Related missions and programs for Snowfall and Snow Hydrology of JAXA

Transcription

1 Related missions and programs for Snowfall and Snow Hydrology of JAXA ALOS AVNIR /11/05 Shuji Shimizu Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)

2 JAXA Earth Observation Program for GEOSS To develop and operate an Earth Observation System for GEOSS With NASA DPR/GPM SAR/disaster monitoring satellites With NASA GCOM-W GCOM-C A plan of advanced low Earth orbit satellites Water SBA Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM) AMSR2 (GCOM-W) Scatterometer (GCOM-W) SGLI (GCOM-C) Cloud Profiling Radar (EarthCARE) With ESA Optical Sensor/ Geo-stationary EO satellite GOSAT CPR/EarthCARE Climate SBA Disaster SBA Greenhouse Gas Observation Sensor (GOSAT) SAR (disaster monitoring satellites), Optical Sensor (Geo-stationary EO satellite) 2

3 JAXA Earth Observation plan Timetable of the JAXA earth observation missions Targets ~ Disaster monitoring & Resources management [Optical imager] MOS-1, ADEOS (87~95) (96~97) [Optical imager, SAR] JERS-1 (92~98) ALOS/PRISM AVNIR2 ALOS ALOS/PALSAR ALOS F/O Optical ALOS F/O SAR [Disaster monitoring] Global worming & Water cycle observation water cycle [Precipitation radar] PR (97~) [Microwave radiometer] MOS-1 (87~95) TRMM/PR ADEOS-II/AMSR GPM/DPR [Precipitation] GCOM-W2 GCOM-W1/ AMSR2 Global climate change [Optical imaging radiometer] MOS-1, ADEOS (87~95) (96~97) [Cloud profiling radar] Aqua/AMSR-E ADEOS-II/GLI [Wind, SST, Water vapor] [Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ocean color] GCOM-C1/ SGLI [Cloud and Aerosol 3D structure] EarthCARE/CPR Greenhouse gases [Spectrometer] ADEOS/ILAS (96~97) ADEOS-II/ILAS-II GOSAT [CO 2, Methane] Next greenhouse gases observation satellite [CO 2, Methane] Misstion status On orbit Approved plan Research Extension 3

4 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a follow-on and expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) mainly initiated by NASA, JAXA, and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). The major sensors on the GPM core satellite are the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). DPR radar will measure intense rain in tropics by 14GHz, and weak rain & snow in mid/ high-latitudes by 35GHz Orbit Inclination Altitude Mission Instrument KaPR: 35.5GHz radar (phased array) GPM Primary Satellite characteristics sun-asynchronous Apporox. 65 degrees Apporox. 407 km Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Passive Microwave Radiometer (GMI) GMI (Microwave Imager) KuPR: 13.6GHz radar (phased array) Swath width Resolution Launch Date Mission Life 245 km (KuPR), 100 km (KaPR), 850km (GMI) 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 GHz V&H DPR: 5km, Range Resolution 250 m GMI:19.4x32.2km (10.65GHz), 11.2x18.3km (18.7GHz), 9.2x15.0km (23.8GHz), 8.6x14.4km (36.5GHz), 4.4x7.3km (89.0GHz) 2013 Apporox. 3 years (5 years target) 4

5 GPM/DPR Functionality DPR radar will: Measure intense rain in tropics Weak rain & snow in mid/ high-latitudes DSD using differential reflectivity 5

6 GCOM-C GCOM-W Overview of GCOM The Purpose of Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) is to demonstrate monitoring the climate change by satellite observation. GCOM consists of two kinds of satellites, GCOM-W and GCOM-C. GCOM-W will contribute to the observations related to global water and energy circulation. GCOM-C will contribute to the surface and atmospheric measurements related to the carbon cycle and radiation budget. GCOM is long-term mission to observe more than 10 years. Three consecutive generations of satellites with one year overlap in orbit enables over 13years observation in total. Jan Launch Launch GCOM-W1 GCOM-C1 1 year GCOM-W2 GCOM-C2 1 year GCOM-W3 GCOM-C3 6

7 GCOM-C GCOM-W GCOM System Overview Main Mission Configuration Establish and demonstrate the global and long-term Earth observing system (contribute to GEOSS) Contribute to improving climate change prediction in concert with climate model research institutions GCOM-W & -C characteristics GCOM-W GCOM-C Orbit (TBD) Instruments Target Launch Date Mission Life Launch Vehicle Sun-synchronous Altitude: 699.6km Inclination: 98.19deg Descending local time: 1:30 AMSR2 SeaWinds F/O (-W2, W3:TBD) water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea ice concentration etc Sun-synchronous Altitude: 798km Inclination: 99.36deg Descending local time: 10:30 SGLI sea surface temperature, ocean colour, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, etc. 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) H-IIA

8 Overview of EarthCARE ESA 6th EarthExplorer Mission Joint Development of JAXA/NICT CPR EarthCARE Satellite (ESA) Mass:approx. 1300kg Orbit: Sun-synchronous Polar (13:30) Instruments Cloud Profiling RADAR (JAXA/NICT) Atmospheric LIDAR(ESA) Multi-spectral Imager (ESA) Broadband Radiometer(ESA) Launcher Denepr/PSLV/Vega (TBD ESA) Operation (ESA) 2012 Launch EarthCARE is a joint project between ESA and JAXA- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) JAXA-NICT is responsible for Cloud profiling Radar (CPR) development CPR science data processing Promotion of the science and application Cloud Profiling RADAR(CPR) Specification 94GHz Doppler RADAR Measurement Height -0.5~20km Resolution vertical 500m( 100m sample) Dynamic Range:-35dBZ~+21dBZ Field of View:650m (cross track) Doppler measurement: -10~+10 m/s Doppler Accuracy: <1 m/s Radiometric accuracy; <2.7dBZ Physical charastristics size 2500x2700x1300 [mm] (stow), 2500x2700x3550 [mm] (deploy) Main reflector diameter: 2.5m Mass: 216kg Power: 300W Max data rate: 270kbps 8

9 Summary of satellite missions Satellite/Sensor Lead Agency Basic Technologies Launch date or Category Measured Variables TRMM/ PR NASA/JAXA/NICT radar Nov. 28, precipitation Aqua/ AMSR-E NASA/JAXA microwave radiometry May 4, SST, sea ice, wind, water vapor, precipitation, snow depth MTSAT-1R JMA Radiometry (geostationary) Feb. 26, 2005 cloud, sea ice, water vapor, SST, Irradiance MTSAT-2 JMA Radiometry (geostationary) 18 Feb cloud, sea ice, water vapor, SST, Irradiance ALOS/ AVNIR-2 JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Jan vegetation, land cover, river, HAB ALOS/PRISM JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Jan DEM ALOS/ PALSAR JAXA L band SAR Jan Interferometry, land cover, sea ice GOSAT/TANSO-FTS JAXA/MOE/NIES FTS Approved (2008) CO2, CH4 GOSAT/TANSO-CAI JAXA/MOE/NIES VIS-SWIR radiometry Approved (2008) cloud, aerosols (atmospheric correction for CO2 estimation by FTS) GPM/ DPR NASA/JAXA/NICT radar Approved (2013) precipitation GCOM-W/ AMSR-2 JAXA microwave radiometry Approved (Jan. 2012) SST, sea ice, wind, water vapor, precipitation, snow depth GCOM-C/ SGLI JAXA VIS-TIR radiometry Study (Jan. 2013) ocean colour, SST, aerosols, cloud, snow/ice, PAR, vegetation EarthCARE/ CPR NASA/JAXA/NICT Radar Study (2012) Cloud vertical profile ALOS-F/O Optical JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Study (2012) Disaster monitoring, land cover, DEM ALOS-F/O SAR JAXA L band SAR Study (2012) Disaster monitoring, DEM, Biomass - - geostationary Study (-) Disaster or environmental monitoring Current and future missions led by Japanese Agencies are listed above 9

10 Backup

11 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) TRMM was launched in November 1997 to understand the global energy and water cycle by providing quantitative measurement of rainfall in the tropics. 11

12 Concept of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) OBJECTIVE: Understand the Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Rainfall and Its Microphysical Element. Provide Training for Constellation Radiometers. Core Satellite Dual-frequency Precipitaion Radar (JAXA and NiCT) Multi-frequency Radiometer (NASA) H2-A Launch (TBD) TRMM-like Spacecraft Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit ~65 Inclination ~407 km Altitude ~5 km Horizontal Resolution 250 m / 500m Vertical Resolution Precipitation Validation Sites Global Ground Based Rain Measurement OBJECTIVE: Provide Enough Sampling to Reduce Uncertainty in Short-term Rainfall Accumulations. Extend Scientific and Societal Applications. Constellation Satellites Small Satellites with Microwave Radiometers Aggregate Revisit Time, 3 Hour goal Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits 500~900 km Altitude Global Precipitation Processing Center Capable of Producing Global Precipitation Data Products as Defined by GPM Partners 12

13 EarthCARE/CPR status in Japan Extended phase-a activities since 2005 together with NICT Mid-term report in September, 2006 JAXA/NICT pre-project team established in October, 2006 ESA-JAXA high level meeting in October, 2006 Mission Definition Review (MDR) / System Requirement Review (SRR) was held in May, 2007 Space Activities Commission (SAC) phase up review in this summer System Definition Review (SDR) and JAXA Management Level Review by the end of Target to establish EarthCARE/CPR project team by the end of JFY

14 GCOM-C GCOM-W GCOM-W/ AMSR2 GCOM: Global Change Observation Mission AMSR2: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2; Multi frequency and dual polarized passive microwave radiometer Targets of GCOM-W are water-energy cycle, and will carry AMSR-follow on, AMSR-2. AMSR-2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea ice concentration etc.). AMSR GCOM-W AMSR-F/O characteristics Orbit (TBD) Sun-synchronous (ascending local time: 13:30) Altitude: 699.6km, Inclination: 98.19deg Launch Date Jan (HII-A) Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Scan Conical scan microwave radiometer Swath width 1450km Antenna 2.0m offset parabola antenna Digitalization 12bit Incident angle Apporox. 55 degree Polarization Vertical and Horizontal Dynamic range K September sea ice concentration in the Arctic Band (GHz) Band width (MHz) Polariza tion V and H Beam width [deg] (Ground resolution [km]) 1.8 (35 x 62) 1.2 (24 x 42) 0.65 (14 x 22) 0.75 (15 x 26) 0.35 (7 x 12) 0.15 (3 x 5) Sampling interval [km]

15 GCOM-C SGLI characteristics Orbit (TBD) Sun-synchronous (descending local time: 10:30) Altitude: 798km, Inclination: 98.6deg Launch Date Jan (HII-A) Mission Life Scan GCOM-C GCOM-W Scan width Digitalization Polarization Along track direction GCOM-C/ C/ SGLI SGLI : Second Generation Global Imager Targets of GCOM-C are carbon cycle and radiation budget, and will carry SGLI. SGLI will continue almost of the GLI observations (sea surface temperature, ocean colour, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, and so on). The new SGLI features (250m (VN) and 500m (T) channels and two polarization/ multi-direction channels (P)) will enable improvement of land and coastal monitoring and retrieval of land aerosols. 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Push-broom electric scan (VN & P) Wisk-broom mechanical scan (SW & T) 1150km cross track (VN & P) 1400km cross track (SW & T) 12bit 3 polarization angles for P +45 deg and -45 deg for P Nadir for VN, SW and T shortwave & thermal InfraRed (T) Scanner (IRS) Polarization muti-angle radiometer (P) Visible & Near infrared push-broom Imager (VNI) On-board calibration functions (baseline of the BBM design) VNI: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp (PD), Lunar by pitch maneuvers, and dark current by masked pixels and nighttime obs. SW: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp, Lunar, and dark current by deep space window TI: Black body and dark current by deep space window All: Electric calibration Snow Gain Size and Surface Temperature 15