, VOL. 118, 6982 7000, doi:10.1002/2013jc009192, 2013 Simulated halocline variability in the Baltic Sea and its impact on hypoxia during 1961 2007 Germo V ali, 1,2
More informationBaltic Sea Research Institute
Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemuende (IOW) Cruise Report No. 44/96/ 04 R/V "A.v.Humboldt" MESODYN Cruise 01 to 12 March 1996 Stolpe Furrow / Baltic Sea This report is based on preliminary data and
More informationCyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea
Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea Author: Martin Hansson, SMHI Key Message Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea show large inter-annual variability both in intensity and coverage. Nutrient conditions
More informationSEASONAL AND DAILY TEMPERATURES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SEASONAL AND DAILY TEMPERATURES Chapter 3 Earth revolves in elliptical path around sun every 365 days. Earth rotates counterclockwise or eastward every 24 hours. Earth closest
More informationState of the Ocean 2003: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Ecosystem Status Report 24/2 Oceanographic sampling gear State of the Ocean 23: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Background The physical oceanographic environment influences
More informationMemo of the on-line meeting of the HELCOM EN-Marine Litter (30 May 2017)
Memo of the on-line meeting of the HELCOM EN-Marine Litter (3 May 217) A working meeting of the HELCOM EN-Marine Litter was held on 3 May 217 as an online meeting. The list of participants is contained
More informationWhy the Earth has seasons. Why the Earth has seasons 1/20/11
Chapter 3 Earth revolves in elliptical path around sun every 365 days. Earth rotates counterclockwise or eastward every 24 hours. Earth closest to Sun (147 million km) in January, farthest from Sun (152
More informationBaltic Sea modelling as a tool for the study of past climates. Anders Omstedt
Baltic Sea modelling as a tool for the study of past climates Anders Omstedt An example: The Swedish Hydrographic Expedition 1877 Fredrik Laurentz Ekman The Swedish Hydrographic Expedition 1877 compared
More informationBALTEX A science broker for the Baltic Sea region
AGU Fall Meeting San Francisco, 16 December 2010 BALTEX A science broker for the Baltic Sea region Marcus Reckermann Joakim Langner Anders Omstedt Hans von Storch What is BALTEX? BALTEX is an environmental
More informationChapter 6. Antarctic oceanography
Chapter 6 Antarctic oceanography The region of the world ocean bordering on Antarctica is unique in many respects. First of all, it is the only region where the flow of water can continue all around the
More informationClimatic Conditions Around Greenland 1993
NFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 22: 43 49 Climatic Conditions round Greenland 1993 M. Stein Institut für Seefischerei, Palmaille 9, D 22767 Hamburg Federal Republic of Germany bstract ir temperature anomalies
More informationAn ENSO-Neutral Winter
An ENSO-Neutral Winter This issue of the Blue Water Outlook newsletter is devoted towards my thoughts on the long range outlook for winter. You will see that I take a comprehensive approach to this outlook
More informationArctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water
Chapter 7 Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water The importance of the Southern Ocean for the formation of the water masses of the world ocean poses the question whether similar conditions
More information( ) = 1005 J kg 1 K 1 ;
Problem Set 3 1. A parcel of water is added to the ocean surface that is denser (heavier) than any of the waters in the ocean. Suppose the parcel sinks to the ocean bottom; estimate the change in temperature
More informationOn the structure and dynamics of the water in the Słupsk Furrow*
On the structure and dynamics of the water in the Słupsk Furrow* OCEANOLOGIA, 39(1), 1997. pp.35 54. 1997, by Institute of Oceanology PAS. KEYWORDS Water transport Mesoscale dynamics Mixing Jan Piechura,
More informationOcean Circulation. In partnership with Dr. Zafer Top
Ocean Circulation In partnership with Dr. Zafer Top Samantha Hampton Honors Science December 15, 2014 Ocean Circulation is the large scale movement of waters in the ocean basins. Dr. Zafer Top studies
More informationWinter. Here s what a weak La Nina usually brings to the nation with tempseraures:
2017-2018 Winter Time again for my annual Winter Weather Outlook. Here's just a small part of the items I considered this year and how I think they will play out with our winter of 2017-2018. El Nino /
More informationOCN/ATM/ESS 587. Ocean circulation, dynamics and thermodynamics.
OCN/ATM/ESS 587 Ocean circulation, dynamics and thermodynamics. Equation of state for seawater General T/S properties of the upper ocean Heat balance of the upper ocean Upper ocean circulation Deep circulation
More informationIPCC AR5 WG1 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Nandini Ramesh
IPCC AR5 WG1 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Nandini Ramesh Seminar in Atmospheric Science 21 st February, 2014 1. Introduc,on The ocean exchanges heat, freshwater, and C with the atmosphere.
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationCoastal Oceanography. Coastal Oceanography. Coastal Waters
Coastal Oceanography Coastal Oceanography 95% of ocean life is in coastal waters (320 km from shore) Estuaries and wetlands are among most productive ecosystems on Earth Major shipping routes, oil and
More informationEffect of climate change on the thermal stratification of the baltic sea: a sensitivity experiment
Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-011-1036-y Effect of climate change on the thermal stratification of the baltic sea: a sensitivity experiment R. Hordoir H. E. M. Meier Received: 24 November 2010 / Accepted:
More informationReport from the SMHI monitoring cruise with R/V Aranda
Anna-Kerstin Thell Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Oceanographic Laboratory 17-- Dnr: S/Gbg-17-17 Report from the SMHI monitoring cruise with R/V Aranda Survey period: 17--9 to 17--17
More informationCombatting nutrient spillage in the Archipelago Sea a model system for coastal management support
Combatting nutrient spillage in the Archipelago Sea a model system for coastal management support H. Lauri% H. Ylinen*, J. Koponen*, H. Helminen* & P. Laihonen* ' Environmental Impact Assessment Centre
More informationRed Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Additional Studies
Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Additional Studies Red Sea Study Final Report Annex 1 Field and laboratory activities carried out during the study and their results July 213 TABLE OF
More informationThe surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are
11.1 Ocean Basins The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are w the Pacific w the Atlantic w the Indian w the Southern w the Arctic The
More informationCHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Ocean Currents Surface currents Deep currents 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Measuring Surface Currents Direct methods Floating device tracked
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Mathematics and Statistics Level 3
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Mathematics and Statistics for Achievement Standard 91580 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Mathematics and Statistics Level 3 This exemplar supports
More informationPotential impact of offshore wind farms on water renewal in the Baltic Sea
Potential impact of offshore wind farms on water renewal in the Baltic Sea Hans Burchard hans.burchard@io-warnemuende.de Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde, Germany Summer School, AWI-GKSS-IOW, Büsum,
More informationObjective 3: Earth and Space Systems
Name Class Period: Objective 3: Earth and Space Systems 1. The diagram above shows the orbit of the moon around Earth. At which point in the moon s orbit will a person standing on Earth see a waxing crescent
More informationWater mass formation, subduction, and the oceanic heat budget
Chapter 5 Water mass formation, subduction, and the oceanic heat budget In the first four chapters we developed the concept of Ekman pumping, Rossby wave propagation, and the Sverdrup circulation as the
More informationBaltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde
INSTITUT FÜR OSTSEEFORSCHUNG W ARNEMÜNDE an d er U n i ver s i t ät R os t oc k BALTIC SEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde C r u i s e R e p o r t r/v "Gauss" Cruise- No. 11
More informationDensity, Salinity & Temperature
Density, Salinity & Temperature Density and Oceans l Density = how much mass is contained in a given unit volume (density = mass/volume). l Temperature, salinity and pressure work together to determine
More informationSeasonal variations of vertical structure in the deep waters of the Southern Caspian Sea
278 Research in Marine Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, 2018 Pages 278-286 Seasonal variations of vertical structure in the deep waters of the Southern Caspian Sea Somayeh Nahavandian 1,*, and Alireza Vasel
More informationInvestigation of Arctic ice cover variance using XX century historical ice charts information and last decades microwave data
Investigation of Arctic ice cover variance using XX century historical ice charts information and last decades microwave data Vasily Smolyanitsky, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute & JCOMM Expert
More information2004 State of the Ocean: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Newfoundland and Labrador Region
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report 25/18 Research vessel CCGS Teleost 24 State of the Ocean: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Newfoundland and Labrador Region Background
More informationThe Rossby Centre Ocean model applied to the Arctic Ocean using ERA-40
The Ocean model applied to the Arctic Ocean using ERA-40 H.E. Markus Meier, R. Döscher, K. Wyser /SMHI, Norrköping and K. Döös MISU, Stockholm University, Stockholm Ocean model (RCO) based on the BRYAN-COX-SEMTNER
More informationA Synthesis of Results from the Norwegian ESSAS (N-ESSAS) Project
A Synthesis of Results from the Norwegian ESSAS (N-ESSAS) Project Ken Drinkwater Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ken.drinkwater@imr.no ESSAS has several formally recognized national research
More informationWinds and Global Circulation
Winds and Global Circulation Atmospheric Pressure Winds Global Wind and Pressure Patterns Oceans and Ocean Currents El Nino How is Energy Transported to its escape zones? Both atmospheric and ocean transport
More informationName: OBJECTIVES: By the end of today s lesson, you will be able to
7 th Grade Science Unit: Water s Cycles and Patterns Lesson: WCP 20 Name: Date: Monday, September 28, 2015 Homeroom: OBJECTIVES: By the end of today s lesson, you will be able to SWBAT Describe the three
More informationisopycnal outcrop w < 0 (downwelling), v < 0 L.I. V. P.
Ocean 423 Vertical circulation 1 When we are thinking about how the density, temperature and salinity structure is set in the ocean, there are different processes at work depending on where in the water
More informationSubtidal permanently flooded with tidal water. Irregularly exposed surface exposed by tides less often than daily
Types of Wetlands Tidal Systems COASTAL WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Tidal Salt Marshes Tidal Freshwater Marshes Mangrove Wetlands Tidal Estuarine Wetland 1 Definition and Formation of Estuaries u Estuary : partially
More informationTypes of Wetlands. Tidal Systems
Types of Wetlands Tidal Systems 1 COASTAL WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Tidal Salt Marshes Tidal Freshwater Marshes Mangrove Wetlands 2 Tidal Estuarine Wetland 3 Definition and Formation of Estuaries Estuary: : partially
More informationEarth s Oceans. Divisions of the Global Ocean
Earth s Oceans 1 Key Concept The characteristics of ocean water, such as temperature and salinity, affect the circulation of the ocean. What You Will Learn Earth is unique in our solar system because 71%
More informationReport from the SMHI monitoring cruise with M/V Meri
Örjan Bäck Johan Kronsell Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Oceanographic Laboratory 1--7 Dnr: S/Gbg-1-1 Report from the SMHI monitoring cruise with M/V Meri Survey period: 1-1- - 1-- Principal:
More informationCharacteristics of Variations of Water Properties and Density Structure around the Kuroshio in the East China Sea
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 54, pp. 605 to 617. 1998 Characteristics of Variations of Water Properties and Density Structure around the Kuroshio in the East China Sea EITAROU OKA and MASAKI KAWABE Ocean
More informationSeasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations. Earth-Sun Distance. Eccentricity 2/2/2010. ATS351 Lecture 3
Seasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations ATS351 Lecture 3 Earth-Sun Distance Change in distance has only a minimal effect on seasonal temperature. Note that during the N. hemisphere winter, we are CLOSER to
More informationModeling the Columbia River Plume on the Oregon Shelf during Summer Upwelling. 2 Model
Modeling the Columbia River Plume on the Oregon Shelf during Summer Upwelling D. P. Fulton August 15, 2007 Abstract The effects of the Columbia River plume on circulation on the Oregon shelf are analyzed
More informationLaboratory Exercise #7 - Introduction to Atmospheric Science: The Seasons and Daily Weather
Laboratory Exercise #7 - Introduction to Atmospheric Science: The Seasons and Daily Weather page - Section A - Introduction: This lab consists of questions dealing with atmospheric science. We beginning
More informationThe California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of
I. INTORDUCTION A. California Current System The California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of North America. The California current flows from north, Washington, to south,
More informationLaboratory Exercise #7 - Introduction to Atmospheric Science: The Seasons
Laboratory Exercise #7 - Introduction to Atmospheric Science: The Seasons page - 1 Section A - Introduction: This lab consists of both computer-based and noncomputer-based questions dealing with atmospheric
More informationDynamics of Boundary Currents and Marginal Seas
Dynamics of Boundary Currents and Marginal Seas William E. Johns University of Miami RSMAS/MPO 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149-1098 Phone: (305)361-4054 Fax: (305)361-4696 email:: wjohns@rsmas.miami.edu
More informationPage 1 of 5 Home research global climate enso effects Research Effects of El Niño on world weather Precipitation Temperature Tropical Cyclones El Niño affects the weather in large parts of the world. The
More informationLAB 2: Earth Sun Relations
LAB 2: Earth Sun Relations Name School The amount of solar energy striking the Earth s atmosphere is not uniform; distances, angles and seasons play a dominant role on this distribution of radiation. Needless
More informationPlease be ready for today by:
Please be ready for today by: 1. HW out for a stamp 2. Paper and pencil/pen for notes 3. Be ready to discuss what you know about El Nino after you view the video clip What is El Nino? El Nino Basics El
More informationPhysical Oceanography of the Northeastern Chukchi Sea: A Preliminary Synthesis
Physical Oceanography of the Northeastern Chukchi Sea: A Preliminary Synthesis I. Hanna Shoal Meltback Variability (causes?) II. Hydrography: Interannual Variability III. Aspects of Hanna Shoal Hydrographic
More informationFor example, for values of A x = 0 m /s, f 0 s, and L = 0 km, then E h = 0. and the motion may be influenced by horizontal friction if Corioli
Lecture. Equations of Motion Scaling, Non-dimensional Numbers, Stability and Mixing We have learned how to express the forces per unit mass that cause acceleration in the ocean, except for the tidal forces
More informationThe Taiwan-Tsushima Warm Current System: Its Path and the Transformation of the Water Mass in the East China Sea
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 55, pp. 185 to 195. 1999 The Taiwan-Tsushima Warm Current System: Its Path and the Transformation of the Water Mass in the East China Sea ATSUHIKO ISOBE Department of Earth
More informationCapabilities of Ocean Mixed Layer Models
Capabilities of Ocean Mixed Layer Models W.G. Large National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Co, USA 1. Introduction The capabilities expected in today s state of the art models of the ocean s
More informationThe Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater
The Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater Bert Rudels Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland French Arctic Initiative, Collège de France, Paris,
More informationWhat governs the location of the Southern Ocean deep winter mixing in CESM
NSF NCAR WYOMING SUPERCOMPUTER CENTER DOE SCIDAC FUNDED PROJECT What governs the location of the Southern Ocean deep winter mixing in CESM Justin Small Dan Whitt Alice DuVivier Matt Long Acknowledging:
More informationLecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation
Lecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation (1) These are profiles of mean ocean temperature with depth at various locations in the ocean which in the following (a, b, c) figures
More informationWeather & Ocean Currents
Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences
More informationSTATE OF THE OCEAN 2008: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report 2009/019 STATE OF THE OCEAN 2008: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE Figure 1: Gulf of St. Lawrence Context The
More informationProperties of the Ocean NOAA Tech Refresh 20 Jan 2012 Kipp Shearman, OSU
Properties of the Ocean NOAA Tech Refresh 20 Jan 2012 Kipp Shearman, OSU Kipp Shearman T ( C) May 05 10, 2006 Physical Oceanographer I am interested in all things coastal Lots of observations: big boats,
More informationThe Arctic Energy Budget
The Arctic Energy Budget The global heat engine [courtesy Kevin Trenberth, NCAR]. Differential solar heating between low and high latitudes gives rise to a circulation of the atmosphere and ocean that
More informationOceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1999
Fisheries and Oceans Science Pêches et Océans Sciences DFO Science Laurentian Region Stock Status Report G4-01 (2000) Researh vessel CCGS Martha L. Black Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
More informationLecture 9+10: Buoyancy-driven flow, estuarine circulation, river plume, Tidal mixing, internal waves, coastal fronts and biological significance
Lecture 9+10: Buoyancy-driven flow, estuarine circulation, river plume, Tidal mixing, internal waves, coastal fronts and biological significance Thermohaline circulation: the movement of water that takes
More informationSea Level Variability in the East Coast of Male, Maldives
Sea Level Variability in the East Coast of Male, Maldives K.W. Indika 1 *, E.M.S. Wijerathne 2, G. W. A. R. Fernando 3, S.S.L.Hettiarachchi 4 1 National Aquatics Resources Research and Development Agency,
More informationSolutions Manual to Exercises for Weather & Climate, 8th ed. Appendix A Dimensions and Units 60 Appendix B Earth Measures 62 Appendix C GeoClock 63
Solutions Manual to Exercises for Weather & Climate, 8th ed. 1 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 1 2 Earth Sun Geometry 4 3 The Surface Energy Budget 8 4 The Global Energy Budget 10 5 Atmospheric Moisture
More informationDynamics of Boundary Currents and Marginal Seas
Dynamics of Boundary Currents and Marginal Seas W. E. Johns University of Miami, RSMAS/MPO 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149-1098 Phone (305)361-4054; fax: (305)361-4696; email: wjohns@rsmas.miami.edu
More informationTHE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA Extended Abstracts Open University Research Sessions (OURS 2017) 16 th & 17 th November, 2017 The Open University of Sri Lanka - 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this
More informationProject Retrograde imagine Earth rotated in the opposite direction
Project Retrograde imagine Earth rotated in the opposite direction The rotation of Earth shapes our climate system in various ways: It controls the major wind directions, lets the weather systems swirl,
More informationModeling of deep currents in the Japan/East Sea
Modeling of deep currents in the Japan/East Sea Olga Trusenkova V.I.Il ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS Vladivostok, Russia PICES 2014 Annual Meeting, 16-26 October 2014, Korea, Yeosu Deep
More information