November 22, 1992, I-71, Carroll County KY by Irma Doran
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1 November 22, 1992, I-71, Carroll County KY by Irma Doran
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5 The World s First Tornado Scientist
6 1885
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10 April 26, 1884 near Garnett, KS by A.A. Adams The World s First Tornado Photograph
11 August 28, 1884 Howard, Dakota Territory by F.N. Robinson The World s Second Tornado Photograph
12 1886 The word tornado is banned from forecasts to avoid panic.
13 Tinker AFB, Oklahoma March 20, 1948
14 Tinker AFB, Oklahoma March 25, 1948
15 Capt. Robt. C. Miller Lt. Col. E.J. Fawbush World s First Tornado Forecast
16 The World s First Recorded Hook Echo
17 Mr. Tornado, Dr. Ted Fujita
18 Sayler Park F5 Hook. At the time this was the most photographed tornado in the world.
19 Sayler Park F5 Before and while crossing the Ohio River. Photos by Andrew MacGregor
20 Sayler Park F5 Out of the river valley and crossing Cincinnati s western suburbs. Photos by Don Ohmer
21 Sayler Park F5 Out of the river valley and crossing Cincinnati s western suburbs. Photos by Jay Carter
22 The Bridge Creek Moore, OK tornado May 3, 1999 The last F5 under the original Fujita Scale. A Doppler on Wheels measured winds to 309 +/- 10 mph.
23 The Bridge Creek Moore, OK tornado May 3, F5 damage and the place where a woman died from being pummeled by debris.
24 Greensburg, KS EF5 tornado hook, Mar 4, 2007 The first tornado rated EF5 under the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
25 Greensburg, KS EF5 tornado, Mar 4, 2007 The first tornado rated EF5 under the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
26 Greensburg, KS EF5 tornado damage, Mar 4, 2007 The first tornado rated EF5 under the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
27 Greensburg, KS EF5 tornado hook, Mar 4, 2007 The first tornado rated EF5 under the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
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29 Birmingham, AL
30 Tuscaloosa County, AL April 27, 2011 A wedge tornado
31 The path of the long-track supercell thunderstorm That produced the Tuscaloosa, AL EF4, 190 mph Path Length = 80.7 miles, maximum width 1.5 miles.
32 Joplin, MO EF5 hook echo, May 22, 2011.
33 Joplin, MO EF5 hook echo, May 22, 2011.
34 * Joplin, MO EF5 hook echo, May 22, 2011, Joplin, MO at the asterisk..
35 * Joplin, MO EF5 hook echo, May 22, 2011, Joplin, MO at the asterisk..
36 * Joplin, MO Debris Ball, May 22, 2011.
37 Joplin, MO Debris Ball, May 22, 2011.
38 Northern Kentucky, Suburban Cincinnati, Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
39 Velocity Couplet during spin up Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
40 Velocity Couplet at maximum intensity Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
41 Velocity Couplet when the tornado is lifting off Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
42 Velocity Couplet at tornado has dissipated Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
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47 Velocity Couplet when the tornado is lifting off Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
48 > -80 kts > +80 kts Doppler radar only measures winds directly to and away from the radar Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
49 Rear Flank Downdraft, sinks behind the storm and the Warm air wraps around the tornado Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
50 Rear Flank Downdraft, sinks behind the storm and the Warm air wraps around the tornado Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
51 Rear Flank Downdraft, sinks behind the storm and the Warm air wraps around the tornado Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
52 Rear Flank Downdraft is visible as a bright area or a clear sky behind the storm. Crittenden-Piner EF4, March 2, 2012
53 Chaparral, NM Supercell, April 3, diameter hail
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63 March 2, 2012, Berlin, KY EF0 - Reflectivity Leading Edge Vortices Gustnadoes Tornadoes without rotating supercell thunderstorms.
64 March 2, 2012, Berlin, KY EF0 Storm Relative Wind Leading Edge Vortices Gustnadoes Tornadoes without rotating supercell thunderstorms.
65 March 2, 2012, Berlin, KY EF0 Spectrum Width (turbulence) Leading Edge Vortices Gustnadoes Tornadoes without rotating supercell thunderstorms.
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67 Rotating Supercell Thunderstorms 1. Favorable wind environment 2. Rotation generated outside the storm - Vertical Wind Shear - Cold Pool/Inflow Interaction 3. Rotation concentrated at the updraft 4. Rotation tilted to the vertical 5. Vortex Stretching rotation rate increases 6. Dynamic Pipe Effect Tornado descends to the ground 7. No DPE Tornado forms all levels quickly 8. Leading Edge Vortices Gustnadoes.
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71 Finally. 1. We know When Tornadoes Form. 2. We Know Where Tornadoes Form. 3. We Know How Tornadoes Form. 4. We Know All Big Tornadoes are from Mesocyclones 5. We Know most small tornadoes are leading edge vortices, but some are from weak mesocyclones. 6. But Only 3% of Supercells Spawn Tornadoes 7. We cannot yet detect the final trigger.
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