Square Kilometer Array
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1 Square Kilometer Array YERVANT TERZIAN CORNELL UNIVERSITY <
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30 The Big Bang Space Time
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34 A rich history of discovery Many discoveries over the past 50yr Pulsars Microwave Background Cosmic Evolution Dark Matter in galaxies Quasars Jets + Superluminal motion Gravitational Radiation Aperture Synthesis Cosmic Masers Giant Molecular Clouds The Discovery of Pulsars
35 Radio provides unique information about the Universe Non-thermal processes: quasars, pulsars, jets
36 Radio provides unique information about the Universe Tracer for Cosmic Magnetic Fields
37 Fundamental Questions in Physics and Astronomy What are the basic properties of the fundamental particles and forces? Neutrinos, Magnetic Fields, Gravity, Gravitational Waves, Dark Energy What constitutes the missing mass of the Universe? Cold Dark Matter (e.g. via lensing), Dark Energy, Hot Dark Matter (neutrinos) What is the origin of the Universe and the observed structure and how did it evolve? Atomic hydrogen, epoch of reionization, magnetic fields, star-formation history How do planetary systems form and evolve? Planet Formation, Astrobiology, Radio flares from exo-planets Has life existed elsewhere in the Universe, and does it exist elsewhere now? SETI
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39 Top Priorities for a New Generation Radio Telescope Detect and image neutral hydrogen in the very early phases of the universe when the first stars and galaxies appeared epoch of re-ionisation Locate 1 billion galaxies via their neutral hydrogen signature and measure their distribution in space dark energy Origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic fields the magnetic universe Time pulsars to test description of gravity in the strong field case (pulsar-black Hole binaries), and to detect gravitational waves Planet formation image Earth-sized gaps in protoplanetary disks
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41 Key Technical Specifications collecting area of order 1 million square meters, array of ~5000 dishes each ~12 meters in diameter frequency range 100 MHz 25 GHz large instantaneous field of view 1 sq. deg. at 1.4 GHz configuration 20% of total collecting area within 1 km diameter, 50% of total collecting area within 5 km diameter, 75% of total collecting area within 150 km diameter, 100% of total collecting area within 3000 km from array core.
42 SKA Poster
43 Future Sensitivity HST VLA SKA
44 Radio provides unique information about the Universe Neutral Hydrogen
45 Was Einstein Right? Pulsars Collapsed stars with extreme physical properties Pulsars: Cosmic Lighthouses High Gravity Field xSun Most accurate clocks known 10-9 sec
46 Surveys with Parkes, Arecibo & GBT. Simulated & actual pulsars shown Yield ~ 1000 pulsars in ALFA survey
47 SKA pulsar survey 600 s per beam ~10 4 psr s
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49 The Cradle of Life Test conditions for life elsewhere in the Universe Image proto-planetary disks Search for Extraterrestial intelligence
50 Today s hot new issues are tomorrow s old issues. The excitement of the SKA will be not in the old questions it will answer but in the new questions it will raise!
51 SKA science book Science with the Square Kilometre Array, eds: C.Carilli, S.Rawlings, New Astronomy Reviews, Vol.48, Elsevier, Dec
52 China KARST Concepts Canadian aerostat US Large N Antenna designs: India, US. Australia: Luneburg Lenses and Cylinders Dutch Fixed Planar Arrays
53 The Netherlands
54 NxArecibo Karst region for array of large Arecibo-like Telescopes D > 200 m
55 LAR Prototyping Instrument Package GPS antenna Anemometer Focal Plane Array package covering GHz RF Feed design Beam forming Reflector actuators
56 Australia
57 Multiple Feeds And Beams
58 Why parabolic dishes? experience sky coverage frequency coverage Why large N? collecting area dynamic range baseline diversity snapshot mode self-calibration RFI excision U.S. Consortium Concept Synthesis Array Large N/Small D Why small D? field-of-view minimizes cost
59 Reference Design small dishes+smart feeds + aperture arrays on the innovation path + EoR array ( GHz) Inner core Station Wide-angle radio camera + radio fish-eye lens
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65 GOVERNANCE SKA was born global ; >50 institutes in 17 countries actively involved International Science Advisory Committee International Collaboration Working Group International SKA Steering Committee Executive Committee International SKA Project Office International Engineering Advisory Committee International Site Selection Advisory Committee Engineering Working Group Site Evaluation Working Group Science Working Group Simulations Working Group Outreach Committee Operations Working Group 8 task forces 2 task forces 6 task forces 1 task force
66 International SKA Steering Committee 21 members representing 11 countries 7 European (2 UK, France, Germany, 2 Netherlands, Italy) 7 United States 2 Canada 2 Australia 2 Asia (China, India) 1 South Africa (ISSC to SSEC ) Observers from Japan, Russia
67 SKA: How much will it cost? 4400 x 12 m antennas $ 660 M Receivers 170 Data transmission 40 Civil costs (central site) 65 Civil costs (outer configuration) 135 Signal processing 80 Computing hardware 80 Software development (660 man years) 50 Non-recurring engineering 60 Contingency (20%) 270 Total $1,610 M
68 Who is going to Pay for it? Plan 1 U.S. 1/3 Europe 1/3 RoW (Canada, Australia, Asia, Africa) 1/3 Plan 2: North America 40% Europe 40% RoW (including Japan) 20%
69 Number of Active Participants in SKA Committees, Working Groups and Task Forces Percentages of Active Participants in SKA Committees, Working Groups and Task Forces 3% China India South Africa Canada Australia Europe USA 33% 27% 4% 5% 8% 20% China India South Africa Canada Australia Europe USA
70 Where will the SKA be built? Northern (infrastructure) vs Southern (Galactic Center) hemisphere RFI environment Troposphere stability (high desert site) Ionospheric stability Political issues Preliminary proposals U.S., Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, China Decision - Oct (short list of acceptable sites)
71 ISSC SHORT LISTED CORE SITES SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIA
72 SKA configuration Western Australia example 200km
73 Australia
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76 Site selection Sydney: population 4 million Narrabri: population 4000 Mileura: population 4
77 South Africa + 7 countries
78 South Africa
79 RFI Measurements
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83 NATIONAL ATTRIBUTES Political and economic structure and stability Entry visas to all Ease of government interactions Import/export issues and taxes Access to foreign companies Land claims General support of science and technology Academic astronomy population Availability of engineers and technical personnel
84 1) Winner takes all POSSIBLE OUTCOMES 2) Win-Win SKA-LO in one country SKA-MID in the other country Most of the SKA in one country A mega-station in the other country Dishes in one country Aperture arrays in the other country (Some science duplications??) NOTE: Cost duplications? And issues with all Win-Win models.
85 SKA IN THREE FREQUENCY BANDS --SKA LOW 100 MHz TO 300 MHz --SKA MID 300 MHz TO 10 GHz --SKA HIGH 10 GHz TO GHz
86 US SKA CONSORTIUM FOUNDED IN 1999 To promote the future of radio astronomy in the US universities and research centers, and to coordinate the SKA activities in the US
87 US SKA Consortium Chair: Yervant Terzian (Cornell) Vice Chair: Joseph Lazio (NRL) Caltech/JPL Cornell/NAIC Harvard/Smithsonian MIT/Haystack NRAO NRL SETI Institute University of Illinois University of New Mexico University of Wisconsin UC Berkeley Virginia Tech
88 SKA timeline Reference Design selected Sites short-listed Initial SKA specs External Engineering Review of design Site Select SKA Pathfinders Complete Pathfinder science Early Science SKA mid+low SKA-mid+low Complete Concept Des n System Design Pathfinder Suite Construction EC-FP7: System design Governance PrepSKA Funding Site Seln Costed SKA low+mid designs complete Prod n Readiness & System Verif n Production Readiness Review SKA-mid+low SKA mid +low Construction & Commissioning Concept design for SKA-hi System design SKA-hi Review Hi-freq SKA Design SKA-hi Construction
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