Quantum Physics and Beyond
|
|
- Stephen Sharp
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physics 120 Today Lesson 3: Dark Matter & Dark Energy, Problems with the Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation John Harris 1 Physics 120 Now posted on homepage Announcements Homework 1-2 Solutions Homework 3 Reading and Questions Quiz in two weeks Monday Feb minutes, 6 8 questions similar to those in homework Questions require short answers (no more than 2-3 sentences unless noted) Discussion session on Wednesdays (here 3:30 4:20 PM) Reminder Class grade based on: reading/homework assignments (total 20% of grade) 2 in-class quizzes (total 20% of grade) mid-term examination (20% of grade) participation in class discussion (15% of grade) a final paper (total 25% of grade) John Harris 2 1
2 Today s Class Topic Remaining from Last Class Dark Matter Dark Energy After the Big Bang: Picking up the pieces! Problems with the Big Bang Big Bang and its Epochs/Eras Inflation (quantum tunneling) & the Big Bang Gravity - the Force We Think We Know John Harris 3 Physics 120 Reading for next class 1) Echoes from the Big Bang (link) good overview although re-discovery of gravitational waves! 2) Pop Goes the Universe, Sci. Am. Feb. 2017, (link on webpage) alternative view of inflation! 3) Einstein's gravitational waves found at last, Nature News: 4) Gravitational Waves read the 3 subheadings What are gravitational waves?, Why detect them? and Sources and Types of Gravitational Waves in 5) LIGO - A Gravitational-Wave Interferometer read the 4 subheadings What is LIGO?, About LIGO, What is an interferometer?, LIGO interferometer but not the last on LIGO technology in 6) Look Deeper read only the lead page on Why gravitational waves? ook-deeper 7) LIGO Virgo announces observation of four more black-hole mergers hole-mergers/ 8) LIGO and Virgo make first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars. Discovery marks first cosmic event observed in both gravitational waves and light. Read the article (no need to view press conference video). View video Ripples of Gravity and Flashes of Light after the article. John Harris 4 2
3 Topics Remaining from Last Class John Harris 5 The Concept of Gravitational Lensing Example of how lensing by (dark) matter along the line of sight affects observations: N. Kaiser Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 6 3
4 Dark Matter Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 7 Some of Your Questions on Dark Matter Microwave light seen by WMAP from when the universe was only 380,000 years old, shows that, at the time, neutrinos made up 10% of the universe, atoms 12%, dark matter 63%, photons 15%, and dark energy was negligible. In contrast, estimates from WMAP data show the current universe consists of 4.6% percent atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and less than 1 percent neutrinos. What was the reason for the change in composition of the universe and whether we can infer from this particular properties of dark matter and dark energy? Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are a good explanation for Dark Matter, but what could they be made of? What particles or elements that existed at that time could have fused to form WIMPs? What we currently do not know about dark matter and dark energy may solely be due to a lack of appropriate technology. Interested in what dark matter actually could be, and how we could study it in laboratories (i.e., with particle accelerators). Could we clarify the definition of dark matter? It takes up more content than anything else in the universe but where is it stored? In stars and clusters? What does its presence mean? Is there a chance that we are misinterpreting dark matter and that it is indeed no different from baryonic matter (i.e., brown dwarfs)? Is there a chance that, in say 30 years, we will look back on these findings and declare them inaccurate? John Harris 8 4
5 Some of the Evidence for Dark Matter! Over many years, evidence has mounted: Baryonic matter in Universe too low! Motion of galaxies in clusters Odd rotation of spiral galaxies Stability of disk galaxies Gravitational Lensing (distortion of star-light due to unseen masses) Large-scale structure Cosmic Microwave Background fluctuation studies Visible effects through gravity! Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 9 Dark Matter! Most persuasive evidence for dark matter is Bullet Cluster a pair of galaxy clusters that collided. Collision did not affect the galaxies stars (visible image), because they present small targets on these scales. Interstellar gas clouds rammed into each another and emitted x-rays (magenta). Dark matter (blue) visible because its gravity distorted the light of background objects. It remained aligned with the stars indicating that the particles that make up dark matter are highly unreactive. Yale Physics 120 1/30/2017 John Harris 10 5
6 What is Dark Matter? Visible through gravitational effects Possible it is matter that does not emit or absorb light! It could still interact via the weak nuclear force???? Weakly Interacting Massive Particle or Super-WIMP with not even a weak interaction We do not yet know! There are active searches ongoing: Large neutrino detectors (search for its decay): Underground & outer space Direct detection (search for its interaction) Large Hadron Collider (produce and detect it) Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 11 Back to Your Questions on Dark Matter Microwave light seen by WMAP from when the universe was only 380,000 years old, shows that, at the time, neutrinos made up 10% of the universe, atoms 12%, dark matter 63%, photons 15%, and dark energy was negligible. In contrast, estimates from WMAP data show the current universe consists of 4.6% percent atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and less than 1 percent neutrinos. What was the reason for the change in composition of the universe and whether we can infer from this particular properties of dark matter and dark energy? Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are a good explanation for Dark Matter, but what could they be made of? What particles or elements that existed at that time could have fused to form WIMPs? What we currently do not know about dark matter and dark energy may solely be due to a lack of appropriate technology. Interested in what dark matter actually could be, and how we could study it in laboratories (i.e., with particle accelerators). Could we clarify the definition of dark matter? It takes up more content than anything else in the universe but where is it stored? In stars and clusters? What does its presence mean? Is there a chance that we are misinterpreting dark matter and that it is indeed no different from baryonic matter (i.e., brown dwarfs)? Is there a chance that, in say 30 years, we will look back on these findings and declare them inaccurate? John Harris 12 6
7 Dark Energy Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 13 Some of Your Questions on Dark Energy Dark energy is intriguing considering we have no real idea what it is. I would be interested to discuss it in the context of the scientific method. We do not know what to expect beyond the horizon of the universe, yet we hypothesize that dark energy composes of 72% of the universe. Is it some manifestation of energy or a property of the vacuum? When described, it seemed as if Dark Energy was only the scientific explanation given for the supposed accelerated expansion of the universe, or a property of the vacuum itself. Does the negative pressure of dark energy have a directional component, as in, is it pushing out on space, stretching space, or is it exerting some other form of influence that has caused the observed expansion of the universe? If the expansion of the universe is speeding up, then dark energy must somehow have a negative gravitational pull. What kind of matter could have negative gravitational pull? How does dark energy explain why the universe can be flat while still experiencing accelerated expansion? What properties of dark energy allow for this? I would like to know what has caused the increase in dark energy over time and how, if at all, it is created. What exactly is the cosmological constant term? It s a leading candidate for dark energy and accelerated expansion, but it was a constant Einstein dreamed up to account for a stagnant universe? John Harris 14 7
8 Evidence for Dark Energy Cosmic Micro-wave Background Large scale supernova searches Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 15 Expansion of Universe with Dark Energy Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 16 8
9 Our Future! Significance of Dark Energy? Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 17 Again we do not yet know! What is Dark Energy? Cosmological constant in Einstein s theory of gravity? A property of space - empty space is not a void! - See next slide! Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 18 9
10 Empty Space Is Not a Void! e.g. the QCD Vacuum Quantum Chromo-Dynamics Vacuum of space (at the level of quarks & gluons) Theory of the strong interaction on the scale of the size of nucleus quarks and gluons come into and out of existence Lattice QCD based dynamical vacuum visualization, Adelaide Group Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 19 Again we do not yet know! What is Dark Energy? Cosmological constant in Einstein s theory of gravity? A property of space (empty space not a void!). A fluid of energy filling all of space? Repulsive effect, opposite that of gravity! A new type of field (force!) that creates cosmic acceleration? Either Einstein s theory of gravity is not correct or incomplete a new type of force? Many extra-terrestrial studies, is there a relation between dark matter & dark energy? Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 20 10
11 Scenarios for Expansion Rate of Universe Orange curve a closed, high density universe expands for several billion years, then turns around and collapses under its own weight. Green curve flat, critical density universe expansion rate slows down curve becomes ever more horizontal. Blue curve open, low density universe expansion slowing down, less than the previous two because the pull of gravity is not as strong. Red curve large fraction of Universe is in "dark energy causes expansion rate to speed up (accelerate). Growing evidence that our universe is following the red curve. Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 21 Back to Your Questions on Dark Energy Dark energy is intriguing considering we have no real idea what it is. I would be interested to discuss it in the context of the scientific method. We do not know what to expect beyond the horizon of the universe, yet we hypothesize that dark energy composes of 72% of the universe. Is it some manifestation of energy or a property of the vacuum? When described, it seemed as if Dark Energy was only the scientific explanation given for the supposed accelerated expansion of the universe, or a property of the vacuum itself. Does the negative pressure of dark energy have a directional component, as in, is it pushing out on space, stretching space, or is it exerting some other form of influence that has caused the observed expansion of the universe? If the expansion of the universe is speeding up, then dark energy must somehow have a negative gravitational pull. What kind of matter could have negative gravitational pull? How does dark energy explain why the universe can be flat while still experiencing accelerated expansion? What properties of dark energy allow for this? I would like to know what has caused the increase in dark energy over time and how, if at all, it is created. What exactly is the cosmological constant term? It s a leading candidate for dark energy and accelerated expansion, but it was a constant Einstein dreamed up to account for a stagnant universe? John Harris 22 11
12 Gravity Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 23 Gravity - the Force We Think We Know Gravitational force equation What we can see and feel Everyday life, solar system What we can see but cannot imagine Black Holes, Pulsars, Quasars, etc. Gravity Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 24 12
13 Gravity - the Force We Think We Know Gravitational force equation What we can see and feel Everyday life, solar system What we can see but cannot imagine Gravity Pulsars etc. What we cannot see Gravitons (or gravitational waves) The Force We Want to Get to Know Better Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 25 Gravity Gravity - the Force We Think We Know Gravitational force equation What we can see and feel Everyday life, solar system What we can see but cannot imagine Pulsars etc. What we cannot see Gravitons (or gravity waves) The Force We Want to Get to Know Better A Problem with Gravity Instantaneous Action of Newtonian Gravity (film clip) Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 26 13
14 Gravity - the Force We Think We Know Gravitational force equation What we can see and feel Everyday life, solar system What we can see but cannot imagine Gravity Pulsars etc. What we cannot see Gravitons (or gravity waves) The Force We Want to Get to Know Better A Problem with Gravity Instantaneous Action of Newtonian Gravity (film clip) What is gravity? Is it a force? If not, what might it be? Yale Physics 120 1/18/2019 John Harris 27 Problems with the Big Bang Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 28 14
15 First A Few Things to Point Out Principle of Relativity Laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames Some Rules of the Game according to Trefil! Basic Rule 1 Laws of Nature are the same throughout time, and can be understood by theories tested by experiment. [counter to it s always possible to explain a fact by tailoring a theory to fit it! ] Basic Rule 2 No special conditions at the creation. John Harris 29 What Are the Problems with the Big Bang Theory Anti-Matter Problem Horizon Problem Flatness Problem Galaxy (Structure) Formation Problem John Harris 30 15
16 What Are Plausible Solutions to the Problems of the Big Bang Theory? Anti-Matter Problem Horizon Problem Flatness Problem Galaxy (Structure) Formation Problem John Harris 31 Anti-Matter Problem Anti-Matter Problem Why is matter dominant in our Universe? Anti-Matter Plausible Answer(s) from Trefil Big Bang started with an imbalance of matter over antimatter. Antimatter became segregated or -? John Harris 32 16
17 Horizon Problem Horizon Problem How can regions causally disconnected have the same temperature? Horizon Problem Plausible Answer(s) from Trefil Some process before particle era (unknown) that precludes our assumptions Universe created in thermal equilibrium John Harris 33 Galaxy Formation Problem Galaxy (Structure) Formation Problem How did the large scale structure of the Universe come about? Galaxy (Structure) Formation Problem Plausible Answer(s) from Trefil Some process (unknown as yet) that aggregated matter before atoms form. Universe created with matter clumped enough to allow galaxy formation. John Harris 34 17
18 Flatness Problem Flatness Problem Will Universe continue to expand or end in a collapse or? Flatness Problem Plausible Answer(s) from Trefil Requires deeper understanding and experimental guidance! John Harris 35 A Few Things to Discuss from the Reading Trefil states at the time of his book: There are problems that are presently unsolved, but should be solvable with our present knowledge. Horizon Problem Galaxy Problem Antimatter Problem There is a problem that requires a much deeper understanding of physics than at present. Flatness Problem John Harris 36 18
19 Thing You Should Know about the WMAP Results (review these slides from last class on your own!) Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 37 The WMAP Signal and What it Means! Transformation (into spherical harmonics) gives Details of clumpiness on different size scales John Harris 38 19
20 More on the WMAP Results John Harris 39 MAP Results Like Sound Waves in a Pipe John Harris 40 20
21 WMAP Results Acoustical Oscillations in the Early Universe John Harris 41 John Harris 42 21
22 Conclusions from WMAP Observations WMAP harmonic analysis gives info on basic parameters of Big Bang density and composition of Universe baryonic vs non-baryonic matter Non-baryonic matter properties Interactions Amount Universe today WMAP Universe is ~ flat! Mean energy density equals critical energy density = 5.9 protons / m 3 Energy/Matter breakdown to right Universe 380,000 years old John Harris 43 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Review Questions What do you think dark energy is? What characteristics would you give to dark matter? When and how in the evolution of the Universe is dark matter important? When and how in the evolution of the Universe is dark energy important? What force(s) would you expect each of them to interact with/through? How do they appear to be distributed (e.g. smooth, lumpy,..?) in the Universe? John Harris 44 22
23 Quantum Tunneling & Inflation Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 45 Tunneling A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon Particle in a potential well Seeks lowest energy state could be a vacuum state Classically will be at bottom of well Can be in higher states (excited) Quantum Mechanics Probability to be at different places Probability distribution shown Note can be outside well Origin of Tunneling Has been observed But probability extremely small John Harris 46 23
24 False Vacuum Real vacuum state in early Universe? Energy minimum False vacuum state? Local minimum Tunneling From false to real vacuum state Quantum probability John Harris 47 Symmetry Breaking John Harris 48 24
25 Inflation A Few Things to Discuss & Know from the Reading Trefil s use of the Higgs Field, it should be read as Inflaton Field Not the Higgs as we now know it Similar properties creates mass in the Universe (more later when we study the Higgs that has been discovered at CERN!) Energy tied up in the Higgs Field meaning Inflaton Field Inflationary Universe Radius of curvature expands exponentially Inflationary Universe doubles size 70 times in seconds: 270 size expansion No inflation doubles size 8 times in seconds: 23 size expansion Most of the mass of the Universe is created after tunneling out of the False Vacuum! John Harris 49 Inflation John Harris 50 25
26 Cartoon Cosmic Inflation Explained (Read outside of class!) ons-cosmic-inflation-explained Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 51 John Harris 52 26
27 John Harris 53 John Harris 54 27
28 John Harris 55 Epochs of the Big Bang Yale Physics 120 1/22/2018 John Harris 56 28
29 Things to Know About the Big Bang & its Epochs/Eras Time Temperature s Planck Time Which Force(s) Freeze? GUT Era s Freezes s Freeze Quark Era Electroweak Era Which particles? 10-5 s 3 minutes 380,000 yrs Freeze Particle Era Form Form John Harris 57 Things to Know About the Big Bang & its Epochs/Eras Time Temperature s s s 10-5 s 3 minutes 380,000 yrs Quarks freeze into particles Particle Era particles Nuclei form Atoms form Weak & EM Forces Freeze Quark Era GUT Era X particles, (fermions, bosons) Strong & EW Forces Freeze Electroweak Era Quarks, leptons, photons Vector bosons Planck Time John Harris 58 29
Quantum Physics and Beyond
Physics 120 Today Lesson 3: Problems with the Big Bang Cosmic Inflation Yale Physics 120 1/29/2018 John Harris 1 Physics 120 Now posted on homepage Announcements Homework 1-2 Solutions Homework 3 Reading
More informationQuantum Physics and Beyond
Physics 120 John Harris 1 Physics 120 Announcements / Issues Quiz next week at beginning of class Covers everything up through last week s class (see next 2 slides), through Reading assignments including
More informationChapter 22: Cosmology - Back to the Beginning of Time
Chapter 22: Cosmology - Back to the Beginning of Time Expansion of Universe implies dense, hot start: Big Bang Future of universe depends on the total amount of dark and normal matter Amount of matter
More informationChapter 22 Back to the Beginning of Time
Chapter 22 Back to the Beginning of Time Expansion of Universe implies dense, hot start: Big Bang Back to the Big Bang The early Universe was both dense and hot. Equivalent mass density of radiation (E=mc
More informationThe Contents of the Universe (or/ what do we mean by dark matter and dark energy?)
The Contents of the Universe (or/ what do we mean by dark matter and dark energy?) Unseen Influences Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no light but whose existence we infer from
More informationLab Monday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lab Tuesday optional: review for Quiz 3.
Announcements SEIs! Quiz 3 Friday. Lab Monday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lab Tuesday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lecture today, Wednesday, next Monday. Final Labs Monday & Tuesday next week. Quiz 3
More informationCosmology and particle physics
Fedora GNU/Linux; LATEX 2ɛ; xfig Cosmology and particle physics Mark Alford Washington University Saint Louis, USA Outline I Particle physics: What the universe is made of. quarks, leptons, and the forces
More informationLecture 24: Cosmology: The First Three Minutes. Astronomy 111 Monday November 27, 2017
Lecture 24: Cosmology: The First Three Minutes Astronomy 111 Monday November 27, 2017 Reminders Last star party of the semester tomorrow night! Online homework #11 due Monday at 3pm The first three minutes
More informationChapter 27 The Early Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 27 The Early Universe Units of Chapter 27 27.1 Back to the Big Bang 27.2 The Evolution of the Universe More on Fundamental Forces 27.3 The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms 27.4 The Inflationary Universe
More informationAstro-2: History of the Universe
Astro-2: History of the Universe Lecture 11; May 21 2013 Previously on astro-2 In an expanding universe the relationship between redshift and distance depends on the cosmological parameters (i.e. the geometry
More information3. It is expanding: the galaxies are moving apart, accelerating slightly The mystery of Dark Energy
II. Cosmology: How the universe developed Outstanding features of the universe today: 1. It is big, and full of galaxies. 2. It has structure: the galaxies are clumped in filaments and sheets The structure
More informationIt is possible for a couple of elliptical galaxies to collide and become a spiral and for two spiral galaxies to collide and form an elliptical.
7/16 Ellipticals: 1. Very little gas and dust an no star formation. 2. Composed of old stars. 3. Masses range from hundreds of thousands to 10's of trillions of solar masses. 4. Sizes range from 3000 ly
More information2. The evolution and structure of the universe is governed by General Relativity (GR).
7/11 Chapter 12 Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the universe. We start with two assumptions: 1. Cosmological Principle: On a large enough scale (large compared
More informationAstr 2320 Thurs. May 7, 2015 Today s Topics Chapter 24: New Cosmology Problems with the Standard Model Cosmic Nucleosynthesis Particle Physics Cosmic
Astr 2320 Thurs. May 7, 2015 Today s Topics Chapter 24: New Cosmology Problems with the Standard Model Cosmic Nucleosynthesis Particle Physics Cosmic Inflation Galaxy Formation 1 Chapter 24: #3 Chapter
More informationLecture #25: Plan. Cosmology. The early Universe (cont d) The fate of our Universe The Great Unanswered Questions
Lecture #25: Plan Cosmology The early Universe (cont d) The fate of our Universe The Great Unanswered Questions Announcements Course evaluations: CourseEvalUM.umd.edu Review sheet #3 was emailed to you
More informationAn Introduction to Particle Physics
An Introduction to Particle Physics The Universe started with a Big Bang The Universe started with a Big Bang What is our Universe made of? Particle physics aims to understand Elementary (fundamental)
More informationChapter 29 Lecture. Particle Physics. Prepared by Dedra Demaree, Georgetown University Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 29 Lecture Particle Physics Prepared by Dedra Demaree, Georgetown University Particle Physics What is antimatter? What are the fundamental particles and interactions in nature? What was the Big
More informationCosmic Background Radiation
Cosmic Background Radiation The Big Bang generated photons, which scattered frequently in the very early Universe, which was opaque. Once recombination happened the photons are scattered one final time
More informationIntroduction to Cosmology
Introduction to Cosmology Subir Sarkar CERN Summer training Programme, 22-28 July 2008 Seeing the edge of the Universe: From speculation to science Constructing the Universe: The history of the Universe:
More informationRelative Sizes of Stars. Today Exam#3 Review. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. Blackbody Radiation
Today Exam#3 Review Exam #3 is Thursday April 4th in this room, BPS 40; Extra credit is due 8:00 am Tuesday April 9 Final Exam is 3:00pm Monday April 8 in BPS 40 The exam is 40 multiple choice questions.
More informationMoment of beginning of space-time about 13.7 billion years ago. The time at which all the material and energy in the expanding Universe was coincident
Big Bang Moment of beginning of space-time about 13.7 billion years ago The time at which all the material and energy in the expanding Universe was coincident Only moment in the history of the Universe
More informationKatsushi Arisaka University of California, Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy
11/14/12 Katsushi Arisaka 1 Katsushi Arisaka University of California, Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy arisaka@physics.ucla.edu Seven Phases of Cosmic Evolution 11/14/12 Katsushi Arisaka
More informationOther Galaxy Types. Active Galaxies. A diagram of an active galaxy, showing the primary components. Active Galaxies
Other Galaxy Types Active Galaxies Active Galaxies Seyfert galaxies Radio galaxies Quasars Origin??? Different in appearance Produce huge amount of energy Similar mechanism a Galactic mass black hole at
More informationAnnouncements. Homework. Set 8now open. due late at night Friday, Dec 10 (3AM Saturday Nov. 11) Set 7 answers on course web site.
Homework. Set 8now. due late at night Friday, Dec 10 (3AM Saturday Nov. 11) Set 7 answers on course web site. Review for Final. In class on Thursday. Course Evaluation. https://rateyourclass.msu.edu /
More informationA100H Exploring the Universe: Big Bang Theory. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100H Exploring the : Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 21, 2016 Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 1 Early Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Emphasizes
More informationString Theory to the Rescue Proof of String Theory & Extra Dimensions?
String Theory to the Rescue Proof of String Theory & Extra Dimensions? EVERY POINT IN THE UNIVERSE IS NO MORE THAN ONE BLOCK FROM A STARBUCKS! Yale Physics 120 4/23/2018 Quantum Physics and Beyond John
More informationFURTHER COSMOLOGY Book page T H E M A K E U P O F T H E U N I V E R S E
FURTHER COSMOLOGY Book page 675-683 T H E M A K E U P O F T H E U N I V E R S E COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE Is the Universe isotropic or homogeneous? There is no place in the Universe that would be considered
More informationCosmology. An Analogy 11/28/2010. Cosmology Study of the origin, evolution and future of the Universe
Cosmology Cosmology Study of the origin, evolution and future of the Universe Obler s Paradox If the Universe is infinite why is the sky dark at night? Newtonian Universe The Universe is infinite and unchanging
More informationI V E R S U N. The Hot Big Bang I T Y T H E O F E. Andrew Liddle R G. Image: NASA/WMAP Science Team
The Hot Big Bang Andrew Liddle T H E O F E U N D I I V E R S N U B R G I T Y H Image: NASA/WMAP Science Team The Standard Model The discovery of the Higgs particle completes the Standard Model of Particle
More informationDark Matter / Dark Energy
Dark Matter / Dark Energy 2 different things! The first hints of Dark Matter arose with observations of large motions in clusters of galaxies in the 1930 s. The case became compelling in the 1970 s with
More informationDark Energy vs. Dark Matter: Towards a unifying scalar field?
Dark Energy vs. Dark Matter: Towards a unifying scalar field? Alexandre ARBEY Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, March 2nd, 2007. Introduction The Dark Stuff
More informationParticles, Energy, and Our Mysterious Universe
Particles, Energy, and Our Mysterious Universe 1 The End of Physics "The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established
More informationChapter 27: The Early Universe
Chapter 27: The Early Universe The plan: 1. A brief survey of the entire history of the big bang universe. 2. A more detailed discussion of each phase, or epoch, from the Planck era through particle production,
More informationHomework 6 Name: Due Date: June 9, 2008
Homework 6 Name: Due Date: June 9, 2008 1. Where in the universe does the general expansion occur? A) everywhere in the universe, including our local space upon Earth, the solar system, our galaxy and
More informationi>clicker Quiz #14 Which of the following statements is TRUE?
i>clicker Quiz #14 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Hubble s discovery that most distant galaxies are receding from us tells us that we are at the center of the Universe B. The Universe started
More informationAnnouncement. Station #2 Stars. The Laws of Physics for Elementary Particles. Lecture 9 Basic Physics
Announcement Pick up your quiz after this lecture as you leave the lecture hall. Homework#2 due on Thursday No hand-written homework! Please staple them! Put it in the box before the lecture begins! Station
More informationPlanetarium/Observing: the clock is ticking! Don t forget to fill out your Planetarium/ Observing impression online.
Announcements HW #5 Due Wed, Dec. 10th. Planetarium/Observing: the clock is ticking! Don t forget to fill out your Planetarium/ Observing impression online. NOTE: Planetarium: Large dome you sit inside.
More informationAstronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe
Astronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe Prof. Josh Frieman Lecture 12 Nov. 18, 2015 Today Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Neutrinos Particle Physics & the Early Universe Standard Model of Particle
More informationThe Expanding Universe
Cosmology Expanding Universe History of the Universe Cosmic Background Radiation The Cosmological Principle Cosmology and General Relativity Dark Matter and Dark Energy Primitive Cosmology If the universe
More informationLecture 12 Cosmology III. Inflation The beginning?
Lecture 12 Cosmology III Inflation The beginning? Unsolved issues in the standard model Horizon problem: Why is the CMB so smooth? The flatness problem: Why is Ω~1? Why is the universe flat? The structure
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe Big Bang Theory and the Early Universe. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe and the Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100-mdw@courses.umass.edu December 02, 2014 Read: Chap 23 12/04/14 slide 1 Assignment on Chaps 22 23, at the end of next week,
More informationPhysics 120b Quantum Physics and Beyond Spring 2019
Physics 120b Quantum Physics and Beyond Spring 2019 Course Homepage see course info on Canvas until class starts or go directly to the course homepage at http://star.physics.yale.edu/~harris/physics_120/
More informationOne of elements driving cosmological evolution is the presence of radiation (photons) Early universe
The Frontier Matter and Antimatter One of elements driving cosmological evolution is the presence of radiation (photons) Early universe Matter and antimatter But we live in universe full of matter -- where
More informationToday. Last homework Due next time FINAL EXAM: 8:00 AM TUE Dec. 14 Course Evaluations Open. Modern Cosmology. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
Today Modern Cosmology Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Dark Matter Dark Energy Last homework Due next time FINAL EXAM: 8:00 AM TUE Dec. 14 Course Evaluations Open Elements of Modern Cosmology 1.Expanding Universe
More informationFundamental Particles
Fundamental Particles Standard Model of Particle Physics There are three different kinds of particles. Leptons - there are charged leptons (e -, μ -, τ - ) and uncharged leptons (νe, νμ, ντ) and their
More informationOUSSEP Final Week. If we run out of time you can look at uploaded slides Pearson Education, Inc.
OUSSEP Final Week Last week hopefully read Holiday-Week 23rd November Lecture notes Hand in your Hubble Deep Field Reports today! (If not today then in my mail box @ International College.) Today we will
More informationInflationary Universe and. Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation
Inflationary Universe and Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation Survey questions 1. The iclickers used in class encouraged
More informationSurvey questions. Inflationary Universe and. Survey Questions. Survey questions. Survey questions
Inflationary Universe and Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation Survey questions 1. The iclickers used in class encouraged
More informationThe ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider HEP101-2 January 28, 2013 Al Goshaw 1 HEP 101-2 plan Jan. 14: Introduction to CERN and ATLAS DONE Today: 1. Comments on grant opportunities 2. Overview
More informationRapid Inflation of the Early Universe. 27. Exploring the Early Universe. The Isotropy Problem. Possible Causes of Cosmic Inflation
27. Exploring the Early Universe Rapid inflation of the early Universe Mass & energy formed during inflation Most matter & antimatter annihilated each other Neutrinos & helium are primordial fireball relics
More informationMass (Energy) in the Universe:
Mass (Energy) in the Universe: smooth (vacuum) clumping Parameters of our Universe present values H = (71±4)km/s/Mpc = 1.0±0.0 m = 0.7±0.0 incl. b = 0.044±0.004 and < 0.014 photons r = 4.9-5 dark energy
More information2) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would you find red giant stars? A) upper right B) lower right C) upper left D) lower left
Multiple choice test questions 2, Winter Semester 2015. Based on parts covered after mid term. Essentially on Ch. 12-2.3,13.1-3,14,16.1-2,17,18.1-2,4,19.5. You may use a calculator and the useful formulae
More informationA first trip to the world of particle physics
A first trip to the world of particle physics Itinerary Massimo Passera Padova - 13/03/2013 1 Massimo Passera Padova - 13/03/2013 2 The 4 fundamental interactions! Electromagnetic! Weak! Strong! Gravitational
More informationChapter 23 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Curvature of the Universe The Density Parameter of the Universe Ω 0 is defined as the ratio
More informationLecture 36: The First Three Minutes Readings: Sections 29-1, 29-2, and 29-4 (29-3)
Lecture 36: The First Three Minutes Readings: Sections 29-1, 29-2, and 29-4 (29-3) Key Ideas Physics of the Early Universe Informed by experimental & theoretical physics Later stages confirmed by observations
More informationLecture 25: Cosmology: The end of the Universe, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy. Astronomy 111 Wednesday November 29, 2017
Lecture 25: Cosmology: The end of the Universe, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy Astronomy 111 Wednesday November 29, 2017 Reminders Online homework #11 due Monday at 3pm One more lecture after today Monday
More information32 IONIZING RADIATION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
32 IONIZING RADIATION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation γ-rays (high-energy photons) can penetrate almost anything, but do comparatively little damage.
More informationThe Beginning of the Universe 8/11/09. Astronomy 101
The Beginning of the Universe 8/11/09 Astronomy 101 Astronomy Picture of the Day Astronomy 101 Outline for Today Astronomy Picture of the Day Return Lab 11 Astro News Q&A Session Dark Energy Cosmic Microwave
More informationJohn Ellison University of California, Riverside. Quarknet 2008 at UCR
Overview of Particle Physics John Ellison University of California, Riverside Quarknet 2008 at UCR 1 Particle Physics What is it? Study of the elementary constituents of matter And the fundamental forces
More informationTHE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES
THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES WHAT IS COSMOGONY? Cosmogony (or cosmogeny) is any model explaining the origin of the universe. Cosmogony = Coming into existence WHAT IS COSMOLOGY Cosmology
More informationTuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm. Astronomy 100. Tom Burbine
Astronomy 100 Tuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm Tom Burbine tburbine@mtholyoke.edu www.xanga.com/astronomy100 Schedule Today (end and beginning of the universe) May 3 (Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Universe)
More informationThe Big Bang Theory, General Timeline. The Planck Era. (Big Bang To 10^-35 Seconds) Inflationary Model Added. (10^-35 to 10^-33 Of A Second)
The Big Bang Theory, General Timeline The Planck Era. (Big Bang To 10^-35 Seconds) The time from the exact moment of the Big Bang until 10^-35 of a second later is referred to as the Planck Era. While
More informationThe first one second of the early universe and physics beyond the Standard Model
The first one second of the early universe and physics beyond the Standard Model Koichi Hamaguchi (University of Tokyo) @ Colloquium at Yonsei University, November 9th, 2016. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch
More informationWhat is the 'cosmological principle'?
What is the 'cosmological principle'? Modern cosmology always starts from this basic assumption the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. This idea seems strange there's empty space between me and the
More informationCosmology. Big Bang and Inflation
Cosmology Big Bang and Inflation What is the Universe? Everything we can know about is part of the universe. Everything we do know about is part of the universe. Everything! The Universe is expanding If
More informationRocky Kolb Fermilab & University of Chicago. July 27, 2001 LP01 Rome
Rocky Kolb Fermilab & University of Chicago July 27, 2001 LP01 Rome A view of the universe, circa 1901 A.D. Kapteyn Universe 1) Composition: Starz in the hood 2) Arrangement: 6,500 light years Solar system
More informationThe first 400,000 years
The first 400,000 years All about the Big Bang Temperature Chronology of the Big Bang The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) The VERY early universe Our Evolving Universe 1 Temperature and the Big Bang
More informationAstronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006
Astronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006 Information Makeup quiz Wednesday, May 31, 5-6PM, Planetarium Review Session, Monday, June 5 6PM, Planetarium Cosmology Study of the universe
More informationToday. The nature of the Universe - Beyond the Standard Model
Today The nature of the Universe - Beyond the Standard Model Dark Matter and Dark Energy String Theory and the quest to unify gravity and quantum theory Begin watching PBS NOVA special The Elegant Universe
More informationToday. The goals of science. The nature of the Universe - Beyond the Standard Model
Today The nature of the Universe - Beyond the Standard Model Dark Matter and Dark Energy String Theory and the quest to unify gravity and quantum theory Begin watching PBS NOVA special The Elegant Universe
More informationBig Bang Planck Era. This theory: cosmological model of the universe that is best supported by several aspects of scientific evidence and observation
Big Bang Planck Era Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/bigbang.html Source: http://www.odec.ca/index.htm This theory: cosmological model of the universe that is best supported by several aspects of scientific
More informationChapter 23 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Curvature of the Universe The Density Parameter of the Universe Ω 0 is defined as the ratio
More informationREALIZING EINSTEIN S DREAM. Exploring Our Mysterious Universe
REALIZING EINSTEIN S DREAM Exploring Our Mysterious Universe Mysteries of the Universe Quarks Leptons Higgs Bosons Supersymmetric Particles SuperString Theory Dark Matter Dark Energy and the cosmological
More informationChapter 23: Dark Matter, Dark Energy & Future of the Universe. Galactic rotation curves
Chapter 23: Dark Matter, Dark Energy & Future of the Universe Galactic rotation curves Orbital speed as a function of distance from the center: rotation_of_spiral_galaxy.htm Use Kepler s Third Law to get
More informationPhysics 133: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology. Week 8
Physics 133: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology Week 8 Outline for Week 8 Primordial Nucleosynthesis Successes of the standard Big Bang model Olbers paradox/age of the Universe Hubble s law CMB Chemical/Physical
More informationChapter 22 Reading Quiz Clickers. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Birth of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Reading Quiz Clickers The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Birth of the Universe 22.1 The Big Bang Theory What were conditions like in the early universe? How did the early universe change with time?
More informationASTR 1120 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies. OUR Universe: Accelerating Universe
ASTR 1120 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies FINAL: Saturday, Dec 12th, 7:30pm, HERE ALTERNATE FINAL: Monday, Dec 7th, 5:30pm in Muenzinger E131 Last OBSERVING session, Tue, Dec.8th, 7pm Please check
More informationExam #3. Final Exam. Exam 3 review. How do we measure properties of a star? A detailed outline of study topics is here:
Exam #3 Exam #3 is Thursday 4/9 in this room You can bring page of notes (front and back) Bring your calculator and a # pencil Exam 3 covers material from 4/1 onward (only 8 lectures) Consequently, no
More informationFinish up our overview of small and large
Finish up our overview of small and large Lecture 5 Limits of our knowledge Clicker practice quiz Some terminology... "Elementary particles" = objects that make up atoms (n,p,e) or are produced when atoms
More informationASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies
ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ANNOUNCEMENTS FINAL EXAM: THURSDAY, May 14 th, 11:15am Last Astronomy public talk, May 8 th (up to 3% Extra class credit (see Blackboard announcement for details)
More informationCOSMOLOGY AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES. Chiara Caprini (APC)
COSMOLOGY AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES Chiara Caprini (APC) the direct detection of GW by the LIGO interferometers has opened a new era in Astronomy - we now have a new messenger bringing complementary informations
More informationDark Matter and Energy
Dark Matter and Energy The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
More informationProject Paper May 13, A Selection of Dark Matter Candidates
A688R Holly Sheets Project Paper May 13, 2008 A Selection of Dark Matter Candidates Dark matter was first introduced as a solution to the unexpected shape of our galactic rotation curve; instead of showing
More informationThe Big Bang The Beginning of Time
The Big Bang The Beginning of Time What were conditions like in the early universe? The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense Photons converted into particle-antiparticle pairs and vice-versa
More informationD.V. Fursaev JINR, Dubna. Mysteries of. the Universe. Problems of the Modern Cosmology
Mysteries of D.V. Fursaev JINR, Dubna the Universe Problems of the Modern Cosmology plan of the lecture facts about our Universe mathematical model, Friedman universe consequences, the Big Bang recent
More informationThe Millennium Simulation: cosmic evolution in a supercomputer. Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
The Millennium Simulation: cosmic evolution in a supercomputer Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics The COBE satellite (1989-1993) Two instruments made maps of the whole sky in microwaves
More informationStructures in the early Universe. Particle Astrophysics chapter 8 Lecture 4
Structures in the early Universe Particle Astrophysics chapter 8 Lecture 4 overview Part 1: problems in Standard Model of Cosmology: horizon and flatness problems presence of structures Part : Need for
More informationAstronomy 122 Final Exam
Astronomy 122 Final Exam This Class (Lecture 28): The Beginning is the End. HW11 due Wednesday In this classroom, May 6 th from 1:30-4:30pm Multiple choice 70 questions. Can bring one sheet of notes Can
More informationLecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014
1 Lecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014 2 Structure of the Universe Does clustering of galaxies go on forever? Looked at very narrow regions of space to far distances. On large scales the
More informationChapter 17 Cosmology
Chapter 17 Cosmology Over one thousand galaxies visible The Universe on the Largest Scales No evidence of structure on a scale larger than 200 Mpc On very large scales, the universe appears to be: Homogenous
More informationEarlier in time, all the matter must have been squeezed more tightly together and a lot hotter AT R=0 have the Big Bang
Re-cap from last lecture Discovery of the CMB- logic From Hubble s observations, we know the Universe is expanding This can be understood theoretically in terms of solutions of GR equations Earlier in
More informationAstro-2: History of the Universe. Lecture 5; April
Astro-2: History of the Universe Lecture 5; April 23 2013 Previously.. On Astro-2 Galaxies do not live in isolation but in larger structures, called groups, clusters, or superclusters This is called the
More informationA100H Exploring the Universe: Quasars, Dark Matter, Dark Energy. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100H Exploring the :, Dark Matter, Dark Energy Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 19, 2016 Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 1 BH in Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at
More informationThe Mystery of Dark Matter
The Mystery of Dark Matter Maxim Perelstein, LEPP/Cornell U. CIPT Fall Workshop, Ithaca NY, September 28 2013 Introduction Last Fall workshop focused on physics of the very small - elementary particles
More informationAs a member of the Notre Dame community, I will not participate in, or tolerate, academic dishonesty.
Elementary Cosmology... Fall 2012 Final Exam... December 13, 2012... 10:30am-12:30pm Name: NetID: As a member of the Notre Dame community, I will not participate in, or tolerate, academic dishonesty. Please
More informationChapter 22 What do we mean by dark matter and dark energy?
Chapter 22 What do we mean by dark matter and dark energy? Unseen Influences Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no light, but whose existence we infer from its gravitational influence
More informationChapter 23 The Beginning of Time. Agenda. Presentation Tips. What were conditions like in the early universe? 23.1 The Big Bang.
Chapter 23 The Beginning of Time Agenda Announce: Observation April 19 Thursday 8pm APS Meeting April 17 no class (instead Fate of the Universe tutorial Presentation Tips Ch. 23 Presentation Tips Limit
More informationDark Matter in Particle Physics
High Energy Theory Group, Northwestern University July, 2006 Outline Framework - General Relativity and Particle Physics Observed Universe and Inference Dark Energy, (DM) DM DM Direct Detection DM at Colliders
More informationASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies
ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ANNOUNCEMENTS MIDTERM III: Tuesday, Nov 24 th Midterm alternate day: Fri, Nov 20th, 11am, ESS 450 At LAST: In the very Beginning BIG BANG: beginning of Time
More informationDark Matter & Dark Energy. Astronomy 1101
Dark Matter & Dark Energy Astronomy 1101 Key Ideas: Dark Matter Matter we cannot see directly with light Detected only by its gravity (possible future direct detection in the lab) Most of the matter in
More information