Report from the SMHI monitoring cruise with M/V Meri
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1 Örjan Bäck Johan Kronsell Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Oceanographic Laboratory 1--7 Dnr: S/Gbg-1-1 Report from the SMHI monitoring cruise with M/V Meri Survey period: Principal: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM) Cooperation partners: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), VG-Shipping SUMMARY During the cruise, which is part of the Swedish national marine monitoring programme, stations in the Skagerrak, the Kattegat, the Sound, the Baltic Proper and the Sea of Åland were visited. In the Kattegat, the Sound and the Baltic Proper the winter pool of nutrients was mapped. In large areas of the Baltic Proper, the oxygen concentration in the deep water was close to zero. Anoxic conditions, when hydrogen sulfide can form, were found in the Western Gotland Basin from meters depth and from 9-1 meters in the northern parts. In the Eastern Gotland Basin low levels of hydrogen sulfide were found, but only close to the bottom. Acute hypoxia (oxygen < ) was found in the Bornholm Basin, and in the Bight of Hanö at about - meters depth, in southeastern Baltic Proper at meters, and in Eastern and Western Gotland Basin at 7 meters depth. In the Arkona Basin the oxygen concentration closest to the bottom was about 3.. The surface concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was in general on normal levels for all of the areas monitored. The silicate concentration in all of the Baltic Proper was still above normal. The next cruise is planned to start in the middle of March. Adress: Sven Källfelts Gata 1 71 Västra Frölunda Telefon: 11-9 E-post: johan.kronsell@smhi.se WWW:
2 RESULTS The planned January and February cruise were combined into a somewhat longer cruise. It was conducted aboard the Finnish vessel Meri, and it started in Gothenburg on the th of January and ended in the same port the th of February. The winds were mostly fresh from southwest during the cruise, but changed to strong northerly winds in the Skagerrak at the end of the cruise. The temperature was somewhat above C for most of the cruise, but dropped below C in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak. No primary production was measured during the cruise due to problems with water temperature in the incubator. This report is based on data that have passed a first quality control. When data are published at the National Oceanographic Data Centre some values might have changed after further quality controls have been performed. Data from this cruise will be published as soon as possible on the data center s webpage, normally within a week after the cruise. Download data here: (only available in Swedish). The Skagerrak The surface water temperature was for the season normal, and varied between 3-. C. Below the cooled surface water, temperatures were, for the season, above normal at the offshore stations. The salinity was normal, around psu in the surface close to the coast and up to 31 psu at Å17. Thermocline and halocline coincided at all stations, and was found at 7-1 meters depth. Nutrients in the form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN (the sum of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia), were on normal levels for the season in the surface water. Values varied between 1-11 µ, except at Å17, where the concentration was.3 µ. Concentrations below normal was in general found in the water mass below the stratification. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, DIP, in the water column were also on normal levels, between.-.7 µ. Silicate concentrations were higher than normal for the season in the surface water at the stations P, Å13 and Å1, and varied between µ. Otherwise concentrations were normal. No large peaks in fluorescence were found, and this indicates low phytoplankton activity. Oxygen conditions were good at all visited stations with normal concentrations for the season. The Kattegat and the Sound The water temperature was for the season normal. It was about 3. C in the surface, somewhat higher, -. C in northwestern part of the Kattegat and about C in the southern Sound. Temperature increased with depth, and was slightly above 7 C in the bottom water of the Kattegat, and just over C in the Sound. The salinity was for the season normal. It varied between 1 and 3 psu in the surface water of the Kattegat highest in northwest, and lowest in the southwest. In the Sound the salinity was 1-1 psu in the surface and up to 3 psu at the bottom. Thermocline and halocline coincided at all stations, it was found at 1- meters depth at most stations, but somewhat more shallow in the Sound and at the western stations of the Kattegat.
3 Concentrations of DIN were for the season normal. The levels had increased since last measurements in December and varied between - µ, with an exception for the station GF9 in the northwest, with 9 µ. The DIP concentration in the surface water was.-. µ, and a little higher,.7-. µ in the Sound. The concentration of both DIN and DIP increased somewhat with depth. DIN concentrations above normal were found at about 3 meters depth at Fladen. Silicate concentrations were above normal in the surface water, most obvious in the southeastern parts of the Kattegat, with concentrations of about 1 µ and in the Sound with concentrations of about 17 µ. The concentration in the surface water at the sampling points in the northwestern Kattegat was about 1 µ. Fluorescence measurements from the CTD showed low levels, which indicate low phytoplankton concentrations. The deep water was well oxygenated in the whole area which is normal for the season. The oxygen concentrations near the bottom were generally above. In the Sound it was just above. The Baltic Proper and the Sea of Åland The surface water temperature was slightly above normal in the Baltic Proper. At the coastal station Ref M1V1 it was about. C, and at the other stations the surface temperature was -. C. In the Sea of Åland the upper part of the water column was about 3 C. Surface salinity in the Arkona Basin varied between 7.-. psu, and psu in the other parts of the Baltic Proper. This is somewhat above normal for the Western Gotland Basin and normal of the rest of the Baltic Proper. In the Sea of Åland the surface salinity was slightly above. psu and at the station Tröskeln Ålands Hav it was. psu The surface was cooled down and well mixed with a distinct surface layer both thermocline and halocline coincided at stations in the Baltic Proper. In the Arkona basin the surface layer extended down to meters, in the Bornholm Basin down to meters, in the southeastern part of the Baltic Proper and in the Western Gotland Basin down to meter and in the Eastern Gotland Basin down to between 7 and meter. In the Sea of Åland there was a weak stratification at around meters depth. Nutrient concentrations of DIN and DIP in the surface layer were overall normal, but slightly above in southeastern part of the Baltic Proper and in the northern part of the Eastern Gotland Basin. Concentrations of DIN were between.- µ, except in the southeastern and northeastern part, where it was about -. µ. Concentration of DIP was around. µ in the Sea of Åland, and between.-.9 µ in the Baltic Proper. Highest concentrations were found in an around the Bight of Hanö. In the deep water, the concentrations of DIP were normal, or slightly below. Concentrations of DIN were normal, except for the Western Gotland Basin, where concentrations close to the bottom were higher, especially at BY3 where the concentration was µ in the samples closest to the bottom. The silicate concentration in all of the Baltic Proper was still above normal down to the halocline. This was most obvious in the southern parts. The concentrations varied between 1- µ, slightly higher at the coastal station Ref M1V1 and in the Sea of Åland. Large parts of the deep water of the Baltic Proper had oxygen concentrations close to zero. Anoxic conditions, when hydrogen sulfide can form, were found in the Western Gotland Basin from meters depth, and from 9-1 meters depth in the Northern Gotland Basin. In the Eastern Gotland Basin hydrogen sulfide were measured close to the bottom, but levels were low. Water with acute
4 hypoxia (oxygen < ) was found in the Bornholm Basin and in the Bight of Hanö at about - meters depth, in the south eastern part of the Baltic Proper at meters and in the Eastern and Western Gotland Basin at about 7 meters. In the Arkona Basin the oxygen concentration closest to the bottom was about 3.. Fluorescence measurements from the CTD showed low levels of phytoplankton activity, and no larger peaks were present at any station
5 Figure 1. Transect showing dissolved oxygen and salinity from the Sound, through the Baltic Proper, to the Western Gotland Basin.
6 Figure. Map showing surface values of nitrate+nitrite (left) and phosphate (right) in µ. Figure 3. Map showing surface values of silicate in µ.
7 PARTICIPANTS Name From Johan Kronsell Chief Scientist SMHI Kristin Andreasson SMHI Johan Håkansson SMHI Sari Sipilä SMHI Lena Viktorsson SMHI APPENDICES - Track chart - Table over stations, sampled parameters and number of sampling depths - Map showing bottom oxygen concentrations - Vertical profiles for regular monitoring stations - Monthly average surface water plots for regular monitoring stations
8 F RR1 F9 RR RR7 BO3 F13 F1 F1 Sydostbrotten US Ulvödjupet US3 USB US7 MS MS F SR1A SR3 SR SS9 SR F Solovjeva F33 Grundkallen BY3 Tröskeln Ålands Hav LL1 BY7 LL17 LL1 BY /LL19 BY1 BY3/LL BY3 GF9 GF Blå Jungfrun Läsö ränna 9 Ålborg bugt L:a Middelgrund N1 Falkenberg Laholm-3 (YG) St Middelgrund RefM1V1 Kullen 9 Kattegatt SW BY39 Vågboj Knolls grund BY13 BY9 BY19 BY11 Hanöbukten Hanöbukten-KBV 1 Stevns klint BY3 Stolpe tröskel BY7 PL-P3 PL-P1
9 Date: 1--9 Time: 11: Ship: 37V Year: Ser Cru Stat Proj Stat Lat Lon Start Start Bottom Secchi Wind Air Air WCWI CZPP No No T T S S P D D H P P N N N A N A S H C C no no code name date time depth depth dir vel temp pres elac hohp de btl e e a a h o o h t t t t m t l i u o o yyyymmdd hhmm m m C hpa aove loy m m l l x x s o o r r r o o k o m m m tueo apt p p t t y y s t i a z n t y 3 u n n hdsb o - s t t p b c b c b c s t t t t t t i v s l d l d l d i a s m i p t 1 1 KANX BAS... SW VINGA GF x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - x - 1 KANX BAS... GF x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - x KANX BAS... GF x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KANX7 BAS... GF x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KANX9 BAS... LÄSÖ RÄNNA x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KAWA11 BAS... 9 ÅLBORG BUGT x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KAWX1 BAS... 9 KATTEGAT SW x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - x - 1 KAEX33 BAS... KULLEN x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SOCX39 BAS... W LANDSKRONA x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SOCX1 BAS... ÖRESUND x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SOCX BAS... ÖRESUND x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSA1 BAS... 1 STEVNS KLINT x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSA BAS... BY x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSA3 BAS... BY ARKONA xxx- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x x BPSA BAS... BY3 HAMRARNE SUND x--- x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSB BAS... BY CHRISTIANSÖ x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSB7 BAS... BY BORNHOLMSDJ xxx- 1 1 x x x x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x BPSE BAS... STOLPE TRÖSKEL x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSE9 BAS... BY7 STOLPE RÄNNA x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - - x 1 BPSG71 BAS... PL-P x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - - x 1 1 BPSE7 BAS... PL-P x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSE11 BAS... BCS III x-x- 1 1 x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x x BPSE1 BAS... BY9 KLAIPEDA x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x - x - x - 1 BPEX13 BAS... BY x x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPEX1 BAS... BY x x - x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPEX1 BAS... BY1 GOTLANDSDJ xxx x x - x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x BPEX1 BAS... BY1 GOTLANDSDJ x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPEX19 BAS... BY x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPEX BAS... BY x x - x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPEX BAS... BY FÅRÖDJ x x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPNX7 BAS... BY x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPNX3 BAS... BY9 / LL x-x- 1 1 x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPNX3 BAS... BY x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPNX33 BAS... BY x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x - - -
10 Date: 1--9 Time: 11: Ship: 37V Year: Ser Cru Stat Proj Stat Lat Lon Start Start Bottom Secchi Wind Air Air WCWI CZPP No No T T S S P D D H P P N N N A N A S H C C no no code name date time depth depth dir vel temp pres elac hohp de btl e e a a h o o h t t t t m t l i u o o yyyymmdd hhmm m m C hpa aove loy m m l l x x s o o r r r o o k o m m m tueo apt p p t t y y s t i a z n t y 3 u n n hdsb o - s t t p b c b c b c s t t t t t t i v s l d l d l d i a s m i p t 3 1 GBAX BAS... F SOLOVJEVA x x - x - x x - x x x x x x x - x GBAX1 BAS... TRÖSKELN ÅLANDS HAV x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPNX3 BAS... BY x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPNX37 BAS... BY31 LANDSORTSDJ xxx- 3 3 x x - x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x BPWX3 BAS... BY3 NORRKÖPINGSDJ x x x - x - x x x x x x x x x x - x BPWX BAS... BY x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x - x - - x 1 1 BPWX BAS... BY3 KARLSÖDJ x-x- 1 1 x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x - x x BPSE9 BAS... BY39 ÖLANDS S UDDE x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPWK1 BAS... REF M1V xxx- x x x x x x x - x x x x x x x x x BPSH1 BAS... HANÖBUKTEN-KBV x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x BPSH BAS... HANÖBUKTEN x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KAEX3 BAS... ST MIDDELGRUND x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KAEX9 BAS... ANHOLT E xxx- 1 1 x x x x x x x - x x x x x x x x x x KANX BAS... N1 FALKENBERG xxx- 7 7 x x x x x x x - x x x x x x x x x KANX BAS... L:A MIDDELGRUND x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x KANX BAS... FLADEN x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SKEX3 BAS... P x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x FIBG7 BAS... SLÄGGÖ xxx- 9 9 x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x - x SKEX1 BAS... Å x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SKEX1 BAS... Å x - x - - x SKEX1 BAS... Å x x x x x - x x - x x x x x x x - x SKEX17 BAS... Å x - x - - x SKEX1 BAS... Å xxx- 1 1 x x - x x x x - x x x x x x x x x - x -
11 Bottom water oxygen concentration () Ship: Meri Date: 11-1 Series: 1-7 N 9 N N 7 N N N N H S H S H S H S H S 7.91 H S.33.1 H SH S H S H S H S E 11 E 13 E 1 E 17 E 19 E 1 E 3 E E 7 E
12 STATION W LANDSKRONA SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
13 Vertical profiles W LANDSKRONA January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
14 STATION BY1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
15 Vertical profiles BY1 January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
16 STATION BY ARKONA SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
17 Vertical profiles BY ARKONA January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
18 STATION BY CHRISTIANSÖ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
19 Vertical profiles BY CHRISTIANSÖ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
20 STATION BY BORNHOLMSDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
21 Vertical profiles BY BORNHOLMSDJ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
22 STATION BCS III-1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
23 Vertical profiles BCS III-1 January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
24 STATION BY1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 1 m) Month Year
25 Vertical profiles BY1 January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
26 STATION BY1 GOTLANDSDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
27 Vertical profiles BY1 GOTLANDSDJ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
28 STATION BY FÅRÖDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 17 m) Month Year
29 Vertical profiles BY FÅRÖDJ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
30 STATION BY9 / LL19 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 1 m) Month Year
31 Vertical profiles BY9 / LL19 January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
32 STATION BY31 LANDSORTSDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
33 Vertical profiles BY31 LANDSORTSDJ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
34 STATION BY3 NORRKÖPINGSDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 17 m) Month Year
35 Vertical profiles BY3 NORRKÖPINGSDJ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
36 STATION BY3 KARLSÖDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 1 m) Month Year
37 Vertical profiles BY3 KARLSÖDJ February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
38 STATION REF M1V1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 17 m) Month Year
39 Vertical profiles REF M1V1 February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
40 STATION HANÖBUKTEN SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) Month Year
41 Vertical profiles HANÖBUKTEN February Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 1-- Oxygen PO DIN
42 STATION ANHOLT E SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
43 Vertical profiles ANHOLT E February Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 1-- Oxygen PO DIN
44 STATION N1 FALKENBERG SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
45 Vertical profiles N1 FALKENBERG February Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 1-- Oxygen PO DIN
46 STATION FLADEN SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) Month Year
47 Vertical profiles FLADEN February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
48 STATION P SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) Month Year
49 Vertical profiles P February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
50 STATION SLÄGGÖ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
51 Vertical profiles SLÄGGÖ February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
52 STATION Å13 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
53 Vertical profiles Å13 February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
54 STATION Å1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 1 m) Month Year
55 Vertical profiles Å1 February Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
56 STATION Å17 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 3 m) Month Year
57 Vertical profiles Å17 February Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 1-- Oxygen PO DIN
58 STATION SLÄGGÖ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) Annual Cycles 1 1 Mean 1-1 St.Dev PO 3 DIN saturation % OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) Month Year
59 Vertical profiles SLÄGGÖ January Mean 1-1 St.Dev Oxygen PO DIN
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