DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & CLIMATE SCIENCES SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY EARTH 365. Fall 2018 Test #2. November :00pm 7:15pm
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1 1 DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & CLIMATE SCIENCES SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY EARTH 365 Fall 2018 Test #2 November :00pm 7:15pm 200 points (4 points each answer) Answer on the answer sheet provided.
2 2 SECTION 1: EL NINO AND LA NINA (12 pts) 1. El Niño / La Niña are A. atmospheric related events B. ocean and atmospheric events C. annual global events D. ocean related events 2. During an El Niño event, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are. A. colder than normal along the California coast B. colder than normal in the eastern tropical Pacific C. warmer than normal in the eastern tropical Pacific D. warmer than normal in the western tropical Pacific 3. Which of the following are El Niño myths? A. El Niño is coming to California B. All El Niños are the same C. El Niño Storm due to strike California D. El Niño means lots of rain for California E. All the above SECTION 2: FRONTS & MID-LATITUDE WAVE CYCLONES (28 pts) 4. A cold front is a A. boundary with warmer (less dense) air behind it and colder (more dense) ahead of it B. boundary between the moist and dry air below a thunderstorm C. boundary with colder (more dense) air behind it and warmer (less dense) ahead of it D. None of the above 5. Occluded fronts usually form as A. a warm front overtakes a cold front. B. a cold front overtakes a warm front. C. a cold front overtakes a squall line. D. overrunning occurs along a warm front. 6. Developing low pressure areas (i.e., cyclogenesis) generally have air near the surface and air aloft. A. diverging, converging B. converging, converging C. diverging, diverging D. converging, diverging
3 3 7. Which is NOT true about a developing/intensifying mid-latitude/wave cyclone? A. Air sinks in the center of the dynamic low pressure center B. It is a dynamic low that intensifies with height C. Upper-level divergence is stronger than surface convergence D. It is a cold core low pressure system 8. Which is NOT a typical mid-latitude low/wave cyclone? A. Alberta Clipper B. Monsoonal Low C. Hatteras Low D. Gulf of Alaska Low 9. The typical life-time of a mid-latitude wave cyclone is days. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D The Jetstream is A. the vapor trail that comes out of an airplane engine at high altitudes B. the fast flowing river of air in the upper-atmosphere C. the latest Dreamliner aircraft from Boeing D. a fast-flowing surface wind that blows from the Atlantic towards the East Coast in winter SECTION 3: OTHER PROCESSES FOR COOLING & WARMING THE ATMOSPHERE (12pts) 11: Condensation is a warming process and the heat liberated is called. A. Adiabatic heat B. Heat of Condensation C. Latent heat D. Radiation heat 12. California s coastal summer advection fog is a result of cooling? A. convectional B. expansion C. conductional D. conservative 13. Cold-core low pressure systems A. have rising air in all levels of the atmosphere B. tilt to the northwest with height C. have the coldest temperatures at the center of the low D. All the above
4 4 SECTION 4: CLIMATE CHANGE (12pts) 14. Over the past 100 years or so, it appears that average global temperatures have: A. decreased slightly B. fluctuated wildly but shown no overall change C. increased slightly D. remained constant 15. Since the early 1900 s, carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has. A. been increasing in concentration B. been decreasing in concentration C. disappeared entirely D. remained at about the same concentration from year to year 16. Which of the following has been used to reconstruct past climates? A. analysis of air bubbles trapped in ice B. study of documents describing floods, droughts and crop yields C. the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in the shells of marine organisms D. all of the above SECTION 5: ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY (16pts) 17. A lapse rate best describes a. A. change of pressure with height B. change of temperature with height C. change of water vapor with height D. change of temperature over a horizontal distance 18. An adiabatic process occurs when there is no heat exchange between a parcel of air and the air outside of the parcel A. False B. True 19. Moist air cools at a faster rate when moving up in the atmosphere compared to dry air. A. True B. False 20. If a parcel of air is given a small upward push and it continues upward, the parcel is considered to be. A. releasing latent heat of evaporation B. causing precipitation C. unstable D. stable
5 5 SECTION 6: TROPICAL CYCLONES/ HURRICANES (60 pts) Study the figure below and answer questions related to it. 21. The letter A locates the A. Eye of the storm. B. Eyewall C. high pressure area at the top of the storm. D. Divergence at the top of the storm. E. hurricane's spiral rainfall bands. 22. The letter B locates the A. Eye of the storm. B. Eyewall C. high pressure area at the top of the storm. D. Divergence at the top of the storm. E. hurricane's spiral rainfall bands. 23. The letter C locates the A. Eye of the storm. B. Eyewall C. high pressure area at the top of the storm. D. Divergence at the top of the storm. E. hurricane's spiral rainfall bands.
6 6 24. The letter D locates the A. Eye of the storm. B. Eyewall C. high pressure area at the top of the storm. D. Divergence at the top of the storm. E. hurricane's spiral rainfall bands. 25. The letter E locates the A. The warmest cloud tops. B. Eyewall C. The area with the greatest storm surge. D. High pressure area and Divergence at the top of the storm. E. hurricane's spiral rainfall bands. 26. The strongest thunderstorms would likely be found at Location A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E 27. The storm surge is strongest in the right front quadrant of the progressing hurricane. It is in this region that A. divergence is the greatest. B. thunderstorms are the most severe. C. the effects of low pressure at the eye, forward motion of the storm and strong winds locally force unusually high ocean levels, relative to sea level, are combined. D. the eyewall is found E. ocean temperatures are the warmest. 28. The eye of the hurricane forms because A. the lowest surface pressures are found at the center of the storm. B. it is the area in which the strongest thunderstorms are found. C. the atmosphere is very unstable there. D. air circling into the storm center is moving so quickly inward and upward, that centrifugal force prevents it from reaching the center of the low. Air from the high troposphere and low stratosphere sinks to the surface, thus creating a relatively clear, windless area at the center of the storm. E. the effects of low pressure at the eye, forward motion of the storm and strong winds locally force unusually high ocean levels, relative to sea level are combined.
7 7 29. Although tropical cyclones form when clusters of thunderstorms move over ocean temperatures greater than 82 F, the chief reason for intensification of these disturbances to hurricanes is A. strong jet stream level winds. B. downdrafts from thunderstorms. C. Coriolis effect. D. convergence in the upper troposphere. E. the tremendous release of latent heat when the air with very high dewpoint temperatures over the ocean is ingested into the circulation of the developing storm. 30. The chief threat from tropical cyclones once they pass far inland is associated with A. storm surge B. flash flood producing rainfall and severe thunderstorms C. the Coriolis effect. D. strong winds. E. tornadoes. 31. You live along the Atlantic seaboard. A hurricane warning is issued for your area. You should A. get into an interior room. B. evacuate the coast and move inland. C. hide in a storm shelter. D. board up your windows and get into the bathtub. E. go to the beach and watch for the storm surge. 32. A tropical storm is A. any member of the hurricane family. B. a tropical cyclone with winds between 39 and 74 mph C. a decaying tropical depression D. a storm of hurricane strength E. a typhoon 33. A hurricane is A. severe tropical cyclone B. a tropical cyclone with winds of 65 knots (74 mph) or greater C. a tropical cyclone with tornadic thunderstorms embedded in it D. the same as a typhoon E. B. and D. 34. Hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere tend to move westward because A. of the Coriolis Effect. B. nature does not like vacuums. C. they are "attracted" to warm water. D. pressures are lower in the west. E. they form at the latitude of the prevailing easterlies at the surface (called the northeast trade winds).
8 8 35. The most significant source of heating leading to hurricane formation (besides warm ocean temperatures) is A. strong solar insolation B. the release of latent heat from condensing water vapor C. divergence at the top of the storm D. friction E. lightning heating up the air SECTION 7: THUNDERSTORMS, TORNADOES AND LIGHTNING (60 pts) 36. A tornado-like event that forms over water is a. A. mesohigh B. microburst C. waterspout D. roll cloud 37. A line of thunderstorms that forms ahead of an advancing cold front is called a. A. gust front B. squall line C. roll cloud D. wall cloud 38. A discharge of electricity from or within a thunderstorm is called. A. an atmospheric arc B. a downburst C. lightning D. St. Elmo's fire 39. Thunder is caused by. A. angels bowling B. the collision between two thunderstorms with opposite electrical charge C. the explosion when + and - charge collide and neutralize each other D. the rapid heating of the air surrounding a lightning channel 40. If you see a lightning stroke and then 10 seconds later you hear the thunder, the lightning is about away. A. 1 mile B. 2 miles C. 10 miles D. 20 miles 41. The Enhanced Fujita scale pertains to the. A. amount of hail that falls from a mature thunderstorm B. size of the thunderstorm image on a radar screen C. size of a tornado producing supercell D. strength and destructive force of a tornado
9 9 42. The "Tornado Alley" region of the United States is located. A. in Florida B. in the Ohio Valley C. in the Central Plains D. in the mid-atlantic states 43. Most tornadoes in the U.S. move from the. A. southeast to northwest B. southwest to northeast C. north to south D. northwest to southwest 44. Which is NOT a thunderstorm hazard? A. Flash floods B. Hail C. downbursts D. low humidity 45. Thunderstorms are most enhanced by. A. strong pressure gradient force B. cool dry air at the surface C. strong diverging winds aloft (upper levels) D. very little or no vertical wind shear 46. Which is not a thunderstorm type? A. airmass thunderstorm B. cumulus thunderstorm C. supercell thunderstorm D. severe thunderstorm 47. A Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) is actually one very large thunderstorm. A. True B. False 48. What is the most destructive category of a tornado on the Enhanced Fujita scale? A. EF0 B. EF10 C. EF5 D. EF4 49. Tornadoes generally form from what type of cloud? A. Supercell cumulonimbus B. Super nimbus C. cumulus humilis D. super stratus
10 In general, a mesocyclone precedes a tornado by minutes? A. 5 B. 50 C. 10 D. 30 Be sure that your name is on the answer sheet. Turn in both this exam and the answer sheet.
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