Cosmology. Big Bang and Inflation

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1 Cosmology Big Bang and Inflation

2 What is the Universe? Everything we can know about is part of the universe. Everything we do know about is part of the universe. Everything!

3 The Universe is expanding If the universe is expanding, it must have been smaller in the past. If it was smaller in the past, then there must have been a beginning for the universe. Working backwards, what would the universe be like at the beginning? Hot, dense, tiny

4 The Big Bang marks the time when the Universe began In the 1940s, based on Hubble s Law, George Gamow proposed that the universe began in a colossal explosion. In the 1950s, the term Big Bang was coined by an unconvinced Sir Fred Hoyle The Big Bang is the event that marks the time when the universe began.

5 The Big Bang is the event that marks the time when the universe began the beginning of the expansion All of the universe as we know it now was once a single point like location of infinite temperature and energy but was NOT composed of any matter

6 Planck Era Time: < s Temp: > K No theory of quantum gravity All forces may have been unified

7 GUT Era Time: s Temp: K GUT era began when gravity became distinct from other forces. GUT era ended when strong force became distinct from electroweak force.

8 Electroweak Era Time: s Temp: K Gravity became distinct from other forces. Strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces may have been unified into GUT force.

9 Particle Era Time: s Temp: K Amounts of matter and antimatter are nearly equal. (Roughly one extra proton for every 10 9 proton antiproton pairs!)

10 Era of Nucleosynthesis Time: s 5 min Temp: K Began when matter annihilates remaining antimatter at ~ s. Nuclei began to fuse.

11 Era of Nuclei Time: 5 min 380,000 yrs Temp: K Helium nuclei formed at age ~3 minutes. The universe became too cool to blast helium apart.

12 Era of Atoms Time: 380,000 years 1 billion years Temp: K Atoms formed at age ~380,000 years. Background radiation is released.

13 Era of Galaxies Time: ~1 billion years present Temp: 20 3 K The first stars and galaxies formed by ~1 billion years after the Big Bang.

14 Primary Evidence for the Big Bang 1. We have detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. 2. The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements in the universe.

15 The cosmic microwave background the radiation left over from the Big Bang was detected by Penzias and Wilson in 1965.

16 Background radiation from the Big Bang has been freely streaming across the universe since atoms formed at temperature ~3000 K: visible /IR.

17 Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum at temperature 2.73 K. Expansion of the universe has redshifted thermal radiation from that time to ~1000 times longer wavelength: microwaves.

18 WMAP gives us detailed baby pictures of structure in the universe.

19 Abundances of elements give clues as well Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when the universe was ~5 minutes old.

20 Big Bang theory prediction: 75% H, 25% He (by mass) Matches observations of nearly primordial gases

21 Abundances of other light elements agree with Big Bang model having 4.4% normal matter more evidence for WIMPS!

22 Which of these abundance patterns is an unrealistic chemical composition for a star? A. 70% H, 28% He, 2% other B. 95% H, 5% He, less than 0.02% other C. 75% H, 25% He, less than 0.02% other D. 72% H, 27% He, 1% other

23 Mysteries Needing Explanation 1. Where does structure come from? 2. Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3. Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density? An early episode of rapid inflation can solve all three mysteries!

24 Inflation can make structure by stretching tiny quantum ripples to enormous sizes. These ripples in density then become the seeds for all structure in the universe.

25 Patterns of structure observed by WMAP show us the seeds of the universe.

26 Observed patterns of structure in the universe agree (so far) with the seeds that inflation would produce.

27 Seeds Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.6% of total Total matter is ~28% of total Dark matter is ~23% of total Dark energy is ~72% of total Age of 13.7 billion years

28 Seeds Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.6% of total Total matter is ~28% of total Dark matter is ~23% of total Dark energy is ~72% of total Age of 13.7 billion years In excellent agreement with observations of present-day universe and models involving inflation and WIMPs!

29 Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?

30 Olbers Paradox If the universe were 1. infinite 2. unchanging 3. everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky.

31 The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.

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