Humanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution

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1 Humanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution

2 Lecture 20 The Trial Of Galileo

3 Outline The Astronomical Revolution Galileo and the Church Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina

4 Copernican System 1543 Publication of Copernicus On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs Heliocentric theory: Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis Copernicus picture modified by Johannes Kepler ( ) based on observational data of Tycho Brahe ( )

5

6 Galileo and the Telescope (1609)

7 Significant Telescopic Observations Face of the Moon: indicates that the Moon was affected by geological variations (mountains, craters) just like the Earth Sunspots: similarly show that the Sun is not a perfect, unchanging celestial body Moons of Jupiter: indicate that the Earth was not the only center of motion Phases of Venus: indicate that Venus must be located between the Sun and the Earth (as the Copernican model predicted)

8 Galileo, Moons of Jupiter

9 Galileo, Letter on Sunspots (1613)

10 Do Galileo s Observations Disprove Aristotle s Theory? Not necessarily: an opponent could discount the reliability of observations made with the telescope In response, Galileo had to (a) show the telescope offered reliable results up to the limits of the observable (e.g. distant towers); (b) argue there was no reason to think the telescope is less reliable in the case of celestial phenomena than terrestrial phenomena What s at stake: is the distinction between the terrestrial and celestial realms a fundamental assumption of cosmology, or a hypothesis subject to observational test and refutation?

11 Galileo s Rise to Fame 1609: Observations of moon, moons of Jupiter, sunspots, stars (10x as many as with naked eye) 1610 Publication of The Starry Messenger (Siderius Nuncius). Appointed chief philosopher and mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de Medici 1613 Publication of Letter on Sunspots 1615 Denounced to the Inquisition for support of the Copernican theory, called to Rome to defend his views

12 What s at Issue? Galileo points out that Copernicus himself was a priest and his book received papal approval. Some in the Church were prepared to accept Copernicus theory on instrumental grounds, as they had Ptolemy s theory. But Galileo s observations were evidence of the truth of Copernicanism. The Church could not accept this. In 1546 the Council of Trent had decreed that the Church alone had the authority to interpret the true sense and meaning of scripture.

13 Condemnation of 1616 (1) The Sun is the center of the world, and is completely immobile by local motion Censure: All agree that this proposition is foolish and absurd in philosophy and is formally heretical, because it explicitly contradicts sentences found in many places in Sacred Scripture according to the proper meaning of the words and according to the common interpretation and understanding of the Holy Fathers and of learned theologians.

14 Condemnation of 1616 (2) The Earth is not the center of the world and is not immobile, but moves as a whole and also with a diurnal motion Censure: All agree that this proposition receives the same censure in philosophy; and in respect to theological truth, it is at least erroneous in faith.

15 Passages from Scripture The sun rises, and sets, and returns to its place, from which, reborn, it revolves through the meridian, and is curved toward the North (Ecclesiastes 1:5) You fixed the earth on its foundations (Psalm 104:4) God made the orb immobile (1 Chronicles 16:30) Heaven is up, the earth is down (Proverbs 30:3) He suspended the earth above nothingness, that is, above the center (Job 26:7)

16 Consequences for Galileo Galileo is forbidden from discussing or defending the Copernican theory Later, under a new pope, Galileo is assured that he can continue to examine the theory as a mathematical hypothesis In 1615, prior to the condemnation, Galileo had composed a detailed response to the Church s position, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, which was not published until 1636 but circulated widely in manuscript copies

17 Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina Galileo s main claim: the Bible cannot be used to disprove scientific claims Each is an authority in its own sphere: the Bible with respect to salvation; science with respect to the order of nature (doctrine of double truth) Both express God s will: the phenomena of nature execute God s commands, and our sense experience and reason allow us to understand the immutable order of nature

18 I think that in disputes about natural phenomena one must begin not with the authority of scriptural passages, but with sense experience and necessary demonstrations. For the Holy Scripture and nature derive equally from [God]. After becoming certain of some physical conclusions, we should use these as very appropriate aids to the correct interpretation of such Scriptures and to the investigation of the truths they must contain, for they are most true and agree with demonstrated truths. (pp )

19 [T]he Holy Spirit did not want to teach us whether heaven moves or stands still. But, if the Holy Spirit deliberately avoided teaching us such propositions, inasmuch as they are of no relevance to His intention (that is, to our salvation), how can one now say that to hold this rather than that proposition on this topic is so important that one is a principle of faith and the other erroneous.. Here I would say what I heard from an ecclesiastical person in a very eminent position (Cardinal Baronio), namely, that the intention of the Holy Spirit is to teach us how one goes to heaven and not how heaven goes. (p. 119)

20 What to Do When Scripture Appears to Contradict Science? The Bible is not a science textbook: its purpose is not to teach about nature. Natural events are described in a way that common people will understand. Thus, biblical descriptions of nature cannot be taken literally. Science becomes the authority on how to interpret the Bible: when it is and is not to be read literally. Yet this conflicts with the Church s claim to be the sole authority on the meaning of scripture.

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