UDC: 007:528.9]:004; 007:912]:004; 004.92 DOI:10.14438/gn.2013.20 Geospatial information in e-government services for environmental permiting the eenviper project case study Dragutin PROTIĆ 1*, Ivan NESTOROV 1 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract. eenviper pilot project, funded by the European Commission through the CIP-ICT- PSP program, aims to develop an e-government service that will support the entire process of issuing the approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies. Through the process of issuing the approval of an EIA study, competent authorities, with the participation of the public, have tools for the control of various projects and activities impact on the environment and, consequently, protection of the environment. Since most of the environmental related information are spatial in nature, one of the main components of the eenviper platform is Geographic Information System of the environment. The paper presents the importance of geospatial information and related services for an e-government service on the example of eenviper pilot. Keywords: geospatial information, e-government, Environmental Impact Assessment, Web GIS * Dragutin Protić> protic@grf.bg.ac.rs 21
process are [7]: screening, scoping, prediction and 1 Introduction mitigation, management and monitoring and audit. In Serbia, the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (Official gazette of the RS 135/04, 36/09) defines Environmental Impact Assessment process including rights and liabilities of the stakeholders involved and penalties if the rules are violated. For small and medium size projects that are required to obtain consent on EIA study, local authorities (Municipalities) are in charge. For larger scale projects, the EIA procedure is managed by the Ministry in charge or relevant Secretary of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In all cases, stakeholders involved in the EIA are: Investors who intent to start a project and consultants (experts) that act on their behalf and create EIA studies, Public authorities in charge to manage the procedure and make decisions regarding the permits and Citizens who have the right to be involved in decision making according to Aarhus Convention and the national legislation. The actions of the stakeholders within the process are as follows: Investor (or consultant on behalf of investor): applying for permit, updating the case with new data (including the EIA study); Public authority: management of active cases, making data available for public inspection; Citizens: submitting complaints/comments on the active cases. Thus, the quality of environmental protection directly depends on the way the stakeholders act during the EIA process. However, the quality of decisions that are made in the process depends on the available information. Serbia has introduced the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which has enabled one of the mechanisms to manage the environment in a systematic way. Through the process of issuing the approval of an EIA study, competent authorities, with the participation of the public, have tools for the control of various projects and activities impact on the environment and, consequently, protection of the environment. It is, therefore, of the highest importance to carry out the procedure in an efficient and high quality way, respecting the rights of all the stakeholders. It should enable development of economy and infrastructure while protecting the environment in the same time. eenviper project, funded by the European Commission through the CIP-ICT-PSP program, aims to develop an e- Government service that will support the entire process of issuing the approval of EIA studies. The service, built on a single multi-purpose cloud platform based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), is tested in five different European countries, including Serbia. The Serbian pilot is located in the Municipality of Indjija. To build such a system is a complex task as there are many aspects to be considered and different components included. Use cases and workflows were created according to the national legislation and the public authorities practice. The system includes participatory Web 2.0 platforms to ensure easier and more effective public participation in environmental related decisions, Knowledge Management System (KMS) that provides relevant knowledge to the stakeholders and Geographical Information System (GIS) to enable access to the geospatial environmental data and information and their analysis. The impact of the eenviper platform as an e- Government service for environmental permitting to the quality of environmental protection and management is twofold: first, it is created with respect to ethical and EU/national legal frameworks that are essentially designed to regulate the relation of both individuals and the societies with the environment; second, the use of new technologies in EIA procedures, and GIS in particular, brings more efficiency, transparency, accuracy and justice into environmental management [2]. 2 Environmental permitting 2.1 EIA studies Environmental Impact Assessment is the systemic way to achieve sustainable development. EIA study is an adaptive strategy for the management of risks associated with a proposed project on the natural and human environment [6]. Although the EIA procedure itself can differ in different countries, the general steps in the EIA 22 3 Geospatial aspects of EIA studies 3.1 Spatial information issues Provision of relevant, accurate and up-to-date spatial data/information and the tools to measure, query and analyse them brings significant benefits to all stakeholders involved in environmental permitting process. Problems related to these actions could seriously compromise the quality of the stakeholders actions and decisions. This is internationally recognised by adopting the Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) signed in 1998 and ratified by most of the European countries and the European Union (decision 2005/370/EC). One of the main principles of the Convention is the right of citizens to access to information - Any environmental
information held by a public authority must be provided 3.2 Spatial information services when requested by a member of the public, unless it can Beside the need for spatial data/information in EIA be shown to fall within a finite list of exempt categories process itself, the stakeholders also require different [8]. European Union applied principles of the kinds of services that enable search, access, Convention in its legislature. Directive 2007/2/EC of the visualisation, processing and analysis of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March data/information. This clearly shows that the 2007 on the establishment of an infrastructure for spatial stakeholders, each in their own domain of applications, information in the European Union (Infrastructure for need to use some of the functionalities of a Geographic Spatial Information in the European Community - Information System (GIS). INSPIRE) was published in the Official Journal of the [4] identified 4 four ways of using GIS for EIA: European Union's 25th April 2007 and entered into force on 15 May 2007. The Directive aims to establish an Overlay method: This involves overlaying of infrastructure for spatial information in the European different layers of interest of the study area to Union for the policies and activities that may have an achieve the needed result. impact on the environment. According to INSPIRE Checklist method: This is the listing of Directive, spatial data relevant for the environment have environmental components, attributes and to be available to everybody for viewing purpose free of processes categorized under different groups. charge. Both spatial data (relevant for the environment) Matrix method: This is the relating of specific and spatial data services are bringing benefits of better project activities to specific types of impacts. environmental assessment and also benefits for the Network method: This defines a network of society: increased efficiency or effectiveness of the possible impacts that may be triggered by project public sector organizations, greater business activities. It involves project actions, direct and opportunities for private sector [5]. indirect impacts. Environmental consultants agree that analyzing GIS application to the field of environmental developments in their spatial context during the initial impact assessment (EIA) would ensure meaningful stages of the EIA process, in fact, expedites the participation with local communities in an effort to identification of potential aspects and impacts that may create maps that accurately reflect worldview of local have to be assessed while the process goes on. Potential inhabitants; in this context, GIS would be an excellent risk factors may be identified upfront and presented to platform for disseminating traditional ecological the client to assess the viability of proceeding with the knowledge, and give indigenous groups more decision project. This approach reduces timeframes and usually making power over how their natural resources are presents the client with a cost saving [10]. managed [9]. Availability and access to the relevant spatial 3.3 eenviper case study information is, however, a significant issue. Beside the modern technologies that facilitate production of eenviper project have recognized the significance environmental information, including remote sensing, of geospatial aspect of EIA process and implemented an GIS, GPS, etc., there are still substantial obstacles in environmental GIS solution based on cloud computing accessing the products, both in terms of their availability (http://serbia-gis.eenviper.eu/). Cloud computing, aimed and cost. In a survey carried out by [5] it is discovered to deliver infrastructure, services, and software on that 73% of the organizations involved in the EIA demand via the network, offers attractive advantages to processes in the EU stated that use spatial data provided the public sector that is expected to install and maintain by Local authorities/local governments and e-government systems: cost savings, ease of Environmental protection agencies, 52% of them use implementation, flexibility, scalability, access to top-end data produced by Mapping agencies and even 44% IT capabilities, redeployment of IT staff, focusing on produce their own data for EIA reports, spending from core competencies and sustainability [2]. This is less then 5% of the total cost of the reports to more than particularly applicable to local governments with limited 30% for the relevant spatial data. Increase in cost caused resources and to environmental permitting services. by problems connected with the use of spatial data was The eenviper platform uses the ESRI s ArcGIS assessed about 15%, while increase in time was between Server for spatial data management and analysis. 10% and 20%. ArcGIS Server is used for creating and managing GIS It is also recognized that remote sensing and GIS Web services, applications, and data. are the only technologies that can provide holistic It is a distributed system consisting of several approach to the study of total environment while still components that can be distributed across multiple make visible the different process or interrelationships machines. Each component in the ArcGIS Server system that exist within the different biophysical components plays a specific role in the process of managing, [1]. activating, deactivating, and load balancing the 23
resources that are allocated to a given server object or set of server objects. The components of ArcGIS Server are: GIS server Hosts and runs server objects. The GIS server consists of a server object manager (SOM) and one or more server object containers (SOCs). Web server Hosts Web applications and Web services that use the objects running in the GIS server. Web browsers Used to connect to Web applications running in the Web server. Figure 2. eenviper additional data layers eenviper platform offers several GIS functionalities Cartographic aspect of the service proved to be a including: layers overlay and transparency settings, critical issue since the aim was to enable right adding data layers from external sources (.shp, ArcGIS perception of the presented information to rather layer, WMS layer), navigation functionalities, buffering, different groups of users. The same is valid for linear and areal measurements, drawing, attribute and abundance of the data layers. Less demanding users (e.g. spatial queries. Interviews with user during the testing citizens and public authorities) require less data layers phase of the project show that these functionalities are but are more dependent on the quality of cartographic appropriate for public administration and citizens but not visualization. The experts engaged to work on EIA sufficient for consultants (experts in charge to create studies as the advanced users, are substantially more EIA studies). demanding in terms of amount of thematic content and Data and information layers present the other pillar GIS functionalities. of the GIS service. In Serbian pilot, base-map (Fig. 1) consists of pseudo-natural coloured Landsat 7 image, 4 Conclusion roads and streets network, hidrography and forests and is eenviper project aims to provide an efficient and aimed to provide general geographic information. non-costly e-government solution for managing entire Additional thematic layers (Fig. 2) can be selected by a EIA process. Web based GIS of the environment is one user from the menu. They are collected from different critical element of the platform as it is recognised that sources and currently include: access to relevant geospatial data and information, Spatial plan of the Municipality of Indjija possibility to visualise it in a proper way and to perform (purpose and protection of the space) necessary analysis is required to perform high quality CORINE land cover for the year 2006 EIA process and make the right decisions. While Internet GMES HR soil sealing layer became the best media to share such data and services Local registry of pollutants the only issues related to the solution that remain are Dumps and landfills those of the data availability and quality and GIS The service also provides metadata for the functionalities that are provided. The case study showed geospatial data layers. that less demanding users (citizens and public authorities) are satisfied with the present platform, while the consultants that are engaged to create EIA studies require advanced GIS functionalities. Figure 1. eenviper base map Acknowledgement The paper represents the result of research carried out on the project TR 36035, financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia and the project eenviper that has has been co-funded by the CIP-ICT-PSP as part of the Competitiveness and innovation Framework Programme by the European Community, contract number 297358. The authors are solely responsible for it and it does not represent the opinion of the Community and Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of information contained therein. 24
References of Spatial Data for the Preparation of Environmental Reports in Europe. Joint Research [1] Abbas, I.I. and Ukoje J.A.: Application of Centre. 2010. Remote Sensing (Rs) and Geographic Information [6] Noble, B.F.: Strengthening EIA through adaptive Systems (Gis) to Environmental Impact management: a systems perspective. Assessment (Eia) for Sustainable Development Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 20, Research. Journal of Environmental and Earth pp.97 111. 2000. Sciences 1(1): pp.11-15. 2009. [7] http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8350e/v8350e00.htm [2] eenviper Description of Work, CIP-ICT-PSP, GA #Contents no: 297358, 2013 [8] http://www.unece.org/ [3] eenviper D6.1 Ethical and legal issues. CIP-ICT- [9] http://mastereia.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/thesocial-justice-implications-for-critical-gis-in-eia/ PSP. GA no: 297358. 2013. [4] Erickson, P.A.: A Practical Guide To [10] http://www.srk.com/files/file/newsletters/srkn Environmental Impact Assessment. New York. ews40-environmental_process_a4.pdf Academic Press. 1994. [5] Craglia, M., Pavanello, L., Smith, R.S.: The Use 25