The quantification of shading for the built environment in South Africa
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- Percival Hodges
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1 Contents The quantification of shading for the built environment in South Africa 25 October 2018 Dr. Dirk Conradie
2 Presentation Content Aim of research Climate maps Passive design Solar movement Solar protection Toolkit Conclusions Alexander Forbes building, 115 West Street, Sandton (Johannesburg) CSIR 2015 Slide 2
3 Photographs: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
4 76.5% 82.2% 64.6% 75.9% 79.8% 55.1% 70.4% 75.4% 84.1% 80.9% 78.9%
5 Heating Degree Days and Cooling Degree Days 5 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
6 Shading Line 1 Bioclimatic design approaches (Watson & Labs) Comfort zone Heating C 9.72 C Aim, Climate Maps, Passive Design, Solar Movement, Solar Protection, Toolkit, Conclusions Natural ventilation C C C 8 7 6A 6B 15 Humidification 9 11 Dehumidification C B 5 mm Hg 14A 17 mm Hg C (dry bulb) temperature 23.8 C dry bulb, Wh/m² Global Horizontal Radiation C Promote evaporative cooling Victor Olgyay ( ) Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism Aw Identification of climate control strategies on the Building Bioclimatic Chart (adapted after Givoni) BIOCLIMATIC NEEDS ANALYSIS Heating (< C) 1-5 Cooling (> ET*) 9-17 Comfort (19.72 C C ET*, 5 mm Hg 80% RH) 7 Dehumidification (> 17 mm Hg or 80% RH) 8-9, Humidification (< 5 mm Hg) 6A, 6B (14) STRATEGIES OF CLIMATE CONTROL Restrict conduction 1-5; 9-11, Restrict infiltration 1-5; Promote solar gain 1-5 Restrict solar gain 6-17 Promote ventilation 9-11 Promote evaporative cooling 6B, 11, 13, 14A, 14B Promote radiant cooling Mechanical cooling 17 Mechanical cooling and dehumidification 15-16
7 Shading Line Aim, Climate Maps, Passive Design, Solar Movement, Solar Protection, Toolkit, Conclusions Bioclimatic design approaches (Climate Consultant) C dry bulb, Wh/m² Global Horizontal Radiation
8 8 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
9 Direct incident solar gain per surface The values in column U is for unprotected surfaces and in column P for correctly engineered protected surfaces 9 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
10 Annual and Diurnal Solar movement Vernal and Autumnal equinox (23 September and 21 March) Winter Solstice (21 June) N Solar noon 0 γ 45 Summer Solstice (21 December) α α = azimuth clockwise from 0 (north) 90 γ = elevation (or altitude) in degrees above horizon. E Sunrise Sunset W S 10 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR 225 Horizon
11 Calculate solstices and equinoxes (vertical plane at noon) Summer Solstice Vernal/ Autumnal (21 December) Equinoxes (23 September/ 21 March) Zenith Drawing not to scale Winter Solstice (21 June) South Celestial Pole Recommended angle for solar water heaters and PV cells North (90 - ) Latitude ( ) South 11 Nadir True Obliquity (ε) = 23 26' " = Convert degrees, minutes seconds to decimal degrees: / /3600 = Convert decimal degrees to degrees, minutes, seconds: = [.438 x 60] [.28 x 60] = Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
12 Types of solar shading Types of solar shading Fixed Moveable (manual/ automatic) Other types External Intermediate Internal 12 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
13 Types of solar shading 13 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
14 Aim of lecture, South African Climate, Climate Maps, Passive Design, Bioclimatic Design, Sun, Case Studies, Conclusions Geometry of shading devices (Pretoria Forum) 14 Shading angles for a northern wall at latitude of S at Pretoria Forum Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
15 Methodology 1) Generated typical meteorological weather files by means of Meteonorm for current climate and for an A2 climate change scenario by year ) Developed a software parser to read weather files (8 760 records, 18 essential fields) 3) Calculated solar azimuth and elevation angles for each of the hours and merged with weather file data (Large number of formulas based on NOAA and Jean Meeus algorithms) 4) The initial dataset was interpolated to a set of points (15 minute intervals) to produce a smooth set. 5) Algorithms were developed to calculate a recommended elevation and set of azimuth angles. (Used K-means clustering and Harmonic means to achieve this) 15
16 K-Means Clustering and Harmonic Mean 16 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
17 Structure of solar chart Summer Solstice Equinoxes Analemma shapes (15 min intervals) 17 Winter Solstice Cold (Blue): Drybulb temperature <= 18 C Comfortable (green): Drybulb temperature > 18 C and Drybulb temperature < 23.8 C Warm (Magenta): Drybulb temperature >= 23.8 C and Global Horizontal Irradiation < Wh/m² Hot (Red): Drybulb temperature >= 23.8 C and Global Horizontal Irradiation >= Wh/m²
18 Solar charts for Kimberley North 18 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
19 Elevation and azimuth protection angles for Kimberley 19 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
20 Solar charts for Addis Ababa 20 Source: D.C.U. Conradie, CSIR
21 Conclusions South Africa has significant unrealized passive design potential. Solar protection/ utilisation is the single most important measure/ opportunity in South African climatic zones. The toolkit enables a designer during the early stages of design to quantify and recommend solar protection angles for the different facades of a building turned at any bearing (elevation and azimuth solar angles). This can be developed further by means of detailed energy simulation software (200 types known). The software works in the tropical band as well (Addis Ababa). The software has been tested in the Cofimvaba, Beaufort West Hillside Clinic and Gautrain project. 21
22 Isti mirant stella These [people] look in wonder at the star (Bayeux tapestry, circa 1070 ) Thank you! dconradi@csir.co.za
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