ATMO Exam 3 Spring Print your name ID Number

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1 ATMO Exam 3 Spring 2008 Print your name ID Number Note: In multiple choice questions, more than one answer may be valid. Please check all valid answers. It is OK to use a hand calculator on this exam. 1. Which of the following gases produce global warming on Earth? NO 2 O 2 N 2 O 3 CO 2 H 2 O 2. Which of the following gases are measured at air pollution monitoring sites in Tucson? O 2 CO 2 H 2 O N 2 O 3 CO 3. Why is stratospheric ozone is important to humans? 4. An instrument that can be used to count atmospheric particles smaller than 0.1 μm in size is? a sling psychrometer an Aitken Counter an infrared satellite an airplane a Stefan-Boltzman sensor a Wien sensor 5. Which of the following are characteristic features of a typical tornado? duration of 5 days duration of 5 min. diameter of 500 km diameter of 500 m wind speeds higher than 100 miles per hour large hail 6. The term storm surge refers to? the leading edge of a thunderstorm downdraft a higher-than-average incidence of tropical storms a rise in the ocean level of several meters or more the increasing speed of a hurricane as it moves toward middle latitudes 7. If a large hurricane approaches an East-West coastline from the south (in the Northern hemisphere), most of the damage from the storm surge will be East of the Eye. Why is this?

2 8. The main source of energy for a hurricane is the? upper-level jet stream rising of warm air and sinking of cold air near mid-latitude fronts warm surface water in a tropical ocean ocean tides La Niña 9. In regions where the average surface temperature is high, the average surface pressure tends to be? low high about the same 10. A condition where the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean becomes cooler than normal is referred to as? La Niña the tropical front the polar front the Ekman front a tropical storm El Niño 11. The small, rapidly rotating whirls that are sometimes seen on the edge of a large tornado are called? microtornadoes whirl winds suction vortices waterspouts mesocyclones microbursts 12. What is the sequence of events in a typical 2-stroke, negative lightning flash to ground? stepped leader, dart leader, return stroke, return stroke return stroke, stepped leader, return stroke, dart leader dart leader, return stroke, stepped leader, return stroke stepped leader, return stroke, dart leader, return stroke none of the above 13. Which of the following describes the function of a lightning rod and it s grounding conductors? discharge the electricity in the thundercloud before lightning strikes intercept the lightning and keep the current outside the structure lightning rods have been used since 1752, but the principle of their operation is still not understood positive charge induced in the metal rod repels the negative charge in the approaching leader 14. The first luminosity seen below the cloud during the development of a cloud-to-ground lightning flash is called? the dart leader the stepped-leader the return stroke a K-change thunder a microburst 15. Given that the speed of sound is 330 m/sec, if an observer counts 9 seconds between the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder, how far away is the lightning discharge? (Note: for this estimate, you can assume that the speed of light is so fast that the light arrives at the observer at the same time as the lightning occurs).

3 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km 30 km

4 16. Supercell thunderstorms frequently produce? large hail tornadoes flash floods lightning intense rainfall intense downdrafts 17. In the evolution of a typical single-cell thunderstorm, lightning will most likely occur during which stage? beginning stratiform mature dissipating cumulus final 18. The Fujita scale for tornadoes is based on? size of the parent thunderstorm the maximum wind speed the pressure drop the damage caused by the tornado the radar reflectivity minimum wind speed 19. proved that thunderclouds are electrified by flying an electrical kite near a thunderstorm in the mid-18 th century. 20. Describe how triggered lightning can be produced? 21. What should a person do if they encounter someone who has just been struck by lightning and is unconscious? 22. What is the best way to protect yourself if a hurricane is forecasted to arrive at your location in the next 24 hours? 23. What is the difference between a tornado alert and a tornado watch? 24. The best way to protect yourself when a tornado is approaching is to get in a car and drive away as fast as you can.

5 25. A mobile home can serve as a safe shelter during a tornado. 26. Airplanes are usually safe during a lightning storm. 27. Which direction do most supercell thunderstorms move across the midwestern U.S.? North (N) to South (S) East (E) to West (W) SW to NE NE to SW NW to SE SE to NW 28. Complete the phrase When thunder roars,. 29. The weather phenomenon sketched above is a. updraft hurricane downdraft tornado macroburst microburst 30. A weak tornado that forms over water is called a. gust front microburst TLE waterspout macroburst suction vortex 31. The leading edge of cold downdraft air that spreads outward below a thunderstorm is called a. dry line gust front sprite squall line microburst blue jet 32. What characteristics distinguish a severe thunderstorm from a normal, air mass thunderstorm?

6 33. Benjamin Franklin invented or promoted the following: bifocal glasses daylight saving time a smokeless, coal burning fireplace the Declaration of Independence lightning rods the Glass Armonica, a musical instrument an efficient stove the Constitution of the United States 34. Franklin s sentry box experiment was first performed at Marly-la-Ville, France. 35. Benjamin Franklin s success as a diplomat was aided by his reputation in science and technology. 36. Which of the following is often used to rate the strength or severity of a hurricane? Fujita scale Saffir-Simpson scale downdraft extended Fujita scale Palmer index updraft 37. Why is it dangerous to stand under any isolated, tall object during a lightning storm? 38. Lightning occurs more often inside a cloud than it goes to the ground. 39. Which state averages the most lightning strikes per square kilometer per year? Oklahoma California Colorado Florida 40. Which state averages the most tornadoes per square kilometer per year? Oklahoma California Colorado Florida 41. Which state averages the most days with hail per square kilometer per year? Oklahoma California Colorado Florida 42. The peak in the Atlantic hurricane season occurs during which month?

7 May July September November

8 43. The strongest winds and heaviest rains are associated with which part of a hurricane? the eye the spiral rain bands the eye wall the outflow 44. No one could foresee the possibility that so many people could be killed by a single hurricane such as Hurricane Katrina in There is conclusive evidence that extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, are becoming more frequent and severe in recent years, and that this increase is due to global warming. 46. Which phenomenon associated with thunderstorms is particularly dangerous for airplanes and the cause of several airline crashes? plane flying low to the ground near a microburst plane being struck by lightning plane being pelted by large hail plane accumulating ice when flying through supercooled water droplets in the cloud. 47. The classification of hurricanes is based primarily on the? wind direction wave heights potential damage pressure drop maximum sustained wind speed lifetime 48. The stratospheric ozone hole occurs. over Antarctica during the Northern Hemisphere spring (April-June) over Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere spring (Sept-Nov) everywhere on Earth during the Southern Hemisphere spring (Sept-Nov) everywhere on Earth during the Northern Hemisphere spring (April-June) 49. Under certain conditions, a free chlorine (Cl) atom can act as a catalyst in the stratosphere and destroy 100,000 ozone (O 3 ) molecules? 50. The total concentration of particles in classroom air is probably around: 1 cm cm cm cm cm cm -3