A Decadal Strategy for. Human Capacity Development in Astronomy and Astrophysics in South Africa

Transcription

1 PositionPaperon ADecadalStrategyfor HumanCapacityDevelopment in AstronomyandAstrophysicsinSouthAfrica KrishBharuth Ram UndercommissiontotheNationalResearchFoundation 21August2009 Updatedandamendedbythe2010AstronomyWorkingGroup 28February2011 1

2 TableofContents 1.ExecutiveSummary Background Recommendations BackgroundandMandate IssuesidentifiedinReviews InstitutionalReviewoftheNRFanditsNationalFacilities TheAstronomyFrontiersProgramme OverviewofCurrentStatus CurrentsituationattheNationalFacilities CurrentsituationatUniversities HumanCapacityDevelopmentProgrammes Issuestobeaddressed EstablishingaviableSouthAfricanastronomyresearchandtechnologycommunity Organisationofastronomyresearcharoundkeysciencequestions Well resourcedtechnicalsupportgroups Highperformanceinternetconnectivity AnewgovernancestructureforastronomyintheSALT/MeerKATera Recommendations...34 Recommendation1:Coherentgovernancestructureforastronomy Recommendation2:Substantiallyincreaseinstitutionalcapacityinastronomy Recommendation3:Develophumancapacityinastronomybysubstantiallyincreasingthe numberofblackastronomystudentsandastronomers Recommendation4:Supportingwell resourcedastronomytechnologygroups Recommendation5:Coordinatedandwell resourcedastronomyeducation,outreachand scienceawarenessprogramme Recommendation6:Acontinuingdecadalstrategyforastronomy:prioritizationofresearch themes Recommendation7:Establishingcollaborativestructures Recommendation8:Adequateresourcestosupportastronomyresearchandteaching Recommendation9:Nationalcentreforastronomyandastrophysics Acknowledgements...44 ListofAcronyms...44 Appendix:TheProcess

3 1.ExecutiveSummary 1.1Background Astronomy in Southern Africa is on the threshold of one of the most exciting stages in its development: the first stages of the installation of the SKA pathfinder infrastructure has begun, SALT is due to be (fully) operational early in 2011, and exciting infrastructure investments are being planned by the international high energy gamma ray astronomy community.thisisanappropriatetimetoreviewthestateofastronomyinsouthafricaand to chart a way forward for a comprehensive human capacity development approach for astronomy. The position expressed in this paper was arrived at after reviewing relevant documents generated over the last 5 10 years and the findings of various review panels during this period, as well as taking into account the views of a number of national (and two international) stakeholders whose opinions were canvassed on the state of astronomy in SouthAfricaandonthedevelopmentofskilledhumanresourcesinastronomy. Two significant recent documents were the International Panel Review of the Astro Geo Science Facilities, , and the report that resulted from a series of meetings coordinatedin2005bynrfwithrepresentativesfromuniversitygroups(uct,ukzn,ufs, UNISAandothers),theNationalFacilities(SAAO,HartRAO),SKASAandtheDepartmentof Science and Technology (The Astronomy Frontiers Programme (AFP)). The former recommended that radio astronomy capabilities remain coordinated, integrated and working towards national priorities, with in particular HartRAO staff and resources being integratedfullyintoskaactivitiesandskaprojectoffice,andthenon operationalscientific, technicalandadministrativecomponentsofhartraobeingco locatedatacommoncentral site. TheAFPadvocatesathematicapproachtoresearch,cross cuttingcollaborationsinscience andtechnology,andasystematiccapacity drivenprogrammethatstimulatesthegrowthof humancapitaltomatchtheavailablephysicalinfrastructure,withparticularattentionpaid toexpansionofblackandfemalesouthafricanparticipation. Thekeyissuesthatneedtobeaddressedinadecadalstrategyforastronomyinclude 1 Anewreview,coveringtheterm2005to2009,wasperformedsincethefirstversionof thisdocumentwasdrafted;itcontainspertinentrecentdataanddiscussion. 3

4 1. Establishing a viable South African astronomy research and technology community criticaltowhichare i) Developingcriticalmassgroupsinuniversitiesandinregions ii) Attracting new students to the field and retaining postgraduate students up to andbeyondthephdlevel iii) Increasing significantly the representation of black South Africans in astronomy andastrophysics iv) Increasingresearchsupervisorycapacityatuniversitiesandnationalfacilities v) Strengthening the university national facility partnership in astronomy research, researchplanningandhigh levelskillsdevelopment 2. Astronomyresearchtobeprioritizedaroundkeyscienceareasthatwillmakeoptimal useofthenewmulti wavelengthfacilitiesinsouthafrica 3. Establishingwell resourcedtechnicalsupportgroups 4. Providinghighperformanceinternetconnectivity 5. EstablishinganewgovernancestructureforastronomyintheSALT/MeerKATEra 1.2Recommendations AsummaryoftherecommendationsforthedevelopmentofSouthAfricanhumancapacity inastronomyandastrophysicsarepresentedhere.moredetailsoftheserecommendations canbefoundinsection6. 1.Coherentgovernancestructure: ThecentralrequirementforthedevelopmentandgrowthofastronomyinSouthAfricaisa coherent governance structure for astronomy, which manages South African astronomical facilities in a coherent and holistic way, with astronomers playing a key part in this structure.moredetailscanbefoundonpage34. 2.Substantiallyincreaseinstitutionalcapacityinastronomy: ThesuccessofanyhumancapacitydevelopmentprogrammeforSouthAfricanastronomyis strongly dependent on the development of critical mass capacity at several institutions across the country that are involved in astronomy research, teaching and outreach. More detailscanbefoundonpage35. 3.Develophumancapacityinastronomybysubstantiallyincreasingthenumberofblack astronomystudentsandastronomers: Centraltothelong termsuccessofanyhumancapacitydevelopmentprogrammeforsouth Africanastronomyisthetrainingofmanymoreblackastronomystudents.Itisalsovitalto providecontinuingsupportfortheseyoungastronomersthroughthevariousstagesoftheir 4

5 careerdevelopmentsothattheycanultimatelytakeuppostsasprofessionalastronomers. Moredetailscanbefoundonpage37. 4.Supportingwell resourcedastronomytechnologygroups: Thereisaneedtoensurethattherearewell resourcedtechnicalgroupsinsouthafricathat are working on cutting edge astronomical instrumentation, so that the South African astronomy community, in particular young and upcoming astronomers, remains internationally competitive by producing new and world class science with these instruments.moredetailscanbefoundonpage38. 5.Coordinatedandwell resourcedastronomyeducation,outreachandscienceawareness programme: Awell coordinatedandwell resourcedastronomyeducationandoutreachprogrammewill playaninvaluableroleincreatingawarenessofastronomyamongthepublic,inparticular high school learners, who could be attracted into studying astronomy at university and pursuingacareerinastronomy.moredetailscanbefoundonpage39. 6.Acontinuingdecadalstrategyforastronomy:prioritizationofresearchthemes: Akeystrategyforthegrowthofhumancapacityinastronomyistoidentifyandfocusona prioritizedsetofresearchthemes,takingintoaccounttheastronomicalfacilitiesavailablein SouthAfrica,sothatSouthAfricanresearcherscanplayaleadinginternationalroleinthese areas of research and thereby increase their international reputation. This in turn will inspire young and upcoming South African astronomers, and give them the necessary trainingandskillstosucceedinacompetitiveinternationalresearcharena.moredetailscan befoundonpage40. 7.Establishingcollaborativestructures: Since the South African astronomy community is relatively small at present, significant benefit in developing human capacity can be gained by combining skills and resources through collaborative programmes between different South African institutions, and with institutionsinafricaandfurtherabroad.moredetailscanbefoundonpage41. 8.Adequateresourcestosupportastronomyresearchandteaching: A basic platform of resources to support astronomy research and teaching is required to developcapacityinthisarea.moredetailscanbefoundonpage42. 9.Nationalcentreforastronomyandastrophysics: Anationalcentreforastronomyandastrophysicsisrequiredtoprovideanenvironmentin which people engaged in astronomy (including astronomers, educators, instrument scientists and engineers, and students) can interact and think about science with the 5

6 minimum administrative or formal teaching responsibilities. More details can be found on page43. 2.BackgroundandMandate The Department of Science and Technology(DST) has suggested that the various capacity development programmes in astronomy should be incorporated within an overarching strategy in AGAP the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Programme. During its recent negotiationswiththedstforfundingfortheseprogrammes,thenrfagreedtocoordinate areviewonthestateofastronomyinsouthafricaandtodevelopanationalstrategy,based onthefindingsofthereview,tochartawayforwardforacomprehensivehumancapacity developmentapproachforastronomy. InthiscontextthispositionpaperwascommissionedbytheNationalResearchFoundation toaddress: Astrategicplanforastronomy Humancapitalrequirements coveringthethreeexistingfundingareas NationalAstronomyandSpaceScienceProgramme(NASSP) Multi wavelengthastronomy Radio astronomy. Thepositionpaperwastobebasedonrelevantdocumentsgeneratedoverthelast10years and the findings of various reviews during this period, such as the SETI Review of the National Facilities completed in 1998 and the NRF review of the SA Astro Geosciences Facilities. 3.IssuesidentifiedinReviews SeveralissuespertinenttothecurrentreviewwereidentifiedintheInstitutionalReviewof the NRF and its National Facilities in 2004, and in the subsequent workshop of key role players in astronomy that was convened by the NRF in 2005, and which resulted in the developmentoftheastronomyfrontiersprogramme.theseissuesarepresentedbelow. 6

7 3.1InstitutionalReviewoftheNRFanditsNationalFacilities The Institutional Review of the National Facilities made findings on a) cross cutting issues thatwereapplicabletoallthenfs,andb)issuesrelevanttonfsinacluster. Thecross cuttingissuesthatwereidentifiedincludedtheneed i) toincreasehumanresourceswithinthenationalfacilities(nfs),andtoaccelerate transformationanddiversityintheworkforce ii) toreplace/upgradeageingequipmentoracquireadditionalequipmentforthenfs iii) forthenfstoplayamajorroleininformingnationalpoliciesintheareaoftheir expertise iv) to continue to strengthen their role in developing human resources for the country v) tocontinuetostrengthenandimprovetheiroutreachprogrammes vi) to pursue/strengthen, in varying degrees, their presence/visibility in the internationalarenathroughincreasingpublicationsininternationalpeerreview scientificjournals,and vii) tostrengthennational,regionalandinternationalcollaborations The major issue identified in the Astro Geo Facilities Review was the re positioning of HartRAOtoparticipateinSKApathfinderdevelopment(KAT&MeerKAT).TheReviewPanel recommendedthat i) HartRAOstaffandresourcesbeintegratedfullyintoSKAactivities,particularlythe KAT/MeerKAToperations ii) Radio astronomycapabilitiesremaincoordinated,integratedandworkingtowards nationalpriorities,and iii) SKAResearchandTechnologyCollaborationCentre(RTCC),SKAprojectofficeand the non operational scientific, technical and administrative components of HartRAObeco locatedatacommon,centrallocation iv) the NRF find ways of enhancing capacity building in the HEIs to take full advantageofsaltandtheskapathfinder 3.2TheAstronomyFrontiersProgramme The Astronomy Frontiers Programme (AFP) was the result of a series of meetings coordinatedin2005bythenrfofrepresentativesfromtheuniversities,saao,hartrao,sa SKAandtheDST.TheAFPidentifiedthemainfactorsthatwouldimpactonthesuccessof SALTandtheSKApathfindersas i) thequalityofthescientificoutput 2 Anewreview,coveringtheterm2005to2009,wasperformedsincethefirstversionof thisdocumentwasdrafted;itcontainspertinentrecentdataanddiscussion. 7

8 ii) theabilityoftechnicalstafftomaintainthetelescopesinoptimalcondition iii) theextenttowhichthetelescopescanbeupgradedwithnewtechnologyandbekept competitivewithotherlargetelescopes iv) thetrainingofscientiststophdlevelandbeyondtothebestinternationalstandards v) linkingsalt,hessandkat(andmeerkat)withtherestofafrica vi) using SALT, HESS and KAT (and MeerKAT) as icons to generate public interest and attractingtheyoungintoscientificcareers TheAFPadvocates athematicapproachtoresearch cross cuttingcollaborationsinscienceandtechnology asystematiccapacity drivenprogrammethatstimulatesthegrowthofhumancapital to match the available physical infrastructure, with particular attention paid to expansionofblackandfemalesouthafricanparticipation To respond to these challenges, the AFP proposed the establishment of an Institute of Astronomy, a real and a virtual one centred in Cape Town and with nodes around the country, with the objective of providing an environment in which students will be able to interactwithexpertobservers,theoristsandinstrumentscientistsfromaroundtheworld, aswellaswiththeirpeersfromafrica.theioa,asproposed,wastofocusonsupportfor PhDstudents,whileHonoursandMScstudentswouldcontinuetoreceivesupportthrough NASSP. 4.OverviewofCurrentStatus South Africa has distinct geographic advantages, which have the potential to make it a majorglobalplayerinastronomy.inordertoexploittheseadvantagesthedepartmentof Science and Technology (DST) has made huge investments in astronomy facilities and infrastructure that offer opportunities for international class research and collaborations, the development of highly skilled scientific and technical human resources, technology transferandscienceeducationandoutreach. Theseinvestmentsinclude a) SALT:theSouthernAfricanLargeTelescope,thelargestsingleopticaltelescopeinthe southern hemisphere, an international undertaking in which South Africa is the majorshareholder b) SKAPathfindersKATandMeerKAT SouthAfricaisoneofthetworemainingbidderstohosttheSquareKilometerArray (SKA) aprojecttoconstructaradiotelescopewithacollectingareaofonemillion meters.skaisestimatedtocostapprox.us$2billionandwillinvolvemorethan34 8

9 institutionsin16countries.developmentworkonthesouthafrica sskapathfinders KATandMeerKATarewellunderwayandlegislationhasbeenenactedtoprotectthe mainsiteoftheproposedskaintheradio quietnortherncapeprovince.becauseof thislegislationandtheavailablehi techinfrastructurethekat/meerkatsiteiswell positionedtobecomehosttoarangeofinternationalradio astronomyexperiments andhasalreadyattractedpaperandc BASS(seebelow) c) South Africa has a small share in the ultra high energy gamma ray telescope, High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS), in Namibia. DST/NRF support towards capital costsforhessterminatedin2009.hessiiisexpectedtobefullyoperationalbythe end of 2011 and will also provide the necessary bridge in energy between NASA s Fermi LAT Space Telescope and HESS I. South Africa is expected to contribute towardsthecapitalinvestmentofhessii d) There are a variety of small telescopes at Sutherland. The older, South African, commonusertelescopesandthenewerinternationalprojects(mostlyrobotic)offer exciting possibilities for the local community in terms of student training and research.itisinterestingtonotethegrowthofautomatedtelescopesatsutherland overthepastfewyears,allofwhichallowthesacommunitysomesortofaccessto their data on variable stars, planets, transients etc. These are a testament to the qualityofthesiteandtheinfrastructureatsaao,buttheyalsoreflectaninteresting paradigm shift in the way that small telescopes are used; they have moved from general purpose common user instruments to dedicated automated telescopes, oftenthoughnotalways,focusedonsomeparticularproblem SALTisexpectedtobefullyoperationalin2011,constructionofKATandMeerKATarewell under way, and HESS is operational. South Africa, hence, has access to three major international astronomy instruments which are new, are in widely separated wavelength bands,andwillproducenewandexcitingscienceforatleastthenextdecade.southafrica s full participation in this science requires that the leaders, research students and the technicalexpertsneededtooperate,maintainandupgradethefacilitiesareavailableatthe appropriatelevelsandintherequisitenumbers.thissectionthereforegivesbriefoverviews of the current situation in key areas at the astronomy related National Facilities/Projectsandtheirfundingallocations thecurrentsituationinastronomyprogrammesatuniversities Human Capacity Development (HCD) programmes, which lead on to the identification of key issues that need to be addressed in a decadal strategy for astronomyinsouthafrica. 9

10 4.1CurrentsituationattheNationalFacilities 4.1.1SAAO/SALT SAAO is the premier optical/infrared astronomy research facility on the African continent. ItsheadquartersareinCapeTownandhouseitsresearchastronomersandtechnicalstaff, state of the art IT centre, laboratories, workshops, library, auditorium and administration. SAAO s research telescopes are located 360km away in the Northern Cape on the Sutherlandobservingplateau,togetherwithalodgeforvisitingscientists,plushousingfor sitestaff,workshops,visitorcentreandrecreationcentre.(sincetheinaugurationofsalt, thesutherlandtelescopeshavebeenreceivingover12,000visitorsperyear). The Sutherland observing station is a key part of SA's strategic"geographic advantage" in astronomy. This advantage has resulted in SAAO hosting numerous international facilities, and the formation of collaborative relationships with a variety of overseas partners. Virtuallyallofthesearenew,i.e.startedsince1994,andthemajorityofthemareroboticin operation, opening up new regions of parameter space for astronomical research, particularlyinthesearchforexo planetsandthestudyofthetransientsky. Over the years, SAAO has built a reputation for producing world class, cost effective research and astronomical instrumentation, and has a significant fraction of the SA astronomy PhD contingent on its staff, including postdoctoral researchers and SALT astronomy operations personnel. The established small telescopes are being used to prepare for SALT programmes, and also to serve as training platforms for the next generation of astronomers. It is essential that, even when SALT is fully operational, the 1.9m and 1m telescopes at SAAO be upgraded and maintained appropriately. Both instruments play important roles in capacity development and supporting and complementingsaltoperations. SAAO contributes to HCD through training of scientists, engineers and technicians, in collaborationwithanumberoflocalandinternationaltertiaryeducationalinstitutions.the ObservatoryhasspearheadedaninitiativetoproducelargenumbersofhighqualityPhDson the African continent via NASSP (see later). SAAO also provides training to engineering studentsinitsmechanicalandelectronicdepartments. SAAOisalsotheprimaryinstituteresponsibleformaintainingSutherland'sAAAstatus(asan Astronomy Advantage Area ) within the ambit of the Astronomy Geographic Advantages (AGA)Act,whichwaspassedinlate2007andsignedintolaw.SAAOplaysaleadingrolein the promotion of science awareness and community development through a variety of 10

11 scienceoutreachprogrammesdeliverednation widebythesaltcollateralbenefitsdivision of SAAO. These activities are regarded as part of the core functions of SAAO, and are resourced accordingly. The overarching goal was to ensure that the maximum collateral benefitsarederivedfromthesaltprojecttoadvancetheeconomy,technology,andsociety ofafrica. The SCBP focuses on 3 areas: education in mathematics and Science, Engineering & Technology(SET)tosupplythecountryandthecontinentwithwell trainedandmotivated professionalsinsubstantiallyincreasednumbers;sciencecommunicationandawarenessto effectivelyengagewiththepublicinordertodisseminaterelevantinformationinthefields ofastronomyandspacescience;andsocio economicdevelopmentinordertocontributeto abetterqualityoflifeforallpeople,especiallythedisadvantaged. TheObservatoryhasalsobeeninvolvedinthewidersocietalapplicationsofspacescience and technology, in the sense that we all now live in an era of global space based services and utilities. Astronomy may be seen as one of the basic space sciences that underpin appliedspacesciences.since2004,thespacescienceandtechnologydivisionhasplayeda leadingroleinthedevelopmentofthespacearenainsouthafricaandallthedevelopments that led to the establishment of the new South African Space Agency inaugurated in December SAAO hosts the Space Secretariat, which has played a leading role in coordinatinginter Departmentalactivitiesanddiscussionsthathaveleduptotheplansto establish a South African Space Agency. The Secretariat has organized national and international conferences and has taken the lead in the organisation of the International Astronautical Congress in Cape Town in The Secretariat has also been centrally involvedinthedevelopmentofthenationalspacepolicy. SALT SAAO has the responsibility to operate the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) on behalfofthesaltfoundation,inwhichsouthafricaisthelargestsingleshareholder(1/3). SALTisequippedwithstate of the artimaging,spectroscopicandpolarimetricinstruments, aspects of which provide unique, world leading capabilities. SAAO has contributed to the developmentofthesaltinstrumentationsuite,inparticularthedetectorsofsalticamand RSS. Withitsmuchgreaterlight gatheringpower,salthasbroughtnewscientificinvestigations withinreachofsouthafricanastronomers.saltisaconsortiumofinternationalpartners from South Africa, USA, Germany, India, Poland, UK and New Zealand that funded its construction.this10m classtelescopealthoughverysimilartothehobby EberlyTelescope (HET)inTexas,hasaredesignedopticalsystem,providinggreaterthroughput,largerfieldof viewandimprovedimagequality.thissouthafricanredesignwillsoonberetrofittedto 11

12 HETbyourTexaspartners.SALTwasinauguratedbyPresidentMbekiinlate2005,shortly aftercompletionoftheinitialconstructionphase,sincewhenithasbeenundergoingtesting andcommissioning. SALTisapprox4yearsbehinditsoriginalschedule,whichisnowrecognisedashavingbeen highly unrealistic in the light of the major changes and improvements that were incorporatedintoitsdesigncomparedtothehetprototype.thisdelayisduetotwomajor problems: (i) the main spectrograph (RSS) was found to have extremely poor UV/blue performance,whichwaswellbelowspecification,and(ii)thetelescopeimagequality(iq) couldnotbemaintainedovermorethanaquarteroftheintendedfieldofview. Thefirstproblemwasidentifiedasbeingduetoachemicalreaction,whichcontaminated the lens coupling fluid, thereby changing its optical properties. Solution to this problem entailedremovingrssfromthetelescope,dismantlingtheopticsandreturningthemtothe US manufacturer for repair. The problem is now fully solved, the optics were returned in 2009,reinstalled,realignedandtested. TheSAAOInstrumentationDivisionledbyDarraghO'Donoghueundertookanextensiveset of IQ tests that allowed them to isolate the second problem as being in SALT s Spherical Aberration Corrector (SAC), showing that the mirrors in the SAC cannot be in their manufacturedand(supposedly)sealedpositions.theproblemwasdominatedbythepoor mechanicalinterfaceofthesacwiththetelescope,whichleadstoseveremechanicaland thermal stresses being propagated into the relatively weak SAC, thereby distorting and misaligningitssensitiveopticalcomponents. During2008/9O'Donoghue'steamcompletelyredesignedthemechanicalmountingforthe SAC; isolating it from any stresses occurring in the tracker. In April 2009, the SAC was removedfromsaltandthetelescopewasstooddown(itisinoperablewithoutasac)in order to put this redesign into effect. Over the next 15 months the SAC was carefully dismantled and all the optical components tested, verifying their optical condition(all are excellent)andcleaningthemwherenecessary.thesacmirrorswereallcarefullyrealigned andfinallytested.on skyimagesundergoodconditionswereobtainedonaugust28,2010 and demonstrated clearly that the IQ problem was finally solved. Furthermore, this result demonstrated the considerable potential of the large spherical mirror HET/SALT design. HETitselfisbuildinganew,wide fieldinstrument(hetdex),whichincorporatesamodified SACcloselybasedontheSALTdesign. WhiletheseproblemshavebeenveryfrustratingtoSAAOandSALTscientists,theremedial actionsundertakenbythetechnicalstaffrequiredanextensivecheckingofthetelescope s entire optical system. Considerable effort has also been expended on optimising and characterising the CCD detectors, as well as improving the instrument software. This has 12

13 resulted in a much greater understanding of SALT and its sub systems, and provides an excellentbasisforfutureupgradesofsaltinstruments. Despite the above problems, SAAO and university researchers have still managed to undertake a commendable number of science programmes with SALTICAM together with the small telescopes, and achieved an impressive list of refereed publications during the pasttwocalendaryears(anaverageof2perscientist).thisaugurswellfortheproductivity thatcanbeexpectedoncesaltisfinallyfullycommissioned Radio Astronomy At present the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) is the National Facility for Radio astronomy. It has responsibility for the operations of the telescopes at Hartebeesthoek, and has led research and research and technical capacity development particularlyinvlbi(verylongbaselineinterferometer)radioastronomy. The main observational instrument at HartRAO has been the 26m antenna with both azimuthal and polar tracking capabilities. In addition to the spectroscopy undertaken as a stand alone telescope, this instrument has been central to several VLBI astrophysical and geodeticapplicationsinpartnershipswithseveralinternationalobservatories. Theastrophysicalapplicationsinclude i) servingasanimportantnodeinlongn SandE Wbaselinesincollaborationswith EuropeanandAustralianpartners,respectively ii) servingasapartnerine VLBIat1.6 22GHzinreal timethroughtheinternet, iii) couplingwithradiotelescopesorbitingtheearth,toprovidebaselinesmuchlonger thantheearth'sdiameter thelimitforterrestrialvlbi andsohigherangular resolution iv) maintaining and extending the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) throughastrometricandgeodeticvlbi'smanagedbyinternationalvlbiservice(ivs). TheICRFisusedtoobtaintheabsolutepositionsofobjectsobservedbytelescopes andiscrucialtomulti wavelengthastronomyasitisusedtoalignimagesobtainedat differentwavelengths The 26m telescope has also been an important reference point for national and internationalgeodeticsurveys.theseinclude i) Hartebeesthoek94datum referencepointforsasurveysystem ii) InternationalTerrestrialReferenceFrame(ITRF)fiducialpointwithco located precisepositionmeasuringsystems iii) Stationlocationdeterminationandchangewithtimefromplatetectonicmotion thehart26mtelescopewasusedtomakethefirstmeasurementofthe 13

14 present daymotionoftheafricantectonicplate iv) EarthrotationandorientationparameterdeterminationbytheInternational EarthRotationService(IERS) v) Absolutereferencepointforco locatednasamoblas 6SatelliteLaserRanger (SLR)thatisoperatedbyHartRAOonbehalfofNASAandtheInternationalLaser RangingService(ILRS)throughaninter governmentalagreement vi) Absolutereferencepointforco locatedbasestationsforglobalnavigation SatelliteSystems vii) Absolutereferencepointforco locateddoris(dopplerorbitographyandradiopositioningintegratedbysatellite)(basedattheadjacentcsirsatellite ApplicationCentre) Thetelescopehasalsobeeninextensiveuseinthetrainingofradio astronomersskilledin VLBI, of KAT development teams and operations teams, and for BSc Hons, MSc and PhD projects. The bearing failure on the telescope in October 2008 was a major setback for the above activities.thebearingwasreplacedandthetelescopereturnedtoserviceinjuly2010and isnowworkingwell. TheSKAProject Theinternationalastronomycommunityisdevelopingproposalsforamajor(US$2billion) investmentinanewradiotelescopecalledthesquarekilometrearray(ska).anumberof research and development projects are now underway around the world to develop the scopeoftheskaandtodemonstratesomeofthetechnologytheskacouldexploit. South Africa and Australia have been shortlisted as potential host sites for the Square Kilometre Array Project. To lead the South African bid, the Department of Science and TechnologysetuptheSKASAProjectin2004,whoseprimarypurposeistodemonstrateto the international SKA partners that, in addition to our obvious geographic advantages for observational astronomy, we have the scientific and technical competence necessary to successfullyconstructandoperateatelescopeofthiscalibre.theskasaprojecthasfour components: 1. Thedesignandconstructionofacosteffective,competitiveSKAprecursor,whichwill demonstratethatsouthafricahasthecompetence,capacity,andthecommitment, tohandlea Mega Science projectofthisnature. TheSouthAfricanSKApathfinderprojectincludestheconstructionoftheKAT 7and MeerKATradiotelescopesintheKaroo.OnceoperatingMeerKATwillbetheoneof 14

15 thelargestradiotelescopesinthesouthernhemisphere,andwillbeabletoproduce breakthroughscience.ithasalreadyattractedworld leadingscientistandengineers inresponsetoacallforlargesurveysproposals,inwhichtheywillworkwithsouth Africanscientistsandengineers. 2. Theestablishmentofaradio quietastronomyreserveinthekaroowhichwillbethe siteforthemeerkattelescopeandpossiblytheska(whenitisbuilt)andforother experimentswhichrequireradioquietness,e.g.c BASS,(aC bandall SkySurvey,to measure Galactic foreground in order to correct the satellite borne Cosmic Background surveys; for this work, South Africa has renovated a 7m Telkom antenna), PAPER (a low frequency array with which to detect low frequency radio emission in the Epoch of Re ionisation), and possibly attracting NASA to locate a componentofitsdeepspacearray. 3. AHumanCapitalDevelopmentprogramme i) Tocreatethehighlyskilledindividualswhowillbecandidatesforthejobs createdbythemeerkatoverthe30to50 yearlifeoftheproject. ii) Tocreateausercommunityofpostgraduatesstudentsandresearchersat HigherEducationFacilitieswhowillbeabletouseMeerKAT iii) Tocontributetothenationalobjectiveofaknowledgebasedeconomyby increasingthenumberofqualityphdscreatedwithinafrica iv) ToincreasethenumberofSETprofessionalsonthecontinentasawhole. 4. Mission driveninnovationwithinthensi MeerKAT when fully operational would serve as an exemplary model of missiondriven innovation that has developed new skills and expertise, generated new scientific knowledge and intellectual property and contributed to building a critical massofveryhigh levelexpertiseincutting edgetechnologieswhicharegeneric(i.e. notlimitedtoradioastronomy). ThetechnologydevelopmentavenuesofferedbytheSKApathfinderprojectsinclude i) systems engineering, ii) antenna and feed design, iii) digital signal processing, iv) very fast computing, v) very fast data transport, v) protection against radio frequencyinterference,andvi)opticalfibrenetworksanddarkfibretechnology. A number of local companies have been involved with the project specifically workingonthedemonstratorantennaxdm,andkat 7.Theinnovationproducedby the companies has been effective and has placed them in a position to compete internationally on SKA contracts and in industry sectors, which require related expertise.atthesametime,substantialexpertiseisbeinggainedbysetresearchers atuniversities,whichwillbeavailabletoindustry. 15

16 The proposed core site to host the Square Kilometre Array is located close to the townsofcarnarvonandwillistoninthenortherncape.theconstructionofkat 7 and MeerKAT will bring investment into the area through the establishment of infrastructure,whichincludesroads,gridpower,anoptic fibrenetworkandfacilities for the operations and maintenance of the telescope. In addition to this, short to medium term jobs will be created through construction and long term jobs for operations and maintenance. Other investments are being planned in associated facilities, such as a computer centre, an operations centre, a science centre and training facilities. The Astronomy Park will be a protected area in terms of the AstronomyGeographicalAdvantageAct. Progress in existing and proposed assets in the South African SKA project are described below: i) KAT XDM,aprototype/demonstratorforKAT,itconsistsofa15mantennalocatedat HartRAO. Collected first light in 2007, operating at GHz but can potentially operateat1 10GHz.Itwastestedat12GHz,whereefficiencyisdowntohalfthatat long wavelengths owing to the surface roughness. Its KAT related test programme completed in 2010 with the testing of a microwave holography receiver built by HartRAOformeasuringthesurfaceofKATantennas.Thereafteritwillbefittedwith a dual frequency cryogenic receiver being built by HartRAO to permit it to do geodeticvlbitooffloadandbackupthe26mtelescope. ii) KAT 7,isanarrayofseven12mantennasdesignedtooperateat1 2GHz,with1mm rms surface accuracy. The array was constructed at a site near Carnavon in the NorthernCape installationofallsevendisheswascompletedin2010.theantennas are under commissioning, cooled receivers are being installed and the array should beoperationalbymid2012. iii) MeerKATconsistof64x13.5moffsetGregorianantennasandthedesignatthetime ofwritinginvolvesthefollowingfrequencybands: GHz, Ghzand GHz.The MeerKAT maximum baselines will be about 8 km; a suggestion to includeaspurwithlongerbaselinesmayprovetooexpensive,althoughseveralofthe LargeSurveyProjectsrequirethehighresolutionitwillprovide.Thetotalcollecting areaasatiedarrayisequivalenttoa100msingle dish,andthis,orasubsetthereof willbeavailableforusewiththelongbaselinearraysforvlbi. MeerKATisdesignedtobeafullyoperationalradiotelescopeandaprototypeforSKA.It willbeamongthelargestmid rangeradiotelescopes,withanarearoughly1%ofska.first lightisexpectedinlate

17 iv) SquareKilometreArray(SKA) TheproposedSquareKilometerArray(SKA)telescopeembodyingnewtechnologies underdevelopmentisdesignedtoprovideordersofmagnitudeimprovementin performanceoverexistingradiotelescopesandwillbeatleast50timesassensitive asmeerkatortheevla.finalsiteselectionisonschedulefortheendof2012, althoughfundingprospectsmaybeimpactedbytheglobalfinancialcrisisandnew 50m classopticaltelescopesbeingproposed.constructioncouldbegin10years fromnow,assumingthattherequisitetechnologydemonstrationshavebeen successful. As stated above, up to now HartRAO has led radio astronomy research, and research and technicalcapacitydevelopmentfortheoperationsofthetelescopesathartebeesthoek.the latterincludesxdm,theexperimentalkatprototypetestinstrument.thesouthafricanska team,ontheotherhand,istaskedwithtechnologyresearchdirectedtotheskaantennas and the building of the telescopes and associated infrastructure for the SKA pathfinders, KATandMeerKAT.Ifthetechnologyissuesofthemedium/highfrequencySKAcomponents canbesolvedaffordablyandsouthafricaisselectedasthehostsite,thenskawillhaveto be funded as the long term new frontier radio astronomy instrument. However, it is not expected to become operational until some 20 years into the future. In the interim MeerKAT will be the telescope array with which most science will be done, although HartRAOislikelytoremainimportantforsometimetocomebecauseofitscriticalposition withinthevlbinetwork,itsimportanceforgeodesyanditslocationingauteng. ThereisatpresentagoodworkingrelationshipbetweenHartRAOandtheSKAteams,with two recently appointed (HartRAO) scientific operators located at the KAT operations site and working closely with the KAT technical team on antenna design considerations and related technical issues. However, attention needs to be given to the recommendation of theinternationalreviewpanelontheintegrationofhartraoandskasatocreatealongterm sustainable radio astronomy programme, and the roles of the different components need to be clearly defined with respect to design and construction of the telescopes, undertaking the science, building capacity to operate and maintain the telescopes, and buildingresearchcapacity HESS Through the University of North West (Potchefstroom campus) South Africa has a small share in the high energy gamma ray astronomy facility HESS I(the first array of four High EnergyStereoscopicSystemtelescopes)locatedinNamibia.HESSispartofthenetworkof largeresearchinfrastructureoftheasperanetwork(astroparticleeranet),anetworkof17 agencies from 12 different European countries. Following the success of ASPERA 1, the European Commission launched ASPERA 2 on 7 July Its roadmap for the next two 17

18 decades defines the research needs and strategies, and in particular proposes seven large infrastructures( MagnificientSeven )designedtoanswerthesevenfundamentalquestions ofastro ParticlePhysics.Oneoftheproposedlargearraysconsistsofmorethan80HESStype Cerenkov detector telescopes. Southern Africa is listed as a possible site for the CerenkovTelescopeArray(CTA).Thisopensopportunitiesforsynergiestobedevelopedin researchprogrammesinastrophysics(optical,radioandgamma rayastronomy)aswellasin electronic engineering and software development with the SKA MeerKAT team. We can thendefinethreestagesofparticipation HESS I: This was the very successful exploratory phase, which led to the HESS I Collaboration winning the Descartes Prize of the European Union ( ). From South Africa only the NWU was involved in the HESS Project, the reasonbeingitshistoricalinvolvementingroundbasedgamma rayastronomysince 1984.TheDST/NRFcontributiontowardsthecapitalfunding(R200,000p/a)ceased in2009andnewfundsmustbesecuredforthefuture. HESSII:This30 meterclasstelescopewilllowerthethresholdenergyofhessto overlapnasa sfermi/latspacetelescope,butwithgreatersensitivity.thelackof intergalactic absorption at these energies (below 100 GeV) is also expected to increase the cosmological horizon for multi wavelength radio, optical and gammaray studies. More South African parties outside NWU indicated their willingness to participateinthejointhessiandiicollaboration. CTAasdiscussedabove(atacostequivalenttoMeerKATormore)isnowinthe FP7PP(prep)phase.AtthemomentNWUisrepresentinganumberofSouthAfrican universities,andsaaoisasignatorytothisphase,untilthetimehasarrivedtowrite amoredetailedmoudocument.thesensitivityofctaisexpectedtobeatleastten timesbetterthanhessi/ii.oneinterestingspin offofthisgamma raytelescopeis theabilitytodoopticalinterferometryoverafewkmbaselinewithahighdensityof telescopes,whichwillallowustoresolvethesurfacesofbrightstarsatthemilliarc secondlevelforthefirsttime.thiswillbethe SKA ofgamma rayastronomy.apart fromtheinteresttoplacethistelescopeinsouthafrica,thereisalsointerestfrom ArgentinatohostCTA.Forthispurposetheyhavemadeabidof10millionEurosto have CTA in Argentina. Since South Africa is closer to the main body of the Collaboration(Europe),thespokespersonofCTAaskedifDST/NRFisalsointerested in having CTA in the Karoo where conditions are favourable. This project and MeerKAT are expected to become operational at nearly the same time and should be excellent multi wavelength partners, probing time variability simultaneously in sourcesifctaislocatedinsouthafrica. SALT, MeerKAT and HESS/CTA offer a unique triumvirate of international telescopes, all available in the one region of Southern Africa, allowing scientists to explore astrophysical phenomena over a very wide multi wave length regime of the electromagnetic spectrum. 18

19 4.1.4FundingAllocations TheDSTfundingallocationsperfinancialyearfortheperiod fortheastronomy nationalfacilities(saaoandhartrao),saltandtheskasaprojectarelistedintables1a,b andc,respectively.thefiguresfor2011/12areprojected,whilethoseforearlieryearsare actual.fundingfortheastronomyfacilities,saltandtheskasaprojectisallocatedin somewhatdifferentways,whichmeansthatadirectcomparisonofthenumbersisnot entirelystraightforward. ThecoreParliamentary grantallocations,asperthemtef,forhartraoandsaaoarethe primaryincomefromgovernment,butitisimportanttonotethatadditionalfundingfor thesefacilitiesisprovidedthroughnrfasad hocanddiscretionarygrantsandallocations forcapitalprojects. Table1a:MTEFallocations(inkR)forSAAOandHartRAOperfinancialyear(FY). Source/FY 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ / /12 a)saao ΔF(%) (a) b)hartrao ΔF(%) (a) (a)alsopresentedinthetablearethepercentageincreasesoverthepreviousfyallocations (ΔF (%)) for SAAO and HartRAO, which over a seven year period averages to 6.36% and 8.73%,respectively;themeanCPIfrom2005to2010was7.12% Table1bshowstheoperationalcostsofSALT,aspaidbytheinternationalconsortiumthat ownsthetelescope.theportionoftheoperationslevywhichispaidbydstthroughnrfas acontributiontothesecostsisshownasaseparateline;itisapproximatelyonethirdofthe totalasthisissouthafrica'sshareofthetelescope. Table1bSALToperations(inkR). 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ / /12 SALTOperations NRFcontribution Table 1c reflects the total finance going into the SKA SA project, most of which comes directlyfromdst,althoughsomecomes,e.g.throughtheinnovationfund.themajorcost fortheskasaprojectistheconstructionofkat 7andMeerKAT.Thusitsfundingprofileis very different from those of the national facilities where the MTEF allocation described aboveislargelyforsalariesandrunningcosts. 19

20 At31March2010,SKASAhadarolloverofR627million.Inordertoremedythesurplus position,theprojectandthenrfworkedwiththedsttorefinetheskasacashflow.itwas alsoagreedthattheprojectwouldnotreceivefundsascommittedforthe2011and2012 financialyears. ThisisreflectedaspertheEstimatesofNationalExpenditurepublishedinFebruary2011. ThefollowingchangestotheSKASAfundingcommitmentshavebeennotedasfollows: 1. TheR508millioncommitmentforthe2011financialyearhasbeendeclaredacost savingandreprioritised. 2. TheR546millioncommitmentinthe2012financialyearhasbeensplitandwillbe receivedintwotranchesofr218millionandr328millioninthe2013and2014financial yearsrespectively. 3. TheR508millionthatwasreprioritisedinthecurrentfinancialyearwillbereturnedto SKASAinandouteryear(outsidethecurrentMTEFcycle). Table1cSKASAfinances(kR). Year 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ / /12 SKA CurrentsituationatUniversities Byfarthemostactiveandvibrantoftheuniversitiesinvolvedinastronomyandastrophysics is the University of Cape Town(UCT) where the university s Research Office has recently approvedtheestablishmentofa ResearchCentreforAstrophysics,CosmologyandGravity (ACGC) bringing together researchers from the Departments of Astronomy and Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. In September 2010 the ACGC had 17 academic staff, including three emeritus professors and one SARChI chair in radio astronomy (a second SARChI SKA chair has been allocated and will be filled in 2011). There are 13 postdocs, 15 PhD students (7 are South African and 2 of those are black) and 23 MSc students (supervised/co supervised by ACGC staff not including NASSP coursework students;14aresouthafricansand4ofthoseareblack). The University of Cape Town (UCT) is one of the two universities in South Africa offering undergraduate programmes in astrophysics; the other is the University of South Africa (UNISA). UCT students graduating with a major in astrophysics are optimally prepared for NASSP, and are generally among the top performers. In 2009 UCT had 42 undergraduates registeredforastronomy(76%black,38%female)andin2010 the number was 45 (69% black, 36% female); all of these are South African. Note that many more students are taking courses in astronomy, the numbers above reflect only students taking astronomy as a major. 20

21 Research in the ACGC is organised around various themes (mass-transferring compact binaries, distance scale of the Universe, large-scale structures in the Universe,early universe physics, string theory and cosmology, non-linear problems in astrophysics and cosmology, modelling inhomogeneity, gravitational wave physics and observational cosmology). Motivated by the opening of SALT and construction of MeerKAT,newresearchareashavebeeninitiatedingalaxyevolution,relationbetweendark and visible matter in nearby galaxies, search for intermediate mass black holes, the evolutionofthehydrogencontentoftheuniverse,thenatureofdarkenergyandmodified gravity.thestrengthofthisgroupisillustratedbythefactthatuctastronomersleadfour ofthebiginternationalkeyprojectsthathavebeensubmittedtomeerkat.theacgcplays aleadingroleintheofferingofthenasspprogramme. The NASSP extended honours programme (EHP see below) is led from UCT s Academic Development Programme (ADP) by a physicist, A/Prof Saalih Allie, who also is also supervising education research students who are studying the effectiveness of the EHP itself. TheNorthwestUniversity(NWU)hasjustdeclaredanewCentreofExcellencenamedthe Centre for Space Research which involves both astrophysics and space physics research. Apart from the space physicists there are 5 permanent PhD astronomers at the Potchefstroom Campus (of whom one holds a SARCHI Research Chair) and one at the Mafeking Campus. The distribution of research interests are as follows: High Energy Astrophysics (2), Star Formation (1), Galaxies (1), Stellar Structure (1), Computational Astrophysics(MHD)(1). Thestaffareinvolvedinresearch,teaching,andsupervisinghonours,mastersandPhDlevel. Forexample,athonoursleveltherewere8studentsenrolledfor2010,ofwhich4areblack. All students are South African citizens. There is also a 16 inch telescope with high optical qualityandinstrumentationforbothtrainingandresearchfocussedonthecoresofactive galactic nuclei (Blazars) to complement the gamma ray work. The training is of very high standard. For example, one PhD who finished in 2008 on pulsars (rotating neutron stars) wasawardedtheprestigiousnasapost doctoralawardfor2010.onlyalimitednumberof suchawardsaremadeavailableannuallyonacompetitivebasis. TheresultofthesesuccessespromptedtheNWUtocreateanewpermanentfullprofessor position in High Energy Astrophysics. Competitive applications from Europe and the USA werereceived. TheUniversityofWesternCape(UWC)hasseenrapidgrowthinastronomysince2007and now includes 8 staff with PhDs, including a SARChI professor who started on 1 October 21

22 2010.Whenfournewpostdoctoralresearcherpositionsarefilledthetotalwillgrowto12 staff.inthelast3yearspostgraduateenrolmenthasgonefrom0to4to8,with4students graduating.researchisfocusedongalaxyevolutionandcosmology,butalsoincludesstellar evolution,andinvolvestheory,simulationsandobservations.exploitationofmeerkat/ska dataiscentraltothenewresearchchair'splansforthefuture. Anundergraduateprogrammehasalsobeendevelopedwhichallowsstudentstoenrollfor formal courses in astronomy in their second and third years and to participate in an additional research training programme. Enrolment in the 2nd year course reached 60 in 2010 (all black students). While students are enthusiastic about continuing in astronomy, thelackofanhonoursprogrammeinastronomyatuwc,meansthatstudentsarelikelyto followthematerialsandnuclearscienceprogramme. AttheUniversityofKwaZulu Natal,theAstrophysicsandCosmologyResearchUnit(ACRU) wasestablishedin2004.inoctober2010ithad5academicstaffand3postdoctoral researchersworkinginastrophysics,relativityandcosmology,includingasarchichairin GravitatingSystems.Therearecurrently11postgraduatestudentsand6undergraduate studentsinastrophysicsandcosmologyatukzn. Research programmes in astrophysics/cosmology are also offered at the Universities of SouthAfrica,FreeState,Johannesburg,RhodesandtheWitwatersrand.Theobservational projectsareundertakenincollaborationwithscientistsatthenationalresearchfacilities. InOctober2010,therewere101PhDastronomersinSouthAfrica,distributedasshownin thetablebelow(notethat66ofthemarebasedinthewesterncape). Table2.DistributionofPhDastronomersinSouthAfricaason1October2010 Institution Number Institution Number SAAO 25 HartRAO 7 UCT 29 Wits 4 KAT 6 UKZN 6 Rhodes 1 UJ 3 UWC 8 UFS 2 UNW 7 UNISA 1 UniZul 1 Note that the numbers given above include theoretical cosmologists and particle cosmologists; they do not include people working in the closely related fields of relativity theoryorspacephysicsandwhooftenworkwithinthesameschool/department/researchgroupasastronomers. 22

23 4.3.HumanCapacityDevelopmentProgrammes 4.3.1OutreachProgrammes Outreachprogrammesdirectedatcommunities,learnersandeducatorsinhighschoolsand amongst undergraduate students at universities are vigorously pursued at all the national facilities(saao/salt,hartrao,hmo),andareprovingquiteattractivetotheparticipants. Theprogrammesincludesupervisedvisitstothenationalobservatories.Theprogrammeat eachfacilityisnotfacilityspecific,but,commendably,isinclusiveofastronomy/astrophysics andspacescience. The activities of the SAAO/SALT Collateral Benefits Programme, lead by a dedicated manager and team, is particularly impressive and provide a sound basis of a national outreachprogrammeinastronomy.theirworkleddirectlytosaaobeingaskedtohostthe IAU s Global Office of Astronomy for Development (GOAD). This, in turn, offers huge potential to South Africa to influence the global science development agenda and particularlytheuseofastronomyfordevelopmentinafrica TheNationalAstrophysicsandSpaceScienceProgramme(NASSP) The National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP) is a joint venture of researchers from around South Africa and the national facilities. It was launched in 2003 with funding from the Ford and subsequently Mellon Foundations, and is now directly fundedbythedepartmentofscienceandtechnology. NASSP is a cooperative, combined graduate programme aimed at addressing the research and technical human capacity needs of the astrophysics and space science research community.theprogrammeishostedattheuniversityofcapetownwheresouthafrican students and students from around Africa and the rest of the world study under the guidanceofsomeofsouthafrica'sleadingscientists.twoprogrammesareonoffer,which leadtothefollowingdegrees: HonoursinAstrophysicsandSpaceScience MastersinAstrophysicsandSpaceScience Lectures are given by staff in the NASSP consortium and cover most areas of modern Astronomy,AstrophysicsandCosmology,andSpacePhysics.Inadditiontolecturecourses, students take substantial practical components, which involve field trips to telescope facilities at SAAO/SALT in Cape Town and Sutherland, HartRAO, the Hermanus Magnetic Observatoryand(onoccasions)BoydenObservatoryattheUniversityoftheFreeState,or 23