Broughton High School of Wake County

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2 Physical Science Notebook Table of Contents Name: Periods: Chapter: 1 Scientific Method, Graphing, Displacement, & Frame of Reference Pg. # Date Description Turned In Received Back 2

3 Physical Science Vocabulary Vocabulary for Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science No.# Term Page # Definition 3 1. Constant 2. Control 3. Dependent Variable 4. Experiment 5. Graph 6. Hypothesis 7. Independent Variable 8. Scientific Method 9. Scientific Law 10 Standard 11 Theory 12 Variable 13 Bias 14 Model 15 Density

4 Introduction to Physical Science 4 Section 1: Short Definitions 1. List and explain the 6 steps in the scientific method. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Section 2: Matching 2. Directions: Match the letter of the word on the right side with the correct response on the left. An exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements A standard to which test results are compared An explanation based on many observations and investigations A measurement of the quantity of matter in an object A possible explanation for a problem using what to know & observe The mass and volume of an object Section 3: Multiple Choices a. density b. control c. hypothesis d. model e. standard f. theory 3. An organized process used to gather observations and test a hypothesis is a (n) a. Problem b. Experiment c. Exercise d. Constant 4. A testable prediction is a (n) a. Hypothesis b. Experiment c. Exercise d. Variable 5. A quantity in an experiment that can have more than one value is a. A) B) C) D) constant standard unit variable

5 6. A possible hypothesis based on the information on this table is. 5 A) B) C) D) average life span is proportional to heart rate farm animals live longer than pets larger animals have faster heart rates heart rate is not related to lifespan 7. An explanation based on knowledge gained from many experiments is called a. A) theory B) conclusion C) hypothesis D) scientific law 8. The best type of graph for showing how something is divided into parts is a. A) B) C) D) bar graph line graph model circle graph

6 Common Ways to Present Data Chart / Table Diagram / Model Bar Graph Line Graph Circle Graph Flow Chart Scatter Plot Summarizes data in rows and columns Uses pictures to explain or show detail Uses bars to show the magnitude of the data Uses a line to relate two sets of data or show how data changes over time Divides a circle into wedges to show how parts relate to the whole Shows a series of boxes that show the order of steps of how different steps relate Plots a series of points against two axes to show the relationship between two or more sets of numerical data When preparing a graph, follow these basic rules: 1. Include a tile or caption and other labels as needed 2. Choose an appropriate number scale 3. For a bar graph and line graphs, put the independent variable on the horizontal or x-axis, and the dependent variable on the vertical or y-axis. 6 Graph the following data: Minority Students Going to a 4 Yr. College , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,234

7 Section 1: GRAPHING Label this graph for important features as directed by your teacher. 1. Independent variable- Name 7 2. Dependent Variable- 3. Your [independent variable] affects your [dependent] variable. Slope= Here is a line graph of density 4. What is the dependent variable? 5. What is the independent variable? 6. What is the slope of this line? 7. If Density is mass/volume, or D=m/v, then what is the density of the object in the graph? Here are two other line graphs that show the physical properties of gases. 8. As the pressure on the gas increases, the volume of the gas. 9.This kind of proportion is called a variation because the properties vary inversely.

8 GRAPHING 10. When the temperature of the gas increases, the volume of the gas This kind of proportion is called a variation because the properties vary (change) in the same way. Other types of graphs: Circle Graphs or Pie Charts The graph at the right represents the typical day of a teenager. Answer these questions: 12. What activity takes up the least amount of time? 13. How many hours are spent sleeping? 14. What percent of the day is spent watching TV? (Hint: the whole circle = 100% so subtract from 100 to find out what % is not shown) 15. What activity takes up a quarter of the day? 16. What two activities take up 50% of the day? 17. What two activities take up 25% of the day? Examples of Circle Graphs

9 GRAPHING Bar Graphs 18. Which student(s) had 100% attendance? Which student(s) had the lowest (worst) attendance? 20. Who has the best grades (highest)? 21. Who has the lowest grades? 22. As the student s attendance increases, the grades 23. This trend is called a proportion or variation. 24. Construct a Line Graph to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 fertilizers on plant growth by plotting the following data on the graph provided. Be sure to label each axis. WEEK TYPE A TYPE B 1 2 cm 2cm 2 7cm 9 cm 3 15 cm 19 cm 4 20 cm 24 cm Example of line Graphs. Can you complete or exceed this weekly push - up chart?

10 GRAPHING Distance Time Graph Directions: Determine the speed of each swimmer: Swimmer A, Swimmer B, and Swimmer C. Use the table below to complete your speed calculations. 10 Swimmer Swimmer A Total Time 0 min. 10 min. 10 min. 20 min. 20 min. 30 min. Total distance speed Swimmer B 0 min. 10 min. 10 min. 20 min. 20 min. 30 min. Swimmer C 0 min. 10 min. 10 min.

11 20 min. 20 min. 30 min. 1. What was Swimmer C's average speed? 2. What was Swimmer A's average speed during the period 10 min to 20 min? 11 Describe each graph?

12 Graphing Worksheet No Start End

13 Graphing Worksheet No. 2A 13

14 Graphing Worksheet No. 2B 14 Directions: Use a ruler to find the Total Distance & Displacement. Distance: Displacement:

15 Graphing Worksheet No Determine the Volume Displacement? Initial Volume: ml Final Volume: ml Volume Displacement: ml

16 Graphing Worksheet No. 3A 16

17 Distance vs. Displacement Distance is the measure of how much an object has moved. Displacement is a measure of how distance and direction change. 17 Calculate the Total Distance & Displacement in the pictures below. Note: Use a ruler to measure the distance. Distance: Displacement (A to D): Distance: Displacement: Distance: Displacement (A to D): Note: Use a ruler to measure the distance. Distance: Displacement (A to D): Note: Use a ruler to measure the distance.

18 18 Distance & Displacement Worksheet

19 Frame of Reference Worksheet 19 What is the person s Displacement in each position, starting from A and returning to position C?

20 Study Guide- Intro to Physical Science, Graphing, and Displacement 20 Matching 1) control 2) an unsafe action 3) the most important safety rule 4) Not a Scientific Method Step 5) independent variable 6) volume 7) circle graph 8) make an observation 9) you revise the hypothesis 10) an educated guess Daffy Density Problems Name a. x-axis b. hypothesis c. standard for comparison d. graph that shows part of the whole e. picking up broken glass f. if data doesn t support original hypothesis g. always follow the teacher s instructions h. for a density graph, what is on the x-axis i. write a scientific Law j. you use your senses to 11. What is the volume of ethanol (D=0.79 g/ml) if 16 g was used here? 12. What mass of vegetable oil (D=0.9g/mL) would be equal to 13 ml used in this diagram? 13. What is the density of the rubber solid if 3.6 g of it has a volume of 3 cm 3? (Hint: 1mL= 1cm 3 ) 14. What volume of glycerin (Density = 1.26 g/ml) was used in this diagram is the mass of it was g? 15. What is the density of Karo corn syrup if 14.6 cm3 of it has a mass of 20 g?

21 Study Guide- Intro to Physical Science, Graphing, and Displacement Label the types of graphs shown here. You must be prepared to answer questions about the x and y axis, dependent and independent variable, as well as some analysis of the data presented in each. 21 Ex: a graph Ex: a graph Ex: a graph 16) The variable is placed on the x-axis. 17) The variable is placed on the y-axis. 18) Density = 19) Slope = 20) Mass is variable. 21) Volume is the variable. 22) What is the density of the object on this graph? 23) Describe Archimedes Principle- 24) How does Archimedes Principle relate to finding the volume of an irregular shaped solid?

22 Study Guide- Intro to Physical Science, Graphing, and Displacement Use the pictures of the dinosaur and the graduated cylinders (Volumes shown are in milliliters, ml) to answer questions # What is the original volume of water in the first cylinder? 26. What is the final volume after the dinosaur is submerged in the water? 27. What is the volume of the toy dinosaur? 28. This picture illustrates Principle and it is the way that we find the of an irregular shaped object by the water displacement. Look at the 2 cylinders shown on the right. 29. What is the volume of water in the first cylinder? 30. What is the volume of water in the second cylinder after the rock has been submerged? 31. What is the volume of the rock? Show the calculation you used to get this answer.

23 23 Scientific Evidence and Explanations When considering scientific evidence one choose always: Make a reasonable judgment of how the experimental data results answer the original question being investigated called a conclusion. Use deductive generalization about what has taken place during the experiment based on facts or reliable data called an inference. Based decisions on facts or data the can reasonably comment on the future of the experimental design called a prediction. Parts of a Lab Report Purpose Procedure Observations Data Conclusion Quick Mini Lab: Section Come Fly with Me Lab Purpose States the goals of the investigation Describes the design of the experiment Describe what happened during the experiment Organize measurements into charts, graphs, and tables States and justifies the answer to the original question QUESTION: How does the weight of paper affect how far a paper airplane will fly? HYPOTHESIS: MATERIALS: 3 papers of different weights (notebook, computer, construction paper) Measuring tape PROCEDURES 1. Select three different types of paper and cut them so they are all the same size. 2. Fold the papers into airplanes. Make sure they are all folded the same way. 3. Launch each airplane three different times. The same person should launch the airplane each time to ensure the same force is used for all trials. 4. Using the data chart, record the distance the airplane traveled to the nearest centimeter. DATA CHART Type of Paper Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Average

24 Scientific Method 24

25 Make a sandwich using the scientific method? 25