Radio Astronomy module
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- Maude Kory Holland
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1 Radio Astronomy module Contact Notes: NRAO Essential radio astronomy course: See also edu/undergrad/materials/ra_tutorial.html
2 Radio Astronomy: Past and Future
3 Outline The discovery of radio emission from the sky Early instruments SKA South Africa's role in the SKA meerkat XDM KAT-7
4 Prehistory of RA Oliver Lodge and Nikolai Tesla atttempted to detect signals from the Sun Too much interference Too little sensitivity
5 The 1920's -1930's Bell Telephone initiates a shortwave transatlantic service Communications are disrupted by static Karl Jansky tasked to determine its orgin: Mostly tropical thunderstorms Steady hiss that rose and fell daily with a period of 23:56 Direction of Galactic centre strongest source Proposal for another antenna and further study rejected and he was reassigned
6 Karl Jansky
7 Jansky's 'merry-go-round' 20.5 MHz 100 ft diameter Rotated manually on a set of 4 Ford Model-T tires
8 Grote Reber (1930's) Learned about Jansky's discovery and wanted to follow up Couldn't get a job at Bell labs or observatories because of the Great Depression So he decided to study on his own
9 Grote Reber Built telescope at his own expense in his backyard 31.4 ft diameter (~9m)
10 Grote Reber Worked at night because of interference from car engines 3300 MHz, failed to detect anything 900 MHz, failed 160 MHz, successful in 1938
11 Grote Reber's recordings 1943
12 First radio map of the galaxy
13 Grote Reber (9m)
14 WWII Radar Delevopment James Hey, Bernard Lovell, Tony Hewish, Martin Ryle, More sensitivity Bigger dishes, some left over
15 Post-war boom Australia: John Bolton early interferometry using signals bounced off the ocean England: 1940s Jodrell Bank Holland: 1940s - Dwingeloo telescope USA: 1950s John Kraus develops microwave telescopes
16 Dover Heights, Sydney 1946-'54
17 Sea interferometry
18 Cygnus A with sea interferometer Interference fringes enabled calculation that angular size < 8 arcmin
19 Hole in the ground antenna
20 Sag A mapped by HITG
21 Jodrell Bank Lovell Mk1 1957
22 Parkes (64 m)
23 Effelsberg (100m)
24 Aricebo (300m)
25 GBT (110m)
26 Westerbork
27
28 The Very Large Array compact configuration
29 The Very Long Baseline Array
30 How does VLBI work?
31 ALMA
32 The Square Kilometre Array Collecting area 1km2 Use innovative technologies to keep cost down Site bid SA ( mid and higher frequency) and Australia (low frequency) Pathfinders meerkat, ASKAP, LOFAR, ATA
33 SKA key science Tests of general relativity using pulsars & black holes Evolution of galaxies, cosmology, dark matter and dark energy Probing the dark ages the first stars Cradle of life searching for life and planets The origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism Unknown serendipitous discoveries
34 History of the universe
35 SKA Reference Design >3000 km Central 5 km All-sky monitor Not to scale digital radio camera Radio camera SKA will be built out from the centre First 10% (phase 1) will have max baselines ~50 km Station
36 LOFAR < 250 MHz IT telescope Simple antennas but in full design Clusters over an area of 350 km diameter funded out to 100 km spread Correlated on BlueGene computer in Groningen
37 LOFAR science Epoch of reionisation Deep extragalactic surveys Transient sources Ultra-high energy cosmic rays Pulsars
38 LOFAR
39 Allen Telescope Array
40 Radio Astronomy in South Africa
41
42 MeerKAT Technology Low-cost dishes Wide-band feeds and receivers Digital signal processing Calibration and imaging High-performance computing Operations and logistics
43 meerkat development stages Experimental Design model (XDM) KAT-7 MeerKAT Precursor Array meerkat
44 The experimental Design Model (XDM) Primarily test of construction method 15 m az-el Fibre-glass/resin composite with flame-sprayed aluminium surface
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50 The Karoo Array Telescope aka KAT-7 meerkat
51 KAT-7 12 m dishes L band 256 MHz bw
52 KAT-7 layout
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57 KAT-7 as part of meerkat?
58 meerkat ~ 64 dishes Lowest frequency ~ 700 MHz Upper frequency? 15 Ghz in later stage? Dish size? Dish design? Base of operations (somewhere in Cape Town)
59 Photographs by: Robert Slinsby Photographs by: Robert Slinsby
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