University system as center of orthodoxy. Authority of

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University system as center of orthodoxy Authority of 1543-1687 Plato (Timaeus) Aristotle (the Organum) The Church The LORD is king, robed with majesty; the LORD is robed,

God rules the peoples with fairness. [Psalms 96: 10] You fixed the earth on its foundation, never to be moved.

(1 Chronicles 16: 30] Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel,

1 University system as center of orthodoxy Authority of Plato (Timaeus) Aristotle (the Organum) The Church The LORD is king, robed with majesty; the LORD is robed, girded with might. The world will surely stand in place, never to be moved. [Psalms 93:1] The LORD is king. The world will surely stand fast, never to be moved. God rules the peoples with fairness. [Psalms 96: 10] You fixed the earth on its foundation, never to be moved. [Psalms 104: 5] Tremble before him, all the earth; he has made the world firm, not to be moved. (1 Chronicles 16: 30] Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. 1

2 Sphere Composition Celestial Immutable Quintessence Terrestrial Mutable Four Sub-lunar Elements 2

3 Polish astronomer and astrologer On the revolutions of the celestial spheres, 1543 Proposed motion of the Earth and fixity of the Sun. Immovable sphere of fixed stars Mobile planetary spheres 3

Mathematics is for mathematicians Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here Owen Gingerich has called this the book no

Then, Copernicus ideas were rapidly overtaken by those of Kepler.

Had it not been for the contribution of Tycho Brahe and [Johannes] Kepler, the Copernican system would have contributed to

4 Mathematics is for mathematicians Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here Owen Gingerich has called this the book no body read. No immediate change in astronomical theory or practice and only began to have an influence ~75 after publication. Then, Copernicus ideas were rapidly overtaken by those of Kepler. The revolution is an invention of historians in the late 18 th Century and continued by Kuhn and others. Had it not been for the contribution of Tycho Brahe and [Johannes] Kepler, the Copernican system would have contributed to the perpetuation of the Ptolemaic system in a slightly more complicated form but more pleasing to philosophical minds (O. Neugebauer, 1968, p. 103) If there was a revolution in astronomy, that revolution was Keplerian and Newtonian, and not in any simple or valid sense Copernican (I.B. Cohen, 1985, p. 125) First scientific institute New instruments New tables of atmospheric refraction New observational protocols Continual observation of planets 4

5 German astronomer, mathematician & astrologer. Assisted Brahe and inherited his data Astronomia Nova, 1609 Three laws of planetary motion Largely a revolution on paper only. 5

1609 Kepler s New Astronomy 1610 Galileo s Starry Messenger 1618 Beginning of Thirty Year War 1620 Bacon s Novum Organon 1638 Galileo s Two New Sciences 1642 English Civil War 1660

(Rene Descartes & Bacon) Experimentation & Observation Instrumentalist view of natural philosophy Networks of inquiry Democratization of knowledge English politician and

6 1609 Kepler s New Astronomy 1610 Galileo s Starry Messenger 1618 Beginning of Thirty Year War 1620 Bacon s Novum Organon 1638 Galileo s Two New Sciences 1642 English Civil War 1660 Foundation of the Royal Society 1666 Great Plague (and Fire) of London 1667 Great Turkish War (until 1699) 1687 Newton s Principia 1688 The Glorious Revolution Scientific methods (Rene Descartes & Bacon) Experimentation & Observation Instrumentalist view of natural philosophy Networks of inquiry Democratization of knowledge English politician and philosopher Novum Organum, 1620 Experimentally-based induction as a method for attaining knowledge The importance of the negative instances and crucial instances. Communal nature of inquiry 6

7 Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish natural philosopher and alchemist. 7

8 English experimental philosopher Curator of Experiments for the RSL. Micrographia, 1665 Hooke s Law,

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10 As the extension, so the force. Writing in Italian and hugely influencing the natural philosophy of his day Letters on Sunspots, 1613 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 Discourse on the Two New Sciences, 1638 Ideas used by Hooke, Newton, Huygens 10

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12 The Medician Satellites 12

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Saturn [Natural] Philosophy is written in this grand book - the universe - which

But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language

It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles,

14 Saturn [Natural] Philosophy is written in this grand book - the universe - which stands continuously open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth. 14

Owen Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, 2005.

2005 Carl Zimmer, Soul Made Flesh, 2005.

15 Owen Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, Lisa Jardine, The Curious Life of Robert Hooke, 2005 Carl Zimmer, Soul Made Flesh, Neal Stephenson, Quicksilver, Isaac Newton

Revolution and Enlightenment. The scientific revolution

Revolution and Enlightenment. The scientific revolution Revolution and Enlightenment The scientific revolution Background in Revolution In the middle ages, educated europeans relied on ancient authorities like Aristotle for scientific knowledge. By the 15th