Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation

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1 Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation Klaus W. Rose Rose Consulting & Engineering Ulrich J. Schrewe FH Hannover May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 1

2 Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation Contents EURATOM Directive 29/96 Physical Background Information ACREM Project Flight Route Dose Estimation May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 2

3 Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 3

4 Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the directive before 13th May, Each member state may/shall require certain requirements but at least has to meet with the specified items of the directive May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 4

5 Article 42 Protection of air crew Each Member State shall make arrangements for undertakings operating aircraft to take account of exposure to cosmic radiation of air crew who are liable to be subject to exposure to more than 1 msv per year. The undertakings shall take appropriate measures, in particular: May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 5

6 - to assess the exposure of the crew concerned, - to take into account the assessed exposure when organizing working schedules with a view to reducing the doses of highly exposed aircrew, - to inform the workers concerned of the health risks their work involves, - to apply Article 10 to female air crew May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 6

7 Article 10 Special protection during pregnancy and breastfeeding 1. As soon as a pregnant woman informs the undertaking,... of her condition, the protection of the child to be born shall be comparable with that provided for members of the public. => effective dose <1mSv/a May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 7

8 Article 21 Categorization of exposed workers For the purposes of monitoring, surveillance, a distinction shall be made between two categories of exposed workers: - Cat. A: >6 msv/a and <100 msv within a 5 years period and not >50 msv/single year - Cat. B: <6mSv/a - classified as exposed worker: >1mSv/a May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 8

9 Article 22 Information and training Member States shall require the undertaking to inform exposed workers, - on the health risks involved in their work - the importance of complying with techical, medical and administrative requirements May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 9

10 Article 28 Recording and reporting of results A record containing the results of the individual monitoring, shall be made for each exposed worker. The records shall retained during the working life and afterwards until the individual has or would have attained the age of 75 years, but in any case not less than 30 years from the termination of work May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 10

11 Article 31 Medical surveillance Notwithstanding the overall responsibility of the undertaking, the medical surveillance of Cat. A workers shall be the responsibility of approved medical practitioners or approved occupational health services May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 11

12 Article 31 Medical surveillance (continued) - a medical examination prior to employment or classification as Cat. A worker. - the state of health of each Cat. A worker shall be reviewed at least once a year May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 12

13 Article 31 Medical surveillance (consequencies) - A medical examination is required prior exceeding the dose limit of a Cat. B worker (6mSv/a). => grounding order May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 13

14 Article 34 Medical records A medical record shall be opened for each Cat. A worker and kept up to date so long as he remains a worker of that category. Thereafter it shall be retained until the individual has or would have attained the age of 75 years, but in any case not less than 30 years from the termination of the work May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 14

15 Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation Contents EURATOM Directive 29/96 Physical Background Information ACREM Project Flight Route Dose Estimation May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 15

16 Cosmic Radiation The Galaxies are emitters of high energy charged particles May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 16

17 Solar Influence May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 17

18 Solar Emmissions May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 18

19 Strong magnetic fields are guiding electrical charged matter in loops around the sun. Due to broken loops in greater distancies from the surface Solar Wind can escape and take along magnetic fields May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 19

20 Solar Modulation The interplanetarial magnetic field is weakening the galactical cosmic radiation. In case of light solar wind the radiation get stronger. In case of strong solar wind the intensity of radiation decreases May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 20

Temporal Variations of Solar Activity 9.-10.

21 Temporal Variations of Solar Activity May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 21

Sunspot Numbers The number of sunspots has been recorded since 1700. It is shown an approx.

22 Sunspot Numbers The number of sunspots has been recorded since It is shown an approx. 11 year lasting cycle. The amplitudes may varify cycle by cycle May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 22

23 A high number of sunspots is connected with increased solar activity : The intensity of the solar wind raises. The number of shortterm solar energy eruption increases. => solar flares May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 23

24 The Magnetic Shield At the equatorial region on earth (-30 to +30 ) the magnetical field lines are in parallel to earth s axis shielding. At polar areas (> +/- 60 ) the magnetical field lines mouth into atmosphere reinforced penetration May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 24

25 May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 25

26 Altitude Dependence The relative dose equivalent of each kind of particle is varifying with the altitude May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 26

27 Summary Effective Dose Rates by Cosmic Radiation 10 Flights at equatorial regions will result in lower doses. Flights at polar regions will result in higher doses. Dose Rate / µsv/h <N30 / <S30 >N60 / >S60 2 Solar Activity affects the strength of radiation Flight Level May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 27

28 Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation Contents EURATOM Directive 29/96 Physical Background Information ACREM Project Flight Route Dose Estimation May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 28

29 The ACREM project (Air Crew Radiation Exposure Monitoring) was a European Commission sponsored research project implemented by the Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf (ARCS) in collaboration with the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Deutsche Lufthansa AG (DLH) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 29

30 May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 30

31 Flight from New York(JFK), USA, to Frankfurt(FRA), Germany; JFK-FRA Take off: Touch doun: Total flight time: Time in cruising altitudes: Flight level (time): Mean cruising altitude: Total dose equivalent (IC + NM500X): Ionizing dose equivalent (IC): Neutron dose equivalent (NM500X): Neutron dose equivalent (NM500): Neutron dose equivalent (LB6411): :50 UTC :50 UTC 6,5 h 5,6 h 330(4,3), 370(1,3) FL(h) 339 FL 31,0 µsv 14,3 µsv 16,7 µsv 10,0 µsv 11,9 µsv May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 31

32 JFK-FRA, 04.98, Altitudes JFK-FRA, A / FL Latitude / deg geographic latitude magnetic latitude 0 0:0 0 3:0 0 6:0 0 9:0 0 t Longitude / deg May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 32

33 JFK-FRA, 04.98, Dose Equivalent Rates 5,0 dh /dt / µsv/h 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 NM 500 X NM 500 LB 6411 NE 102 IC 0,5 0,0 0:0 0 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 t May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 33

34 JFK -> FRA, APRIL H*(10), E / µsv/h 4 3 H*(10) - PTB (NMX + IC) E - LUIN 2000 H*(10) - LUIN : : : : : : : :00 Date-Time / UTC May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 34

35 FRA -> FAI, FEBRUARY H*(10), E / µsv/h 4 3 H*(10) - PTB (NMX + IC) E - LUIN 2000 H*(10) - LUIN : : : : : :00 Date-Time / UTC : : : : : May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 35

36 FRA -> VCP (FRA -> DKR), DECEMBER ,5 4 3,5 H*(10), E / µsv/h 3 2,5 2 H*(10) - PTB (NMX + IC) E - LUIN 2000 H*(10) - LUIN ,5 1 0, : : : : : : :00 Date-Time / UTC May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 36

37 SEL -> FAI, MAY H*(10), E / µsv/h H*(10) - PTB (NMX + ICa) E - LUIN 2000 H*(10) - LUIN : : : : : :00 Date-Time / UTC : : : : May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 37

38 Cosmic Radiation and Flight Operation Contents EURATOM Directive 29/96 Physical Background Information ACREM Project Flight Route Dose Estimation May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 38

LANZAROTE (ARRECIFE) --> HAMBURG (HAMBURG) 9.

39 LANZAROTE (ARRECIFE) --> HAMBURG (HAMBURG) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 39

40 LANZAROTE (ARRECIFE) --> HAMBURG (HAMBURG) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 40

41 LANZAROTE (ARRECIFE) --> HAMBURG (HAMBURG) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 41

42 Heliocentric Potential/MV Apatity Deep River (WDCCR) FAA (CARI6) sinusoidal approximation Modulation Parameter May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 42 Time

43 LANZAROTE (ARRECIFE) --> HAMBURG (HAMBURG) Dose = Fct (Solar Activity) Dose / µsv low average high Heliocentric Potential / MV May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 43

44 FRANKFURT MAIN INTL (FRANKFURT) --> MC CARRAN INTL (LAS VEGAS) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 44

45 FRANKFURT MAIN INTL (FRANKFURT) --> MC CARRAN INTL (LAS VEGAS) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 45

46 FRANKFURT MAIN INTL (FRANKFURT) --> MC CARRAN INTL (LAS VEGAS) May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 46

47 FRANKFURT MAIN INTL (FRANKFURT) --> MC CARRAN INTL (LAS VEGAS) Dose = Fct (Solar Activity) Dose / µsv low average high Heliocentric Potential / MV May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 47

48 Influence of Solar Flares Dose Rate (µsv/h) FL 350 Solar Flare Latitude May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 48

49 Rose Consulting & Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Klaus W. Rose Drosselweg 14 B Alzenau / Germany Tel (0) Fax (0) aol.com May, th EAGOSH Meeting, Frankfurt 49

Theoretical Assessment of Aircrew Exposure to Galactic Cosmic Radiation Using the FLUKA Monte Carlo Code

Theoretical Assessment of Aircrew Exposure to Galactic Cosmic Radiation Using the FLUKA Monte Carlo Code R. Ashkenazi 1, 2, J. Koch 1 and I. Orion 2 1 Radiation Safety Division, Soreq Nuclear Research