Magnetism.
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1 Magnetism
2 Magnetism
3 Magnets Are dipoles as opposed to monopoles Referred to as North and South pole Like poles repel; unlike poles attract Have a potential field that extends into space Local field is characterized by Magnitude Direction Depicted as a vector
4 Familiar Magnets Permanent magnets Electromagnets
5 Familiar Magnets
6 Similarities between gravity and magnetic methods Both based on potential fields Similar math Similar acquisition, reduction and interpretation strategies
7 Differences between gravity and magnetic methods Magnetic properties of rocks vary a lot and aren t tied as closely to rock type Magnetic fields can be attractive or repulsive (imagine if gravity were repulsive!) Magnetic field fluctuates a lot on all time scales
8 Deriving the force field around a magnet Start with the field around a magnetic monopole (which don t actually exist) Add together fields for a positive monopole and a negative monopole Result is the dipole field
9 Monopole Field F m = 1 μ p 1 p 2 r 2 F m force applied by one monopole on another p 1, p 2 - value of monopoles r - distance between monpoles μ magnetic permeability
10 Monopole Field F m = 1 μ p 1 p 2 r 2 What would p 2 feel in the field produced by p 1 =1 if p 2 = 0? What is shown is the field detected by p 2 as it is moved around p 1
11 Monopole Field Dipole Field
12 Dipole field Typically depicted with field lines Spacing of field lines depicts intensity Strength is referred to as magnetic moment = the torque the magnet will experience in an external magnetic field.
13 Units F m = 1 μ p 1 p 2 r 2 F m - Newtons (N) or kg. m/s 2 μ has no units r meters (m) p 1 - ampere x m Ampere a unit of electrical current Amp = Coulomb/s Coulomb a unit of electrical charge
14 Quick Aside: Relationship between electricity and magnetism Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields and vice versa Flowing current (e.g. electromagnet) Orbiting & spinning electron
15 Units F m = 1 μ p 1 p 2 r 2 F m - Newtons (N) or kg. m/s 2 μ has no units r meters (m) p 1 - ampere x m How do we characterize F m in a useful way? F m = 1 p 1 =H p 2 μ r 2 allows us to think about the field around p 1 without worrying about p 2 H units of N/(Amp x m) 1 Tesla = 1 N/(Amp x m) For earth: nanotesla (nt) 1 nt = 1 gamma
16 Magnetism and Materials Three basic types: Not effected by magnetic fields Attracted to magnetic fields Produces magnetic fields
17 Induced magnetization Magnet Certain materials will act like magnets when they are in a magnetic field What is the difference between a magnet and a paperclip? Just a paperclip
18 Magnetic Induction
19 Magnetic properties of materials Originate from unpaired electrons Electron reside in orbitals s has 2 electrons in one orbital p has 6 electrons in 3 orbitals d has 10 electrons each in 5 orbitals orbitals fill spin up first
20 Magnetic properties of materials Electronic configuration for elemental Oxygen Paired electrons yield no magnetic moment unpaired electrons will have a magnetic moment
21 Magnetic properties of materials Electronic configuration for Oxygen ion -2 6 No magnetic moment
22 Magnetic properties of materials Does SiO 2 have a net magnetic moment? No. Both Si +4 and O -2 have no unpaired electrons Materials with no magnetic moment are referred to as Diamagnetic NaCl - halite CaCO 3 - calcite KAlSi 3 O 8 orthoclase feldspar
23 Magnetic properties of materials Electronic configuration of Fe +2 Valence electrons lost to ionization 4s 3d Fe and some other transition metal ions have magnetic moments
24 Magnetic properties of materials Observable magnetic properties depend on organization of magnetic moments within material Magnetic domains regions within mineral over which magnetic moments are organized No domains - e.g. olivine, pyroxene Domains ferro- and ferri- magnetic minerals Materials are classified by magnetic properties
25 Magnetic properties of materials Paramagnetic No domains Spins of unpaired electrons align with external field Weakly attracted to a magnet Spins randomize in absence of magnetic field e.g. Fe-bearing silicates
26 Magnetic properties of materials Ferromagnetic Contains magnetic domains All magnetic dipoles locked in parallel within domains Favorably oriented domains grow in magnetic field Strongly attracted to magnet Changes in domain structure are retained Capable of being magnetized e.g. Iron metal
27 Magnetic properties of materials Ferrimagnetic Contains magnetic domains Some magnetic dipoles locked in anti-parallel arrangement Some magnetic dipoles free to align Favorably oriented domains grow in magnetic field Moderately attracted to magnet Changes in domain structure are retained Capable of being magnetized e.g. magenetite
28 Magnetic properties of materials Anti-Ferromagnetic All magnetic dipoles locked in anti-parallel arrangement Creates strong repulsion in the presence of a magnetic field E.g. ilmentite below -183 C
29 Magnetic properties of materials Magnetic properties are temperature dependent Currie temperature Temperature at which thermal vibrations destroy alignment of magnetic moments ~570 C
30 Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic field within a material induced by external magnetic field I=kH I intensity of magnetization H external magnetic field strength k magnetic susceptibility (unitless)
31 Magnetic Susceptibility Varies widely between rock types and within rock types Largely controlled by magnetite content
32 Remanent Magnetization Originates from the presence of magnetite When heated domains align and remain aligned after cooling Alignment may be incomplete
33 Remanent Magnetization If remanent field is aligned with modern field it adds and if oppositely aligned it subtracts Can t easily correct for it, therefore Don t correct for it Don t forget that it may be there
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