The Comparative Study of the Planets

Transcription

1 The Comparative Study of the Planets

2 NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Ufe Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Social Sciences Publishers E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn and Germantown U.S.A. Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences Volume 85 - The Comparative Study of the Planets

3 The Comparative Study of the Planets Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands), Italy, September 14-25,1981 edited by ANGIOLETTA CORADINI and MARCELLO FULCHIGNONI Reparto di Planetologia, Istituto di Astrojisica Spaziale del CN.R., Rome, Italy. D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht: Holland / Boston: U.S.A. / London: England Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute (1981: Isola Vulcano, Italy) The comparative study of the planets. (NATO advanced study institutes series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences ; v. 85) Includes indexes. 1. Planets-Congresses. 2. Solar system-congresses. I. Coradini, Angioletta. II. Fulchignoni, Marcello. Ill. Title. IV. Series. QB600.N AACR2 ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Boston Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Group All Rights Reserved Copyright (c) 1982 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1982 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements ix xi PART I: ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND DYNAMICS OF THE BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM A. CORADINI, C. FEDERICO and G. MAGNI / Some Remarks on the Formation of Terrestrial Planets P. BODENHEIMER / Origin and Evolution of the Giant Planets S. J. WEIDENSCHILLING / Origin of Regular Satellites A. CORADINI, C. FEDERICO and P. LANCIANO / Ganymede and Callisto: Accumulation Heat Content P. FARINELLA, F. FERRINI, A. MILANI, A. M. NOBILl, P. PAOLICCHI and V. ZAPPALA / The Shape of Small Solar System Bodies: Gravitational Equilibrium vs. Solid-State Interactions G. TURNER / Meteorites and Cosmochemistry G. TURNER / Ages of the Solar System: Isotopic Dating P. PELLAS / Do the Age Differences Given by Relative or Absolute Chronologies of the Most Ancient Meteorites Correspond to Real Age Differences? G. NEUKUM / Solar System Craterine Chronology and Dating of the Surface Structures of the Terrestrial-Type Planets A. E. ROY / The Stability of the Solar System H. SCHOLL / Dynamics of the Asteroids A. CARUSI and G. B. VALSECCHI / On the Orbital Evolution of Short-Period Comets Having Low-Velocity Encounters with Jupiter I

6 vi T ABLE OF CONTENTS PART II: PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM L. PATERNO / The Internal Structure of the Sun, Its Pulsations and the Neutrino Problem D. C. TOZER / Heat Transfer and the Development of Internal Structure in the Terrestrial Planets 161 R. SABADINI, E. BOSCHI and D. A. YUEN / Secular Trends in Polar Motions: A New Tool for Probing the Viscosity of the Lower Mantle 181 L. ANSELMO, B. BERTOTTI, P. FARINELLA, A. MILANI, A. M. NOBILl and F. SACERDOTE / High Precision Tracking of Synchronous Satellites for Geophysical Purposes 195 H.-J. BOLLE / Atmospheric Evolution 203 H.-J. BOLLE / Circulation Systems in Planetary Atmospheres 221 P. H. SMITH / The Case for a Bimodal Size Distribution 1n Titan's Upper Haze Layer 253 F. MARIANI/Elements of Comparative Magnetoplanetology 261 S. K. RUNCORN / Lunar Palaeomagnetism 291 M. DOBROWOLNY / The Present Picture of Io's Electrodynamic Coupling with the Hagenetosphere of Jupiter 295 M. A. HAPGOOD and P. ROTHWELL / Structure of Small Meteoroids Deduced from Two Station Low Light Level TV Observations of Meteor Trails C. BARBIERI, C. BONOLI and F. BORTOLETTO / Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Comet Bradfield 1980t 317 J. POHL / Impact Cratering Mechanics 323 G. MARTELLI, R. BIANCHI, P. CERRONI, M. CORADINI, R. FLAVILL, P. HURREN, P. N. SMITH and F. \valdner / Experimental Study of Effects Associated with Macroscopic Hypervelocity Impacts 333 G. MARTELLI/The "Trumpet Charge", a Technique for Producing Macroscopic Hypervelocity Projectiles 359 P. CERRONI and G. MARTELLI / A Possible Mechanism for Impact Magnetisation of Cratered Surfaces 363 M. CORADINI, E. FLAMINI, P. HURREN, G. MARTELLI and P. N. SMITH / The Effects of Microparticle Hypervelocity Impacts on Polished Surfaces: Tests for the Choice of the Halley Multicolour Camera 367 lsi 3 I I

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii PART III: GEOLOGY OF PLANETARY BODIES R. E. ARVIDSON / Geologic Overview of the Terrestrial Planets D. U. WISE / Faulting and Fracturing of Planetary Surfaces R. GREELEY / Aeolian Modification of Planetary Surfaces D. M. ANDERSON / Some Thermodynamic Relationships Governing the Behavior of Permafrost and Frozen Ground R. LOPES and J. E. GUEST / Lava Flows on Etna, a Morphometric Study G. CASTELLET Y BALLARA, R. CRESCENZI, A. POMPILI and R. TRIGILA / A Petrological Model on Magma Evolution of Vulcano Eruptive Complex (Aeolian Islands - Italy) D. C. PIERI/Morphology and Network Patterns of Martian Valleys M. POSCOLIERI / Stratigraphic Relationships Among the Upper Layers of the Outer Galilean Satellites, Inferred from the Investigation of Their Ray Systems List of Speakers and Participants Index of Authors Index of Subjects and Names

8 PREFACE The volume gathers the prominent works by participants in the NATO Advanced Study Institute, lithe Comparative Study of the Planets", which was held at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) from September 14 to September 25, The book is intended to be a landmark for all those interested in the problems disclosed through the close-up exploration of planets and satellites, either for professional reasons or Simply for scientific knowledge. The topics dealt with concern all methodologies by which the members of the Solar System have been studied and the audience to whom the volume is addressed is, in addition to the experts, mailllly graduate and post-graduate students attending courses in Earth Sciences, Physics and Astronomy. The aim we intend to achieve in editing this volume is to offer to planetologists an overview of the present state of knowledge, using the comparative study of the planets as a basis on which to build the themes treated. We think it is one of the fe,... publications of this type, which includes all the subjects concerning the study of a planet. We hope we have succeeded in conveying through the book the message which was clearly expressed by the lecturers of the ASI in Vulcano: what counts most at this stage of planetary research is to be able to single out the fundamental problems and choose the appropriate set of data to use in approaching these problems. For this reason the book is divided in three sections: the first section deals with the general problems that concern the Solar System as a whole, while the other two sections concern specific problems of the components of the Solar System, from the point of view of planetary physics and planetary geology, respectively. The information contained in the book is the result of ten years of study on the'nature of the planets. It is a primary synthesis, necessarily incomplete, of the ideas that have been A.Coradini and M, Fulchignoni (eds.), The Comparative Study of the Planets, ix-x. Copyright 1982 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. ix

9 x PREFACE discussed and that still enliven meetings among experts. As it is a type of research that cannot be separated from an interdisciplinary approach, one can sometimes find it difficult to tackle the the different ways and, perhaps, styles in which researchers with different backgrounds face problems. One of the aims of the book is to help the "language lt spoken by each to become more familiar to all in order to promote an ever increasing co-operation among researchers operating in different fields. Angioletta Coradini and Marcello Fulchignoni Directors, NATO Advanced stuqy Institute Vulcano, Italy

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The island of Vulcano, in the Aeolian Archipelago, was a perfect setting in which to carry out the NATO Advanced Study Institute. Besides offering its beauties of nature for our moments of relaxation, it also represented a natural laboratory for the compared study of volcanic phenomena. Two days were dedicated to guided field trips to the largest active volcanoes (Stromboli and Vulcano) and to the main eruptive and effusive formations on the various islands. The field trips were sponsored b,y the Guardia di Finanza (Coast Guard) in Messina and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (National Research Council) who kindly offered the boats that were used. We would like to thank Captain Gent ile and the crew members of the Guardia di Finanza for the exquisite hospitality they offered us on board. We would also like to express our appreciation to Captain Scotto and crew members of the motor-boats supplied by the C.N.R., who actively contributed to the success of the field trips. We also wish to express our most sincere thanks to the mayor of Lipari, Prof. Carnevale, and. to the councillor, Mr. Natoli, for their help in organizing the A.S.I. and for having brightened one of the evenings by sponsoring a traditional show with Aeolian dances and songs. A special thanks goes to Rita Cellini, secretary to the A.S.I., who for almost a year, solved the problems related to the organization of the A.S.I. with skill, always smiling: thank you above all for having had the patience to deal with the two directors of the A.. S.I., not always capable of smiling. Angioletta Coradini and Marcello Fulchignoni A.Coradini and M. Fulchignoni (eds.), The Comparative Study of the Planets, xi. Copyright 1982 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xi