The Earth's Magnetic Field. Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective
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1 The Earth's Magnetic Field Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective RONALD T. MERRILL Geophysics Program University of Washington Seattle, USA MICHAEL W. McELHINNY Formerly, Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Canberra. Australia and now with Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra, 1983 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Publishers London New York Paris San Diego San Francisco Sao Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto
2 ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD 24/28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, Copyright 1983 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Merrill, R. T. The earth's magnetic field.-(international geophysics series) 1. Magnetism, Terrestrial I. Title II. McElhinny, M. W. III. Series 538'.72 QC816 ISBN ISBN Pbk LCCCN Filmset by Eta Services (Typesetters) Ltd, Beccles, Suffolk and printed in Great Britain by Galliard (Printers) Ltd, Great Yarmouth
3 Contents Preface v Chapter One History of Geomagnetism and Palaeomagnetism I. I The Magnetic Compass 1.2 Declination, Inclination and Secular Variation 1.3 Magnetic Charts and the Search for the Poles 1.4 Fossil Magnetism and the Magnetic Field in the Past 1.5 Transient Magnetic Variations-The External Magnetic Field 1.6 Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field I II 12 ChapterTwo The Present Geomagnetic Field: Analysis and Description from Historical Observations 2. I Magnetic Elements and Charts Spherical Harmonic Analysis Description of the Earth's Magnetic Field Uniqueness and Other Mathematical Problems Geomagnetic Secular Variation: Time Variation of the Internal Sources The External Magnetic Field 49 Chapter Three Fundamentals of Palaeomagnetism 3.1 Rock Magnetism 3.2 Magnetic Mineralogy 3.3 Palaeomagnetic Directions and Poles 3.4 Palaeointensity Methods ix
4 x Chapter Four Contents The Recent Geomagnetic Field: Palaeomagnetic Observations 4.1 Archaeomagnetic Results 4.2 Analysis of Recent Lake Sediments 4.3 Geomagnetic Excursions 4.4 The Geomagnetic Power Spectrum Chapter Five Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field 5.1 Evidence for Field Reversal 5.2 Marine Magnetic Anomalies 5.3 Analysis of Reversal Sequences 5.4 Behaviour During Polarity Transitions Chapter Six The Time-averaged Palaeomagnetic Field 6.1 Geocentric Axial Dipole Hypothesis 6.2 Second-order Terms 6.3 Variations in the Earth's Dipole Moment 6.4 Palaeosecular Variation Chapter Seven Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field 1 : Introduction and Physical Insight 7.1 Properties of the Earth's Interior 7.2 Some Non-dynamo Hypotheses 7.3 The Dynamo Problem 7.4 The Magnetic Induction Equation 7.5 General Concepts in Dynamo Theory Chapter Eight Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field 2: Introduction to Advanced Dynamo Theory 8.1 Vector Spherical Harmonics 8.2 Kinematic Dynamos 8.3 Turbulent and Hydromagnetic Dynamos Chapter Nine The Origin of Secular Variation and Field Reversals 9.1 Secular Variation 9.2 Field Reversals
5 Contents xi Chapter Ten Palaeomagnetism and Dynamo Theory 10.1 Overview 10.2 Standing Field 10.3 Variations in the Geomagnetic Field 10.4 Core-Mantle Boundary Chapter Eleven Lunar Magnetism 11.1 Lunar Structure and Interior 11.2 The Present Magnetic Field 11.3 A Lunar Core? 11.4 Magnetic Properties of Lunar Rocks 11.5 Origin of the Lunar Magnetic Field Chapter Twelve Magnetic Fields of the Sun, Planets and Meteorites 12.1 Origin of the Solar System 12.2 The Sun 12.3 Meteorite Magnetism 12.4 Magnetic Fields of the Planets 12.5 Dynamos in the Solar System Appendix A SI and Gaussian CGS Units and Conversion Factors 353 Appendix B Introduction to Universality Theory 355 References 359 Index 397
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