Name Due Date Period. 249 points. 35 points

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1 Chapter 14 Climate SECTION 14.1 What is climate? In your textbook, read about climate and different types of climate data. Write Climate or Weather next to each word. 1. Annual wind speed 2. Average ocean depth 3. Average precipitation 4. Average air temperature 5. Average thickness of atmosphere 6. One day s temperature 7. How does latitude affect climate? 8. Explain how the presence of a large body of water can affect climate. 9. Illustrate and describe how mountains affect climate. 35 points 10. Describe the effect that air masses can have on climate and give an example. SECTION 14.2 Climate Classification In your textbook, read about the Koeppen classification system. Write the name of the types of climate in the Koeppen classification system described by each group of terms below. Choose from the following: dry climate, polar climate, mild climate, continental climate, tropical climate. 1. Continental tropical air dominates, precipitation is low, vegetation is scarce, solar radiation is intense, and clouds are few 2. Located between the polar zones and the tropics, violent weather changes occur and summer and winter temperatures are extreme 3. Prevails in the southeastern United States, summers are warm and muggy, and winters are dry and cool 4. Mean temperature of warmest month is less than 10 C and precipitation is generally low 5. Characterized by constant high temperatures, up to 600 cm of rain falls each year, and lush rain forests predominate In your textbook, read about microclimates. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. heat island microclimate precipitation temperatures A localized climate that differs from the main regional climate is called a (6). A (7) is a place in a city where the climate is warmer than in the surrounding countryside. This added heat can cause strong convection currents, increased cloudiness, and more total (8). Buildings can also change the surrounding climate by casting shadows that lower (9). 249 points page 1

2 SECTION 14.3 Climatic Changes (natural) In your textbook, read about different types of climatic changes. For each statement below, write correct or incorrect. If the statement is incorrect, use proofreading marks to make it correct. (9 points) 1. During ice ages, Earth s climate was colder and much of its surface was covered by vast sheets of ice. 2. Earth is currently experiencing a warm period between ice ages, called an interglacial period. 3. Seasons are short-term periods of climatic change caused by regular variations in daylight, temperature, and the curvature of Earth. 4. During El Niño, cold ocean currents along the western coast of South America are replaced by warm waters from the western Pacific. 5. El Niño can bring stormy weather to areas that are normally dry and drought conditions to areas that are normally wet. 6. Some scientists think that changes in the angle of Earth s tilt caused ice ages. 7. Europe s Little Ice Age of 1645 to 1716 is believed to have been the result of an elongation of Earth s orbit. Answer the following questions. (6 points) 8. How does the tilt of the Earth affect climate? 35 points In your textbook, read about why climatic changes occur. Answer each question or complete each statement. (20 points) 10. English astronomer E. W. Maunder discovered that changes in Earth s climate have coincided with cycles of low activity for 11. The Maunder minimum is a cycle of low sunspot activity that corresponds closely to which type of climatic episode? 12. Climatic changes may be triggered by changes in Earth s axis and. 13. Describe how the shape of Earth s orbit changes over a year cycle. 14. When the Earth s orbit elongates, Earth passes closer to the Sun and climates become. 15. When its orbit is more circular, Earth is farther from the Sun and its climates become. 16. Some scientists hypothesize that changes in the angle of Earth s tilted axis cause. 17. What could cause Earth to have warmer summers and colder winters in the northern hemisphere for several thousand years? 9. How will seasons on Earth change when Earth s axis points away from Polaris and toward Vega in years 18. What triggers a lowering of global temperatures caused by dust blocking solar radiation? page 2

3 SECTION 14.4 The Human Factor In your textbook, read about the greenhouse effect and global warming. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. (5 points) Column A 1. One possible effect of global warming 2. The main source of Earth s energy 3. Natural heating of Earth s surface caused by certain atmospheric gases 4. A rise in global temperatures 5. A major greenhouse gas 40 points Answer each question or complete each statement. (20 points) 1. Illustrate and describe the greenhouse effect? Column B a. greenhouse effect b. carbon dioxide c. global warming d. flooded coastal cities e. the Sun 2. Even though most scientists agree that global warming is occurring, what do they disagree most about? In your textbook, read about human impacts on climate. In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is incorrect, change the italicized word or phrase to make it correct. (10 points) 10. The burning of fossils releases the greenhouse gas Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 11. Automobile exhaust and industrial emissions are major sources of carbon dioxide. 12. The mass removal of trees, or desertification, plays a role in increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 13. Trees decrease atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide by using the gas during photosynthesis. 14. Because global warming is linked to human activities, maintaining those activities could work to reduce their impact. 15. During the past 200 years, there has been a gradual increase in world air pressure levels. 16. Describe three ways that individuals can combat global warming. (5 points) 8. What do some scientists hypothesize that an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide may cause? 9. Describe some of the effects of the trend in global-warming. 20 points page 3

4 El Niño A Warm Ocean Current From the fall of 1997 through the spring of 1998, the weather across the United States, and the rest of the world, was highly unusual. Tornadoes devastated parts of Florida. The upper Midwest enjoyed a mild winter. The West Coast braced for floods and mudslides. Australia and Indonesia faced droughts and brush fires. All of these unusual weather patterns could be traced to one event El Niño. El Niño is a warm current in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America. El Niño is a Spanish term that means the Christ child. Peruvian sailors gave this name to the current because it usually appears during the Christmas season. An El Niño occurs when the easterly trade winds over the central and western Pacific Ocean weaken. Normally, these trade winds blow off the coast of South America to the west. These winds push the warm ocean water at the surface toward the western part of the Pacific Ocean near Australia and Indonesia. As the warm water evaporates, clouds form that bring rain to Indonesia and Australia. The water that is blown westward is replaced by an upwelling of cold water along the coast of South America. This cold water is full of food and nutrients for fish and other marine animals. During an El Niño, the easterly trade winds blowing off the coast of South America weaken, and the warm water flows back toward the east. The upwelling of cold water along the coast of South America stops. Since the warm water is moving eastward, the clouds form much farther east. These clouds bring rain to the coasts of North and South America, leaving Australia and Indonesia with droughts. An El Niño occurs every three to seven years and is sometimes followed by a La Niña, a cold ocean current. El Niño is not just a recent event. Historical records show occurrences of El Niños as early as Answer the following. 1. What causes an El Niño to occur? 2. Identify the climate factors that change during an El Niño. 3. How would an El Niño affect the fishing industry in South America? 4. Why do countries in the western Pacific, such as Australia and Indonesia, experience droughts during an El Niño? 5. Does El Niño cause a permanent change in the climate? Explain. SECTION 26.3 Human Impact on Air Resources In your textbook, read about air pollution. Use each of the terms from the box. Clean air is essential to life on Earth. But human activities put many types of pollution into the air we breathe. The reaction of sunlight on an atmosphere full of pollution causes a yellow-brown haze called photochemical smog. The major chemical in this pollutant is a gas molecule with three oxygen atoms called (1). Air pollutants also occur in the form of particles of materials such as ash and dust called (2). The largest source of air pollution in the United States is the exhaust from motor vehicles that burn the fossil fuel called (3). Another large source of pollution is acid precipitation greenhouse gases particulate matter carbon dioxide global warming stratosphere volcanic eruptions ultraviolet gasoline ozone oil electric power plants that burn coal and (4). Air pollution does not come only from human activities. Natural phenomena such as forest fires and (5) can also cause air pollution. (6) in Earth s atmosphere help it retain heat released from Earth s surface. However, the burning of fossil fuels has increased the concentration of the most important of these gases, (7). Scientists hypothesize that the increase in this and other such gases has caused (8) which is a rise in Earth s average surface temperature. The use of chemicals called CFCs has also contributed to air pollution. CFCs rise into the atmosphere and break down ozone molecules in the (9). The ozone layer protects Earth from the Sun s harmful (10) radiation. Precipitation with a ph of less than 5.0 is (11). page 4

5 Reviewing Vocabulary 50 points Write a sentence to compare and contrast each pair or group of related terms. Underline each word as you use it in the sentence. 1. climate, normal Understanding Main Ideas Answer the following questions. Use detailed sentences. 1. How can the periodic change in the shape of Earth s orbit cause a change in climate? 2. tropics, temperate zones, polar zones 2. Compare and contrast a continental and a polar climate. 3. microclimate, heat island 3. List several natural cycles that could cause climatic change on Earth. Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. greenhouse effect, global warming Thinking Critically Answer the following questions. Use detailed sentences. 1. Why would knowing the climate of an area be important for architects? Explain your answer. 2. Explain how an area in the tropics might typically experience abundant snowfall. 3. How would seasonal climatic changes be different if Earth were not tilted on its axis? 4. Why might temperature data recorded inside a large city be inaccurate for a rural region located just a few kilometers outside the city? 4. Explain how a huge volcanic eruption can cause a change in Earth s climate. Describe the change. 5. Explain how the greenhouse effect influences Earth s climate. 6. List two major reasons for climate variation. page 5

6 Applying Scientific Methods The graphs below compare the annual average temperature and 20 points 4. Describe the temperature and precipitation for City Y. 5. Based on the yearly data, classify the climate of City Y. Explain your answer. 6. If graphs were to show temperature and precipitation for a city in a dry climate, how would the data differ? 7. In which climate would City Y be located if its average yearly temperature was below 0 degrees C and its annual precipitation was less than 2 cm? Explain your answer. precipitation of two cities, City X and City Y. Use them to answer the questions. 8. Contrast the vegetation you might find in or around City X and City Y. 1. Describe the temperature and precipitation for City X. 2. Based on the yearly data, classify the climate of City X. Explain your answer. 9. Based on what you know about world geography, which major cities are likely to be City X and City Y? 3. Based on your answer to question 2, on what part of Earth s surface is City X probably located? page 6

7 Name Due Date Core Meteorology: Climates Chapter 1 What Are Climates? (6 points) 1. is the air we breathe and medium we live in. 2. is what s happening in the atmosphere. 3. is a pattern over time. 4. List some differences between the climates of Nebraska and Florida. Chapter 2 Climates - Climates and People (4 points) 1. Why are climates important to humans? 2. What are some effects of shifting climates? 60 points Chapter 3 Measuring Global Temperatures and Precipitation (12 points) 1. Climate study started around years ago when scientists around the world started keeping records - measuring and over the course of days, months and years 2. Using the data collected over time, climatologists put together a pattern to represent the at each of these weather stations 3. Weather data gathering began in and the first weather balloon launch was 4. The invention of the in 1930 made weather data gathering from balloons even easier. 5. In 1960 the first weather, TIROS was launched from Cape Canaveral 6. Today 187 nations and territories participate in gathering information in many ways, including, systems, weather, airplanes, ships, and. Chapter 4 Climates and Weather Extremes (7 points) 1. Hundred years of weather data showed both and varied a great deal over the planet, not only in averages, but in extremes. 2. The hottest temperature in the world ever recorded was El Azizia in Libya degrees Fahrenheit on Sept. 13, The coldest temperature ever degrees below zero Fahrenheit at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, Weather extremes such as these play a major role in the of biomes to climates 5. The west coast of Chile experiences no for years on end, while Ketchikan, Alaska, once received 202 inches in a single year; and Mt. Baker in the state of Washington nearly 100 feet of snow in What climatologists found when they analyzed all that data from the thousands of weather stations is that of precipitation and temperature emerged. Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia. page 7

8 Name Due Date Chapter 5 Core Meteorology: Climates - Climate Types (12 points) 1. In the early part of the 20th -century, geographers and ecologists began to notice an interesting pattern: repeated themselves. 2. Eventually, it became possible to map the Global distribution of what is now called. 3. In 1928 German ecologist and climatologist, Vladimir Koppen, discovered there was a relationship between ecosystems and. 4. revolutionized the study of climates when he proposed a classification system, identifying five basic climate types: 5. Starting at the equator, there is the climate designation. 6. Next is the dry type subdivided into and arid 7. Then come the mesothermal or mid latitude climates, which include the climates 8. Closer to the regions are the microthermal or severe middle latitude climates; they have cold winters and range from warm to cool summers 9. The last of Koppen s climate types he called polar; these climates have very cold winters and no true summer and they divide into the Arctic and ice sheet 10. Later a sixth category was added for highlands and chains such as the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayas Chapter 6 Core Meteorology: Climates and Biomes (13 points) 1. come into existence as a result of climates. Biomes are the largest scale groupings of interconnected animal and plant species Within each biome there are many smaller ecosystems and microenvironments 2. Describe flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live in each biome listed. tundra boreal forests American grassland American chaparral biome America's Desert Southwest tropical rainforest biome Chapter 7 Climate Change and Biomes (4 points) 1. At one time the Arctic Climate extended all the way down into the middle of the during the middle of the last ice age 2. The arid, cold Rocky Mountain region was once a 3. When climates change rapidly, mass occur 4. Climate change is often led by a shift in weather long before the average change occurs Chapter 8 Climate Change and People (2 points) The rise in is producing a general warming in the lower atmosphere as result of the effect, and it is now predicted that climates will once again begin to shift across the globe Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia. page 8