The Earth's Magnetism
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1 Roberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth's Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists With 167 Figures and 6 Tables 4y Springer
2 Contents 1 The Earth's Magnetic Field Observations and Geomagnetic Measurements The Magnetic Dipole Elements of the Earth's Magnetic Field Early Measurements of the Earth's Magnetic Field Modern Magnetic Measurements Mathematical Description Spherical Harmonic Analysis Methods for f n and W" n Computation Results of Spherical Harmonic Analysis A Predominantly Dipolar Field Geomagnetic Coordinates Harmonic Power Spectra of the Geomagnetic Field Time Variations Secular Variation Magnetic Tomography and Interpretation of Secular Variation Geomagnetic Jerks External Origin Time Variations Essentials on the Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field Toroidal and Poloidal Fields Fundamental Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics Elementary Dynamo Models ; Dynamo Energy Magnetic Observatories, Reference Field Models and Indices Geomagnetic Observatories Geomagnetic Field Reference Models Geomagnetic Indices 62 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures ' Basic Principles of Rock Magnetism Magnetic Properties of Solids Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Conclusion 76
3 VIII Contents 2.2 Magnetic Remanence Magnetic Energies Magnetic Hysteresis Remanence Acquisition Magnetic Domains Remanence vs. Time Magnetic Properties of Minerals Magnetic Susceptibility Fe-Ti Oxides Fe Sulfides Ferromagnetic Minerals in Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks 96 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures 97 3 Magnetic Prospecting Instruments and Surveying Procedures Magnetic Anomalies Data Processing Summary of Operations Significance of Magnetic Anomalies Forward Modeling Inverse Modeling Ill Spectral Characteristics Other Frequently Used Techniques Satellite Magnetic Measurements Applications of Magnetic Anomalies 119 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures Paleomagnetism Magnetic Remanence in Rocks Thermal Remanent Magnetization (TRM). l Chemical Remanent Magnetization (CRM) Detrital and Post-Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM, pdrm) Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) Viscous Remanent Magnetization (VRM) Other Remanent Magnetizations Timing of Remanence Acquisition Sampling Techniques Laboratory Techniques Remanence Measurements Demagnetization Identification of Magnetic Minerals Paleomagnetic Directions and Poles Statistical Analysis 151
4 Contents IX Field Tests Tilt Correction and Paleomagnetic Direction Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) and Paleopole Paleomagnetic Information Geodynamics and Paleogeography Regional Tectonics Volcanism Prospection Paleofield 170 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures Magnetic Fabric of Rocks Magnetic Anisotropy Laboratory Techniques Magnetic Fabric Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks Magnetic Fabric and Deformation Anisotropy and Remanence 198 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures Magnetic Signature of the Earth's Crust Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Global Maps of the Earth's Field 213 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures Magnetic Chronology Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) Magnetic Stratigraphy Paleosecular Variation Archaeomagnetism >, 231 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures \ Environmental Geomagnetism Environmental Prospecting Enviromagnetic Parameters and Techniques Magnetic Climatology Magnetism and Pollution Seismo- and Volcanomagnetism 248 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures Historical Notes The Very Ancient Times A Light in the Middle Ages The Discovery of Declination and Inclination Geomagnetism in Gilbert's Epoch 258
5 X Contents 9.5 Secular Variation Geomagnetism from Gauss Onwards Rock Magnetism 262 Suggested Readings and Sources of Figures 264 Appendix - Magnetic Quantities, SI and cgs Units, Conversion Factors 265 Index 267
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