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1 UMBRAS Distant Screens: From Extrasolar Planets to Eclipsing the North Star Ian J. E. Jordan, December 6, 2005 Space Telescope Science Institute
2 Mark Kochte, Dorothy Fraquelli, F. Hamilton, Charlie Wu. Ian Jordan Computer Sciences STScI Helen M. Hart Applied Physics Lab Paul Henze, George Sauter, Erich Bender, Brian Eney, Ron Smith Westminster Astronomical Society, Inc. Alfred B. Schultz, Richard Lyon, Peter Chen, Jan M. Hollis, Ken Carpenter, Jesse Leitner, Richard Burns, Scott Starin NASA/Goddard Fred Bruhweiler CUA/IACS Dennis Skelton Orbital Sciences Coproration EdRowles Blue Horizons Zolt Levay AURA Bryce Roberts U.C. Berkeley Glenn D. Starkman, Craig G. Copi Case Western Reserve Univ. UMBRAS Core Investigators
3 An Outline for this Evening Introduction: Extrasolar planets--to date. History & Workings of External Occulters Ground Demonstration w/ WASI participation.
4 Successful Planet Finding Techniques Transit Direct Imaging & Coronography Candidates found: ~3 Courtesy L. Cook, exoplanets.org Candidates found: ~2-50 Microlensing Candidates found: ~130 Candidates found: ~2 Pulsar Timing Candidates found: ~4 Courtesy: Penn State & Alex Wolszczan
5 Extrasolar Planet Count: 156, and growing!
6 2M1207 & GQ Lupi Ground-based & HST surveys are starting to yield direct images of planets, but these are very far away from their parent stars, very large, and/or very young.
7
8 TPF: What is the problem? TPF: Terrestrial Planet Finder Detect & study earth-like planets around nearby stars. Earth < 0. 1 from the sun when viewed from 33-light years away (diameter of a quarter at 50 km). Sol appears 10-billion (10 10 ) times brighter than earth. Occulter: covering up the star improves star-planet contrast. Before After
9 Carl Sagan in COSMOS Episode 7 The Backbone of Night. COSMOS QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.
10 A Brief History of Occulters <1962 Robert Danielson, Princeton Infinite Half-plane analysis 1962 Lyman Spitzer, Princeton American Scientist Beginnings & Future 1972 Su-Shu Huang, Northwestern Resurrected Spitzer s analysis 1974 Gordon Woodcock, Boeing Occulter Vehicle Design 1978 Hugh S. Hudson, UCSD, et.al. Shuttle-borne Pinhole Occulter Facility 1978 James Elliot, Cornell Lunar occultation for LST, Hill Orbits 1980 Carl Sagan COSMOS "Backbone of Night" episode 1985 Christian Marchal, ONERA Spergel-Kasdin-like Screen Shapes 1995 Jean Schneider, Obs. de Paris SCODOTEP 1997 G. Starkman, C. Copi, CWRU IRIS (opaque occulter) 1998 G. Starkman, C. Copi, CWRU BOSS (apodizing occulter) 1998 Schultz, Jordan, Hart, et.al. UMBRAS (feasability studies) 2001 R. Lyon, A. Schultz, et.al. Occulter + Shaped Aperture /Apodization 2005 W. Cash, et.al. New Worlds Observer (Marchal occulter)
11 Woodcock Occulter ~ 60-m diameter deployable umbrella packaged in a 2.5-m x 10-m upper stage.
12 BOSS Variable Transmission Screen Occulter What is BOSS? -- It is a different kind of occulter mission. BOSS employs an apodizing occulter without using multiple PSF suppression stages within the telescope. Plot & Image courtesy of BOSS team, TRW, & JPL
13 Bus closeup
14 Tri-aspect Component Diagram
15
16 Constellation Configuration in Space
17 Operations Cycle
18 T P F - C + O
19 Telescope-Occulter Control Block Diagram Telescope science imager takes picture(s) Pictures are measured to determine occulter position Error signal transmitted to occulter Occulter adjusts position & velocity
20 Sunward view of UMBRAS Occulter
21 Launching Multiple Occulters
22 Transit Time: Function of Separations
23 Ambient Earth-Sun L2 Accelerations Differential Acceleration Magnitude (m/s 2 ) NSTAR acceleration level Science Ceiling Earth-Sun L2.20,000 km Telescope-Occulter separation, with non-saillike telescope & occulter properties for a likely typical TPF mission. Brown solid = Δ-gravitational (earth) Black dotted = Δ-gravitational (sun) Green solid = ~Δ solar radiation pressure Yellow solid = Δ-gravitational (moon) Blue dashed = max allowed gas leakage (10 %) Orange dotted = ~ nominal Δ solar wind Sun-Telescope-Occulter Angle (degrees)
24 Why an Occulter? Point Spread Function Slices using a 4-metre Telescope ASA: WFQ = λ/1000 ASA + O: WFQ = λ/100 Better suppression of the stellar PSF wings even with lower wavefront quality. ASA = Apodized Square Aperture WFQ = Wave Front Quality
25 Discovery Space Diagram Exoearths fainter than mv=32 not plotted. B6V Exoearth mv=29.5 A5V G0V K3V Epsilon Indi Epsilon Eridani Tau Ceti Dawes Limit 8-m V-band Pi3 Orion Alpha Cen B Alpha Cen A M1V M3V M4V M7V Dawes Limit 2.4-m V-band TPF-C goal. + minimal Occulter.
26 Occulter vs Alternate Method Cost QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. FL = FresnelLens FFO = Free-Flying Occulter NIFF = Free-Flying Nulling Interferometer NIM = Monolithic Nulling Interferometer LAC = Large Aperture Coronagraph ULSA = Ultra-Large Sparse Aperture SIM = Space Interferometry Mission
27 The New Worlds Observer/Imager Concept QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
28 Ground Tests of Occulters F N = W 2 z λ W= F N z λ W = D constant W=occulter width; z=separation; λ=wavelength; D=aperture. D z D=4m; z=20,000 km D=9mm; z=100m
29 Ground Test Equipment F/5 Televue 101-mm refractor. Masked down to 11 & 24 mm. Optional Barlow: system f/# from Mounted atop 8 + alt/az for stability. ST-7X, TEC-cooled, 768x512 CCD camera. M675X laptop data acquisition/storage. Green laser for optical alignment. Hand-crafted (P. Henze) occulter-rig. 12-inch diameter light shroud tube. Square-rail optical bench. Mid-tube occulter placement slot. 1- and 2-inch square occulters. 9 1/10th-wave flat & mirror cell (GSFC). Alt-az mirror mount. Red laser for optical alignment.
30 Pic 15
31 Pic 11
32 Pic 27
33 Pic 25
34 Pic 3
35 Pic 6
36 Pic 4
37 Experiment Field of View. 9 mirror 25-mm (~ 15 pixels) edge occulter 626-second drift. August 7/8, x μ pixels, 540-mm focal length, distance ~ 95 metres
38 Occultation Movie QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Watch for real diffraction lobes!
39 Movie C QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 19:45 November 5, 2004, Drift 6, 24-mm aperture.
40 Theory & Experiment: Comparison Admittedly, this is red and green apples, but.... Unapodization QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sonine 4 Apodization Polychromatic Δλ/λ ~ 0.5, Circular aperture, Atmospheric induced wavefront error, Atmospheric smearing Monochromatic, Square aperture, No wavefront error
41 UMBRAS/WASI Occulter Demonstration Team October 31, 2004
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