International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS. PAPER 2 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION hour 45 minutes

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS. PAPER 2 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION hour 45 minutes"

Dorthy Lindsey
5 years ago
Views:

1 International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY 0460/2 PAPER 2 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION hour 45 minutes Additional materials: Answer paper Ruler TIME 1 hour 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer paper/ answer booklet. Answer any three questions. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Sketch-maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. Insert 1 contains Fig. 6. Insert 2 contains Photograph A. This question paper consists of 14 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 2 inserts. SPA (NH/Ox) S19984/3 CIE 2002 [Turn over

2 2 1 (a) Fig. 1 (opposite) provides information on the growth of the world s population and the United Nations forecast of the likely population growth until the total number of people is 8 billion. (i) (ii) Describe the changes in the growth rate of population in the world up to 1999, when the population reached 6 billion. [4] Suggest reasons why the growth rate of the world s population may change in the future. [4] (b) (i) With reference to examples from Fig. 2 (opposite), describe what is shown on the map about expected population changes in A the developing countries of the world, B the developed countries of the world. [4] (ii) Give reasons for the differences you have described in (b) (i) A and B. [8] (c) Italy, a developed country in Europe, has an ageing population. There are twice as many people aged 60 years and over than children aged below 10 years. What problems may this cause for the country? [5]

3 3 World population growth billion billion billion billion billion billion billion forecast billion Fig. 1 Countries with populations over 100 million in 1998 and 2050 (forecast) India 1,529 China 1,478 1,256 USA Mexico North America Brazil Nigeria Europe Turkey Egypt Congo Russia Iran 170 Ethiopia Pakistan Bangladesh Vietnam Indonesia Japan Philippines 131 Australia South America Population forecast (million) for population when over 100 million Fig. 2 [Turn over

4 2 (a) Maps X, Y and Z (Fig. 3) show three different settlements in rural areas. 4 X 60 Y N 90 N Z Key N 30 Roads 0 1 km Buildings Contours (metres) Fig. 3 (i) Write down X, Y and Z as a list and name each settlement pattern. [3] (ii) Describe each settlement pattern. [6] (iii) With reference to Fig. 3 and to examples you have studied, explain why each of these rural settlement patterns may have developed. [6]

5 5 (b) Traffic congestion, especially at certain times of the day, occurs in most large towns and cities throughout the world. (i) Fig. 4 shows the results of an attempt to reduce this problem in Singapore City in Asia. The effect of charges on traffic flow in Singapore city Singapore s cars and taxis travelling through the restricted zone in peak periods, Evening peak outbound Years Morning peak inbound Source: John Polak, Piotr Olezewiski, Yiik-diew Wong N.B. extra charges on cars and taxis travelling through the central restricted zone in the morning peak period were introduced in the 1970s. These were extended to evening peak traffic in The restricted zone is the central area of Singapore City. Fig. 4 From the information provided, do you think that the attempt has been successful? Give reasons for your answer. [4] (ii) Describe measures to reduce the problem of traffic congestion in towns and cities, apart from the one referred to in (b) (i). You should refer to examples in your answer. [6] [Turn over

6 3 (a) Photograph A (Insert 2) and Fig. 5 (opposite) show a stretch of coastline. (i) 6 Use information from Photograph A and Fig. 5 to describe the scale, orientation and appearance of the physical features shown in this coastal area. [6] (ii) Suggest how features A, B and C may have developed. [6] (b) Now study Fig. 6 (Insert 1) which shows different speeds of the water as it flows around a river meander. (i) Complete the line on Fig.6 which shows the river speed of 20 centimetres per second. [2] (ii) On Fig. 6, shade the part of the river where the flow is greater than 40 centimetres per second. [1] (iii) With the help of Fig. 6, explain the shape and features of a river meander. [5] (iv) Why do meanders sometimes develop into ox-bow lakes? [5]

7 7 100m C B SEA A Key Streams N Lakes 100m Marsh Cliffs Height above sea level in metres 0 1km Fig. 5 [Turn over

8 8 4 Study Fig. 7 which shows the disasters (including natural hazards) which occurred in the world between 1971 and Percentage of total number of disasters (including natural hazards) by type, Non-natural 34% Strong wind 21% Flood 19% Other natural 8% Volcano 1% Landslide 3% Earthquake 8% Drought & famine 6% Fig. 7 (a) (i) Suggest reasons why strong winds (including tropical storms) and flooding occurred more frequently than the other natural hazards named in Fig. 7. [4] (ii) State one natural hazard, not named on Fig. 7 which could be included in other natural hazards. [1] (b) (i) Use the information given in Fig. 8 to describe the main features and development of a tropical storm. [4] A section across a tropical storm Hot and calm, high humidity Dense clouds, violent winds, thunderstorms Calm Dense clouds, violent winds, thunderstorms Hot and calm, high humidity Gusty winds Gusty winds Sea Low swell Very rough Warm sea surface temperature 27 C Very rough Sea Low swell vortex 32 to 64 km eye 16 to 32 km Fig. 8 vortex 32 to 64 km

9 9 (ii) Fig. 9 provides information on the devastating river floods which affected large parts of Mozambique in southern Africa during February Mozambique floods AFRICA MALAWI Lake Malawi ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE Beira River Save INDIAN OCEAN N SOUTH AFRICA SWAZILAND River Limpopo Maputo Key km Flooded areas Fig. 9 Give reasons why serious river flooding, such as that seen in Mozambique, occurs from time to time in various parts of the world. [5] (c) (d) What measures might be taken to prevent or reduce the effects of either tropical storms or river flooding? [6] Why are tropical storms and river flooding on the scale seen in Mozambique both difficult to prepare for and so serious for the people living in the area concerned? [5] [Turn over

10 5 (a) (i) Fig. 10 gives information about oil production and use in certain regions of the world. 10 Region I North America, South America, Europe USED 51 PRODUCED 45 DEFICIT 6 Region II The Middle East USED 4 PRODUCED 22 SURPLUS 18 Region III Asia (excluding the Middle East) USED 21 PRODUCED 8 DEFICIT 13 Key Figures in million barrels per day Fig. 10 Use this information and other facts you may know to explain why oil is the major commodity in world trade. [6] (ii) Why is oil still the major energy source used in the world in spite of the increasing competition from other forms of energy? [6] (b) On the same day (July 19th 2000), two reports appeared in a British newspaper relating to energy production in France and Brazil. Details are given in Fig. 11 (opposite). (i) (ii) Why is there international concern over protecting the environment from problems such as those illustrated by Fig. 11? [6] Why is it necessary to increase the production of energy? Explain how you think it might be possible to increase energy production while at the same time protecting the environment. [7]

11 11 Earthquake fear for nuclear plant David Hearst in Paris The French nuclear safety inspectorate has demanded the closure of a nuclear reprocessing plant in the south of the country because it is built on an earthquake zone which seismologists fear could soon become active. The last big earthquake in the area was in 1913, but there could be a major earthquake once every hundred years Cadarache 0 5km Cadarache Mirabeau St Paullès-Durance FRANCE Durance river Verdon river Vinon N Nuclear reprocessing plant Directions of surface movements resulting from the earthquake in July 2000 Brazil battles to hold back oil spill Alex Bellos in Rio de Janeiro Workers in southern Brazil were placing barriers across the Iguacu river and digging runoff channels to stop the country's worst river oil spill from reaching cities and the scenic Iguacu falls. About 4 million litres of crude oil spilled from a burst oil refinery pipe into a tributary of the Iguacu endangering drinking water, farm land and animal life km Iguacu falls ARGENTINA Iguacu river Ponta Grossa Oil spill Uniao da Vitoria BRAZIL Varzea river Curitiba Araucaria N Fig. 11 [Turn over

12 12 6 Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing the world both now and in the future. (a) (i) What do you understand by the term global warming? [2] (ii) (iii) With the help of Fig. 12A, describe the increase in the problem of global warming over the time shown. [3] What does Fig. 12B suggest about the main cause and areas contributing to global warming? [5] Billions of tonnes of CO2 (carbon dioxide) 400 Warming up Average Years Changes of temperature from the average temperature from in C Key Buildup of CO 2 in the atmosphere (billions of tonnes) World temperature changes from the average ( C) Fig. 12A Areas/countries producing CO 2 emissions Population of the areas/countries % of world s total, 1996 % of world s total, 1996 USA Europe (inc. E. Europe) China Former Soviet Union Japan India Republic of Korea Canada Australia Fig. 12B

13 13 (b) Some of the major effects of global warming are given in Fig. 13. (i) Why are the problems illustrated so serious? [4] (ii) What can be done to reduce the problem of global warming? [5] (iii) Explain why measures proposed to reduce global warming are difficult to achieve. [6] How global warming threatens some major world cities and island nations St Petersburg London Hamburg Venice Cuba Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic New Orleans Grenada The Bahamas St Kitts & Nevis Antigua & Barbuda Dominica Trinidad & Tobago St Lucia Barbados St Vincent & The Grenadines Cape Verde Islands ~ Sao Tome & Principe Alexandria Shanghai Hong Kong Maldives Bangkok Comoros Seychelles Tokyo PACIFIC OCEAN Federated States of Micronesia Palau Nauru Marshall Islands Kiribati Tuvalu Samoa Equator ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Mauritius Solomon Islands Fiji Vanuata Cook Island Tonga Key Members of the Alliance of Small Island States in danger of flooding from a rise in sea level Cities in danger of flooding from a rise in sea level Stages in the flooding of Island States as a result of a rise in sea level 1 Waves and storms surge over coral reef Sea erodes beaches making land more vunerable Coral reef Water table 3 Water table polluted by sea requiring imports of water or construction of de-salination plants 4 Land becomes less fertile requiring more food imports 5 Insurance problems for property close to coast 6 Population moves inland leading to loss of livelihood and eventual evacuation of island Fig. 13

14 14 BLANK PAGE

15 15 BLANK PAGE

16 16 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 World and Country Population Charts, published by The Telegraph Group. Question 2 The Economist Newspaper Limited, London. 5 September 1998 Question 4a The Economist Newspaper Limited, London. 6 September 1997 Question 4b Fig. 8 Chart by R Bunnett. Physical Geography. Longman Group UK Limited 1973, 1988, reprinted by permission of Pearson Education Limited. Question 5a Three Regional Charts of America. Published by The Observer, 3rd September Question 5c Earthquake fear for Nuclear Plant by David Hearst. Published by The Guardian, 19th July Question 6 Charts of Global Warming and CO 2 emissions. Published by The Guardiean, 10th October Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS. PAPER 1 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION hour 45 minutes

International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY 0460/1 PAPER 1 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2002 1 hour 45 minutes Additional materials: Answer paper