T H E D I G I T A L T A L E N T D I V I D E N D : S H I F T I N G G E A R S I N A C H A N G I N G E C O N O M Y
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- Jeremy Banks
- 5 years ago
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1 THE DIGITAL TALENT DIVIDEND: SHIFTING GEARS IN A CHANGING ECONOMY
2 T H E D I G I T A L T A L E N T D I V I D E N D : S H I F T I N G G E A R S I N A C H A N G I N G E C O N O M Y R E S E A R C H B Y : I N F O R M A T I O N A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T E C H N O L O G Y C O U N C I L ( I C T C ) W I T H S U P P O R T F R O M : M I C R O S O F T C A N A D A I N C. T I M E L E S S S T Y L E
3 Preface I C T C i s a n a t i o n a l c e n t e r o f e x p e r t i s e w i t h t h e v i s i o n o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g C a n a d a s d i g i t a l a d v a n t a g e i n t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y. T h r o u g h f o r w a r d - l o o k i n g r e s e a r c h, e v i d e n c e - b a s e d p o l i c y a d v i c e, a n d c r e a t i v e c a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g p r o g r a m s, I C T C f o s t e r s i n n o v a t i v e a n d g l o b a l l y c o m p e t i t i v e C a n a d i a n i n d u s t r i e s, e m p o w e r e d b y a t a l e n t e d a n d d i v e r s e w o r k f o r c e. T h e D i g i t a l T a l e n t D i v i d e n d : S h i f t i n g G e a r s i n a C h a n g i n g E c o n o m y i s a f o l l o w - u p t o I C T C s r e p o r t, D i g i t a l T a l e n t : R o a d t o a n d B e y o n d, C a n a d a s f i r s t n a t i o n a l d i g i t a l t a l e n t s t r a t e g y. T h e D i g i t a l T a l e n t D i v i d e n d h i g h l i g h t s t h e s h i f t i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n g C a n a d a s d i g i t a l e c o n o m y f r o m o n w a r d. T h e s e i n c l u d e t h e c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f w o r k a n d t h e g r o w i n g p r e s e n c e o f f r a c t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t a n d t h e g i g e c o n o m y, t h e s h i f t i n g e m p h a s i s f r o m o c c u p a t i o n s a n d j o b t i t l e s t o s k i l l s, a n d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f e n s u r i n g t h a t d i v e r s i t y a n d i n c l u s i o n i s a t t h e c e n t e r f o l d o f o u r q u e s t t o c r e a t e t r a n s i t i o n a l p a t h w a y s a n d r o b u s t s k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s t h a t u t i l i z e a l l h u m a n c a p i t a l s t r e a m s i n g r o w i n g o u r c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. T o c i t e t h i s r e p o r t : C u t e a n, A., I v u s, M. ( ). T h e D i g i t a l T a l e n t D i v i d e n d : S h i f t i n g G e a r s i n a C h a n g i n g E c o n o m y. I n f o r m a t i o n & C o m m u n i c a t i o n s T e c h n o l o g y C o u n c i l ( I C T C ). O t t a w a, C a n a d a. E l a b o r a t e d a n d w r i t t e n b y A l e x a n d r a C u t e a n ( D i r e c t o r, D i g i t a l I n n o v a t i o n R e s e a r c h & P o l i c y ), a n d M a r y n a I v u s ( S e n i o r A n a l y s t, R e s e a r c h & P o l i c y ) w i t h g e n e r o u s s u p p o r t f r o m t h e I C T C R e s e a r c h & P o l i c y t e a m. T I M E L E S S S T Y L E
4 Executive Summary Introduction 4 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. KEY INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL TRENDS 5 Key Transformative Technologies 5G Artificial Intelligence Blockchain Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) 3D Printing Economic Impact of the ICT Sector Economic Performance of the ICT Sector Composition of the Canadian ICT Sector A Snapshot of Canada's Digital Economy Digital is Business and Business is Digital: The Permeation of ICT Across Other Sectors of the Economy The Manufacturing Sector and Digital Changes The Healthcare Sector and Digital Changes The Finance Sector and Digital Changes The Retail Sector and Digital Changes The Transportation Sector and Digital Changes Canada's Rate of Digital Adoption: Where Do We Stand in Comparison? Trade Agreements and Their Impact on the Canadian Digital Economy II. CANADIAN LABOUR MARKET OUTLOOK Demand for Digital Skills Demand for Digitally-skilled Talent Talent Supply: Composition and Features Women Youth Immigrants Indigenous Peoples The Changing Nature of Work III. NATIONAL DIGITAL TALENT STRATEGY: ONE YEAR LATER Education and Skills Diversity and Inclusion Industry Growth Conclusion Recommendations End Notes
5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY W e a r e c u r r e n t l y w i t n e s s i n g a n e w e r a o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s h i f t s t h a t a r e p r o f o u n d l y r e s h a p i n g o u r e c o n o m y a n d s o c i e t y. T h e h e i g h t e n e d u r b a n i z a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d p o p u l a t i o n, c h a n g i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l t r e n d s, i n c r e a s e d d e m a n d f o r p e e r - t o - p e e r c o n s u m e r i s m, a n d t h e r i s e o f i n t e l l i g e n t a n d a u t o n o m o u s s y s t e m s a r e b u t a f e w f a c e t s o f o u r c h a n g i n g w o r l d. T o d a y, c i t i e s a r e h o m e t o o v e r 5 5 % o f t h e w o r l d s p o p u l a t i o n a n d a c c o u n t f o r 7 0 % o f t h e g l o b a l G D P. T h i s g r o w i n g u r b a n i z a t i o n o f m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s, c o u p l e d w i t h e m e r g i n g h y p e r - c o n n e c t i v i t y i s s e t t o c o n t i n u e i n C a n a d a a n d a r o u n d t h e w o r l d, p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r s m a r t c i t i e s a n d a n e x p a n d i n g g i g e c o n o m y w h e r e f r e e l a n c e, p a r t - t i m e a n d p r o j e c t o r g i g b a s e d w o r k i s i n c r e a s i n g l y c o m m o n. T h e a b i l i t y t o r e l y o n a u t o n o m o u s s y s t e m s, a n d p e r f o r m f e d e r a t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g f r o m a c r o s s t h e g l o b e, w h i l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y l e v e r a g i n g t h e b e s t o f o u r l a b o u r m a r k e t a n d g r o w i n g s y n e r g i e s a r e n e w r e a l i t i e s. W e a r e l i v i n g i n t h e a g e o f t h e f o u r t h i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n o r I n d u s t r y 4. 0 w h e r e d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e t r a n s f o r m i n g i n d u s t r i e s f r o m m a n u f a c t u r i n g, t o f i n a n c e, t o h e a l t h c a r e a n d o t h e r s i n n e w a n d p r o f o u n d w a y s. T h e d y n a m i c s o f s u c h e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i e t a l t r e n d s a r e g i v i n g w a y t o f r e q u e n t s h i f t s i n b u s i n e s s m o d e l s a n d e m p l o y m e n t p r o s p e c t s. T h e p r o j e c t e d a d o p t i o n o f d a t a - f u e l e d A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e ( A I ), 5 G c o n n e c t i v i t y, B l o c k c h a i n, V i r t u a l a n d A u g m e n t e d R e a l i t y ( V R & A R ), a n d 3 D P r i n t i n g w i l l h e r a l d a n e w e r a o f h e i g h t e n e d d e m a n d f o r s k i l l e d t a l e n t, w h i l e a l s o g e n e r a t i n g a c o n t r a c t i o n i n l o w s k i l l e d j o b s. F r e e - l a n c e j o b s a n d p r o j e c t - b a s e d o r f r a c t i o n a l a n d g i g e m p l o y m e n t a r e a l l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f w o r k t h a t i s u p o n u s. I n C a n a d a, i n n o v a t i o n h a s p l a y e d a d e f i n i n g r o l e i n r e c e n t y e a r s. S i n c e a l o n e, t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y h a s s e e n a g r o w t h o f $ b i l l i o n G D P o r 3. 4 %. T h i s f i g u r e i s 1 % h i g h e r t h a n t h e g r o w t h s e e n i n t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. M o r e, t h e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e g r a t i o n o f i n n o v a t i o n a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e m e n t i s s p u r r i n g r e n e w e d e c o n o m i c s t r e n g t h a c r o s s o u r t r a d i t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s. N o l o n g e r v i e w e d i n i s o l a t i o n, i n r e c e n t y e a r s, t e c h n o l o g y h a s p e r m e a t e d a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o m y, i n c l u d i n g f i n a n c e, m a n u f a c t u r i n g, h e a l t h c a r e, a n d e v e n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h e l a t t e r i n w h i c h t h e r i s e o f a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s i s e x p e c t e d t o g e n e r a t e n e a r l y 3 5, d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d j o b s i n C a n a d a b y [ 1 ]. 4
6 T h i s c h a n g e b r i n g s w i t h i t t h e a c c e l e r a t e d g l o b a l n e e d f o r d i g i t a l t a l e n t. W i t h a n e s t i m a t e d d e m a n d f o r m o r e t h a n 2 1 6, d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s a c r o s s t h e e c o n o m y i n C a n a d a b y [ 2 ] ; m o r e t h a n 8 0 0, i n t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n ; a n d o v e r 1 m i l l i o n i n t h e U S d u r i n g t h e s a m e t i m e f r a m e [ 3 ], t h i s t a l e n t c r u n c h i s o n e t h a t i s f e l t a r o u n d t h e w o r l d. A s o f , t h e C a n a d i a n d i g i t a l e c o n o m y e m p l o y e d n e a r l y 1. 5 m i l l i o n I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s, w i t h s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n 1 / 3 r d o f t h a t f i g u r e e m p l o y e d o n l y t h e I C T s e c t o r. B y c o n t r a s t, n e a r l y 8 0 0, I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s 6 0 % - w e r e f o u n d t o b e w o r k i n g i n a l l o t h e r s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o m y. W i t h t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t o f I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s o u t p a c i n g t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m y b y a r a t e o f 6 t o 1 i n , t h i s g r o w t h i n d e m a n d f o r d i g i t a l t a l e n t i s t h e m o s t p r o f o u n d w i t n e s s e d i n C a n a d a o v e r t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s. C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s u p w a r d t r e n d, t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f I C T t a l e n t w i t h k e y d i g i t a l s k i l l s i s c l e a r. W i t h t h e b e n e f i t s o f d i g i t a l i n t e g r a t i o n b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t f o r C a n a d i a n c o m p a n i e s r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t e c h - s a v v y S M E s g r o w t h e i r r e v e n u e s 1 5 % f a s t e r t h a n t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s [ 4 ] m a n y C a n a d i a n e m p l o y e r s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o s e e k i n g t a l e n t w i t h a b r o a d s k i l l s e t, i n c l u d i n g a r a n g e o f b a s i c t o s p e c i f i c d i g i t a l s k i l l s. F r o m b a s i c s k i l l s e t s l i k e p r o f i c i e n t u s e o f M S O f f i c e, t o s p e c i f i c s k i l l s e t s l i k e k n o w l e d g e o f h u m a n - m a c h i n e i n t e r f a c e, t h e v a l u e o f d i g i t a l s k i l l s a c r o s s t h e e c o n o m y i s b e c o m i n g a s o l i d r e a l i t y. T h e r a c e t o i n n o v a t i o n d o e s n o t e n d a t o u r b o r d e r s. W i t h g l o b a l c h a n g e s t h a t a r e q u i c k l y t a k i n g h o l d o f o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s, g e n e r a t i n g n e w a g r e e m e n t s a n d f o s t e r i n g f r e s h n o r m a t i v e p r a c t i c e s a r e i m p e r a t i v e t o o u r a b i l i t y t o r e m a i n c o m p e t i t i v e. M o r e t h a n 1 3 y e a r s a f t e r i t s r a t i f i c a t i o n, t h e N o r t h - A m e r i c a n F r e e T r a d e A g r e e m e n t ( N A F T A ) i s u p f o r r e n e g o t i a t i o n. A t t h e s a m e t i m e, i n S e p t e m b e r , t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e E c o n o m i c a n d T r a d e A g r e e m e n t ( C E T A ) e n t e r e d i n t o f o r c e, o f f e r i n g C a n a d a p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t t o t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n s e c o n o m y a m a r k e t b o a s t i n g a n n u a l e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y t o t a l i n g $ 1 9 t r i l l i o n [ 5 ]. O n t o p o f t h a t, p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e s h i f t i n g, p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r t h e p o s s i b l e f o r m a t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l e c o n o m i c p a r t n e r s h i p s s u c h a s w i t h I n d i a a n d C h i n a t h a t c a n o f f e r C a n a d a e x t e n d e d e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s o n a g l o b a l s c a l e. W i t h t h i s, o f c o u r s e, c o m e s t h e a c c e l e r a t e d n e e d t o f o c u s o n e x i s t i n g m e c h a n i s m s t h a t s u p p o r t e c o n o m i c c o m p e t i t i o n, i n c l u d i n g g o v e r n m e n t - l e d i n t e r v e n t i o n s l i k e R & D i n v e s t m e n t a n d F D I ( f o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t ) a t t r a c t i o n, a s w e l l a s i n d u s t r y - e n a b l e d d e v e l o p m e n t s l i k e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g, e d u c a t i o n u p g r a d i n g a n d o t h e r s. 5
7 E f f e c t i v e l y l e v e r a g i n g e x i s t i n g t a l e n t s t r e a m s t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f t h e r a p i d l y - e x p a n d i n g i n f l u e n c e o f t e c h n o l o g y o n o u r i n d u s t r i e s i s k e y. I n m a n y c a s e s, t h i s w i l l i n v o l v e a c o n f l u e n c e o f p o l i c y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s a n d s k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t i n i t i a t i v e s, i n c l u d i n g r e v i s i o n s t o o u r e d u c a t i o n a l c u r r i c u l u m s a n d a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s t h e l a t t e r o f w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l t o e n s u r i n g a s t e a d y s u p p l y p i p e l i n e o f g r a d u a t e s t h a t c a n h i t t h e g r o u n d r u n n i n g i n t h e i r c a r e e r s. O t h e r i n i t i a t i v e s i n c l u d e p l a c i n g a g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s o n d i v e r s i t y a n d t a r g e t e d i n i t i a t i v e s t h a t s e e k t o e f f e c t i v e l y i n c l u d e a n d e m p o w e r u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d g r o u p s i n c l u d i n g w o m e n, i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h d i s a b i l i t i e s a n d I n d i g e n o u s p o p u l a t i o n s i n t o t h e q u i c k l y - e v o l v i n g d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. L a s t l y, i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e c a n n o t d o t h i s a l o n e. L e v e r a g i n g a n d s o u r c i n g t o p s k i l l e d t a l e n t f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w i l l b e o n e o f t h e m a i n i n g r e d i e n t s e n s u r i n g o u r a b i l i t y t o r e m a i n c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h i n a n e c o n o m y w h e r e i n n o v a t i v e s o l u t i o n s t o s o c i e t a l c h a l l e n g e s a r e t h e n e w c u r r e n c y. I n v e s t i n g i n a n d s u p p o r t i n g t h e g r o w t h o f a d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d t a l e n t b a s e m u s t c o m e f r o m a l l a n g l e s. T h e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e g r a t i o n o f d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y i n t o o u r l i v e s m a k e s i t e v i d e n t t h a t a c t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y - a n d s o o n. T h e f u t u r e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y, i n m a n y w a y s, i s a l r e a d y h e r e a n d i m m e r s i n g i t s e l f a c r o s s a l l i n d u s t r i e s t h i s i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t w i l l h a p p e n i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f h o w w e a s a c o u n t r y c h o o s e t o a c t o n i t. H o w e v e r, g e n e r a t i n g k e y t a l e n t s t r e a m s t o d a y a n d e q u i p p i n g t h e m w i t h e s s e n t i a l d i g i t a l s k i l l s i s o n e w a y t o n o t o n l y e f f e c t i v e l y l e v e r a g e a n d w e a t h e r t h e d i s r u p t i o n s o f t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y, b u t r a t h e r, t o h e l p a l l C a n a d i a n s t h r i v e a n d g r o w a s t h e y t a k e p l a c e. 6
8 INTRODUCTION T h e p a s t f e w y e a r s w e r e b e n c h m a r k s f o r d i g i t a l d i s r u p t i o n. A r o u n d t h e w o r l d, t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s r e s h a p e d a n d r e c a l i b r a t e d o u r i n c r e a s i n g l y i n t e r t w i n e d e c o n o m i e s a n d i n m a n y c a s e s, c h a n g e d t h e w a y w e c o n c e p t u a l i z e m a n y a s p e c t s o f o u r l i v e s. I n C a n a d a, t h e y u s h e r e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s, s u c h a s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e I n n o v a t i o n A g e n d a u n d e r B u d g e t , a n d t h e f i r s t C a n a d i a n - m a d e a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e t e s t i n g t h e s t r e e t s o f O t t a w a i n O c t o b e r T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t w e a r e l i v i n g i n a t i m e o f s u b s t a n t i a l, p h e n o m e n a l a n d g r o u n d b r e a k i n g c h a n g e ; o n e t h a t w i l l w i t n e s s t h e e v o l u t i o n o f o u r b u s i n e s s m o d e l s, a d v a n c e t h e n e e d f o r n e w j o b s a n d s k i l l s i n c l u d i n g o n e s t h a t d o n o t c u r r e n t l y e x i s t t o d a y a n d c o n t i n u e t o r e s h a p e a n d r e d e f i n e t h e n a t u r e o f w o r k i t s e l f. T h e i m p a c t o f t h e s e c h a n g e s h a s b e e n p r o f o u n d, n o t o n l y o n o u r d a i l y l i v e s, b u t o n o u r c o l l e c t i v e e c o n o m i c f o o t p r i n t. E s t i m a t e d t o a d d $ 1. 3 t r i l l i o n t o t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y b y , d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y p l a y i n g a k e y r o l e a c r o s s a l l i n d u s t r i e s. I n C a n a d a, s i m i l a r t e n d s a r e n o t e d, w i t h t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f t h e d i g i t a l s e c t o r t o t a l i n g m o r e t h a n $ 7 6 b i l l i o n i n , a n i n c r e a s e o f $ 3 b i l l i o n f r o m t h e y e a r p r i o r. M o r e, t h e i m p a c t o f d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y i s s u r p a s s i n g t h e r e a l m s o f t h e t e c h s e c t o r. W i t h d e v e l o p m e n t s l i k e 3 D p r i n t i n g, r e v a m p i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r ; t o B l o c k c h a i n t h a t i s p o i s e d t o r e s h a p e t h e f i n a n c i a l s e c t o r a m o n g o t h e r s ; t o 5 G t h a t w i l l s e t t h e n e w s t a n d a r d f o r d a t a t r a n s m i s s i o n, t h e f u t u r e o f o u r c o l l e c t i v e e c o n o m i e s c a n n o l o n g e r b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t e c h n o l o g y. S i m p l y p u t : d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y i s i n c r e a s i n g l y n e c e s s i t a t i n g b u s i n e s s g r o w t h, a n d b u s i n e s s g r o w t h i s i n c r e a s i n g l y t i e d t o d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y. W i t h t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s e m e r g e s t h e n e e d f o r c a r e f u l a n d s t r a t e g i c p l a n n i n g t h a t n o t o n l y e n s u r e s o u r a b i l i t y a s a n a t i o n t o c o m p e t e i n t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y, b u t a l l o w s u s t o b e a l e a d e r i n i t. T h i s m e a n s t h a t m o r e a n d m o r e C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t o a d o p t, a n d e m b r a c e d i g i t i z a t i o n w h e t h e r t h a t m e a n s t r a i n i n g e m p l o y e e s o n b a s i c d i g i t a l s k i l l s, i n v e s t i n g i n c y b e r s e c u r i t y p l a t f o r m s, e n a b l i n g d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n a m o n g C a n a d i a n S M E s a n d o t h e r i n t e r v e n t i o n s. I n s o m e c a s e s p a r t i c u l a r l y r e l e v a n t f o r C a n a d i a n S M E s w h o m a y e x p e r i e n c e g r e a t e r c h a l l e n g e s t o d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n t h a n l a r g e f i r m s t h i s r e q u i r e s g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s o n d i g i t i z a t i o n a n d l e v e r a g i n g c r i t i c a l t r a n s i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s t h a t h e l p e m p l o y e e s g a i n t h e d i g i t a l s k i l l s t h e y n e e d t o s u r v i v e i n t h e e c o n o m y o f t o m o r r o w. 7
9 C o m p o u n d i n g t h i s n e e d, k e y t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e r e s h a p i n g t h e w a y t h a t w e t h i n k o f b u s i n e s s, a n d c h a n g i n g t r a d i t i o n a l b u s i n e s s p r a c t i c e s. A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e ( A I ), w i t h t h e a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m d e e p a n a l y s i s o f l a r g e d a t a s e t s w i l l r e v a m p m a n y o f o u r s e c t o r s ; a n d B l o c k c h a i n, t h r o u g h t h e s e c u r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f p r i v a t e a n d s e n s i t i v e d a t a, w i l l n e c e s s i t a t e s w e e p i n g c h a n g e o f o u r f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s. T h e s e a r e j u s t s o m e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t w i l l d r a s t i c a l l y i m p a c t o u r f u t u r e, a n d w i t h t h e m, b r i n g a l o n g a d e m a n d f o r n e w j o b s, s k i l l s e t s a n d c o m p e t e n c i e s a c r o s s t h e b o a r d. U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i s t o d a y a n d c r e a t i n g t h e p a t h w a y s t o f i l l t h e s e g a p s i s o f u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e. E n s u r i n g C a n a d a s s t r e n g t h i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y o f t o m o r r o w m u s t r e m a i n a t o p p r i o r i t y. C a n a d a h a s v a s t p o t e n t i a l t o l e a d i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y o f t h e f u t u r e. W i t h o n e o f t h e m o s t h i g h l y e d u c a t e d p o p u l a t i o n s i n t h e w o r l d [ 6 ], C a n a d a c o n s i s t e n t l y t o p s O E C D r a n k s f o r t e r t i a r y e d u c a t i o n a t t a i n m e n t. C o u p l i n g t h i s a c h i e v e m e n t, m o r e a n d m o r e, C a n a d a i s p l a y i n g a c o n s i d e r a b l e r o l e i n t h e s p a c e o f r e s e a r c h, d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h i n S T E M f i e l d s. E n r o l l m e n t i n I C T a n d S T E M a t C a n a d i a n u n i v e r s i t i e s h a s i n c r e a s e d b y n e a r l y 2 5 % s i n c e [ 7 ], a n d t h e v a l u e o f w o r k - i n t e g r a t e d l e a r n i n g p r o g r a m s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t ; b u t m o r e w o r k i s n e e d e d t o e n s u r e C a n a d a s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h i s f i e l d. T h i s m e a n s c r e a t i n g p a t h w a y s f o r t r a i n i n g, b o t h a t p o s t - s e c o n d a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d e l s e w h e r e ; l e v e r a g i n g t h e c h a n g e s t h a t c o m e w i t h t h e u p r i s i n g g i g ( o r p r o j e c t - b a s e d ) e c o n o m y ; a n d e n s u r i n g t h a t i n d u s t r y g r o w t h a n d d i v e r s i t y a n d i n c l u s i o n a r e a t t h e c e n t e r f o l d o f C a n a d a s t r a j e c t o r y. T o g e t h e r, w i t h c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d a c t i o n - o r i e n t e d d i a l o g u e b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y, p o l i c y m a k e r s, a c a d e m i a a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t s t a k e h o l d e r s, w e c a n s h a p e a f u t u r e w h e r e C a n a d a i s a l e a d e r i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. 8
10 I. KEY INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL TRENDS U n d o u b t e d l y, o u r c i t i e s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s i n b o t h t h e i r c o m p o s i t i o n a n d t h e i r p u r p o s e a r e c h a n g i n g. M o r e a n d m o r e, u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d i t s b y p r o d u c t s a r e r e s h a p i n g o u r l i v e s, w i t h t e c h n o l o g y a n d d i g i t a l s k i l l s p l a y i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t r o l e s. A s o f , n e a r l y 5 5 % o f t h e w o r l d s p o p u l a t i o n w e r e l i v i n g i n u r b a n c e n t e r s [ 8 ]. T h i s i s a t r e n d t h a t i s o n l y s e t t o i n c r e a s e o n t h e g l o b a l s c a l e, w i t h e s t i m a t e s s u g g e s t i n g t h a t b y , 6 5 % o f t h e w o r l d s p o p u l a t i o n w i l l b e c i t y - b o u n d [ 9 ]. A s a r e s u l t, o u r c i t i e s, o u r c o m m u n i t i e s, o u r e c o n o m i e s a n d o u r l i v e s a r e a l r e a d y b e g i n n i n g t o f a c e s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e, w i t h m u c h o f t h a t c h a n g e r e s u l t a n t f r o m n o t o n l y t e c h n o l o g y, b u t a f e w c e n t r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t a r e r e s h a p i n g o u r w o r l d. 5 Key Transformative Technologies T h e f i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t w i l l u s h e r i n w i d e - r a n g i n g c h a n g e a c r o s s n o t o n l y t h e C a n a d i a n, b u t t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y a r e : 5 G, A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e, B l o c k c h a i n, A u g m e n t e d a n d V i r t u a l R e a l i t y ( A R / V R ) a n d 3 D P r i n t i n g. T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o v i d e s a s h o r t g l i m p s e i n t o e a c h. 5G W h i l e r e s e a r c h i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c o n d u c t e d o n 6 a n d e v e n 7 G c o n n e c t i v i t y, 5 G i s t h e n e w e s t p l a t f o r m s e t f o r l a r g e - s c a l e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n, t h a t a l l o w s f o r t h e f a s t a n d e f f e c t i v e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f l a r g e b a t c h e s o f d a t a a c r o s s n e t w o r k s. W i t h t r a n s m i s s i o n s p e e d s a n y w h e r e b e t w e e n , f a s t e r t h a n o u r c u r r e n t L T E n e t w o r k s [ 1 0 ], 5 G c a n c o l l e c t, t r a n s m i t a n d s t o r e d a t a a t e x c e e d i n g l y r a p i d r a t e s. C e n t r a l t o m a n y f e a t u r e s o f t h e d i g i t a l a n d c o n n e c t e d e c o n o m y, 5 G i s q u i c k l y b e c o m i n g t h e n e w s t a n d a r d f o r w i d e s p r e a d c o n n e c t i v i t y, a n d o n e o f t h e k e y e n a b l e r s o f a v a r i e t y o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y d e v e l o p m e n t s, r a n g i n g f r o m a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s t o e - h e a l t h s o l u t i o n s. Artificial Intelligence A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e ( A I ) p o s s e s s e s t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l t o g e n e r a t e g r o u n d b r e a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n s, w i t h c o m p u t i n g p o w e r t h a t f a r o u t s t r i p s t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e h u m a n b r a i n. T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e u s e o f q u a n t u m c o m p u t i n g, e n a b l i n g A I t o p r o v i d e s o l u t i o n s t o a v a r i e t y o f c u r r e n t - d a y c h a l l e n g e s, r a n g i n g f r o m e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s t o s p a c e t r a v e l [ 1 1 ]. W i t h i t s w o r l d w i d e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t e x p e c t e d t o r e a c h u p t o $ 1 3 t r i l l i o n b y [ 1 2 ], A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e i s a c e n t r a l p i l l a r t o t h e s h i f t i n g n a t u r e o f o u r g l o b a l e c o n o m y. 9
11 Blockchain B l o c k c h a i n, c o m p r i s e d o f a d e c e n t r a l i z e d n e t w o r k o f i n f o r m a t i o n b l o c k s, o f f e r s n e v e r - b e f o r e - s e e n p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e s e c u r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f a l l d a t a i n c l u d i n g s e n s i t i v e o r p e r s o n a l d a t a. A c t i n g a s a g e n e r a l p u b l i c l e d g e r c h a i n i n g t o g e t h e r t r a n s a c t i o n s, b l o c k c h a i n r e c o r d s a n d s t o r e s d a t a a b o u t t h e s e t r a n s a c t i o n s a c r o s s a n e t w o r k o f u n r e l a t e d c o m p u t e r s. T h i s i s a p r o c e s s t h a t a l l o w s d a t a t o b e t r a n s m i t t e d w i t h o u t e x p o s i n g a n y c o n f i d e n t i a l d e t a i l s a b o u t t h e t r a n s a c t i o n i t s e l f, o r t h e p a r t i e s i n v o l v e d [ 1 3 ]. T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t r e p r e s e n t s u n p r e c e d e n t e d p o t e n t i a l f o r a n y t h i n g f r o m f i n a n c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s, t o i d e n t i t y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n, s u p p l y c h a i n m a n a g e m e n t, e - v o t i n g [ 1 4 ], f i n a n c i a l a u d i t s a n d t a x c o m p l i a n c e, a m o n g m a n y o t h e r s. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) A u g m e n t e d a n d v i r t u a l r e a l i t y ( A R / V R ) i s a t e c h n o l o g y t h a t i s n o t o n l y i m p a c t i n g t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t s e c t o r, b u t a l s o h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o p r o d u c e f a r - r e a c h i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r s e c t o r s s u c h a s h e a l t h c a r e a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n. A R / V R i n t e g r a t e s e l e m e n t s o f a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e w i t h r o b o t i c s, a n d c r e a t e s i m m e r s i v e i n t e r a c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e s f o r u s e r s [ 1 5 ]. T h i s c a n b e u s e d i n a v a r i e t y o f w a y s, i n c l u d i n g d i a g n o s t i c t e s t i n g f o r n e w v e h i c l e s, p l a n e s o r o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s [ 1 6 ]. A d d i t i o n a l l y, A R / V R c a n b e u s e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e t h e h e a l t h c a r e s e c t o r, w i t h r e a l - l i f e a p p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g O s s o V R, a p l a t f o r m t h a t s i m u l a t e s c o m p l e x s u r g e r i e s, p r i m a r i l y u s e d b y m e d i c a l t r a i n e e s [ 1 7 ]. 3D Printing 3 D p r i n t i n g i s r e s h a p i n g m a s s m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d m a t e r i a l s p r o d u c t i o n, m a k i n g i t e a s i e r, m o r e c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a n d s a f e r t o m a n u f a c t u r e m a t e r i a l s i n l a r g e v o l u m e s. A c c o r d i n g t o r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s, a 3 D p r i n t e r c a n p r i n t c o m p l e x d e s i g n s d i r e c t l y f r o m C A D ( c o m p u t e r - a i d e d d e s i g n ) i n a f e w h o u r s. C o m p a r e t h i s t o t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o d r a f t, l a y a m o l d a n d d e s i g n a n i t e m u s i n g t r a d i t i o n a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g : a p r o c e s s t h a t c a n t a k e u p t o s e v e r a l w e e k s [ 1 8 ]. T h i s h e i g h t e n e d t i m e a n d c o s t - s a v i n g m e a s u r e i s a l r e a d y b e i n g i m p l e m e n t e d b y v a r i e t y o f c o m p a n i e s ; o n e o f t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t b e i n g A d i d a s, w h o h a v e r e c e n t l y u n v e i l e d a p r o t o t y p e f o r t h e i r f i r s t m a s s - m a n u f a c t u r e d 3 D p r i n t e d s h o e, F u t u r e c r a f t 3 D [ 1 9 ]. E s t i m a t e d t o b e w o r t h u p t o $ b i l l i o n p e r y e a r g l o b a l l y b y [ 2 0 ], t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t a r e e n d l e s s. 10
12 Economic Impact of the ICT Sector C o u p l e d w i t h t h e r i s e o f k e y t r a n s f o r m a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s, a l o n g w i t h i n c r e a s e d i n v e s t m e n t a n d s u p p o r t f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l g r o w t h, t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f I C T i n C a n a d a d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l. G r o w i n g b y n e a r l y $ 3 b i l l i o n f r o m a l o n e, t h e r e a l g r o s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t ( G D P ) p r o d u c e d b y C a n a d a s I C T s e c t o r t o t a l e d $ b i l l i o n i n [ 2 1 ] - t h i s i s 4. 3 % o f t h e t o t a l C a n a d i a n G D P o f $ 1. 7 t r i l l i o n [ 2 2 ]. R e p r e s e n t i n g a c o m p o u n d a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e ( C A G R ) o f m o r e t h a n 4 %, t h i s g r o w t h i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t s e e n a c r o s s t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. M o r e o v e r, a s t h e a d o p t i o n o f I C T p r o d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s i n a l l e c o n o m i c s e c t o r s c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e, a n d d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y b e c o m e s a c e n t r a l f o c u s o f b u s i n e s s o p e r a t i o n s, t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f I C T o n C a n a d i a n G D P w i l l o n l y g r o w. Figure 1: Canadian and ICT Sector GDP (in billion dollars) Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada 11
13 D u r i n g , I C T s e r v i c e s [ 2 3 ], r e p r e s e n t i n g 9 5 % o f t h e t o t a l C a n a d i a n I C T s e c t o r G D P, a l s o s a w a s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w t h o f m o r e t h a n 4 % f r o m I C T m a n u f a c t u r i n g [ 2 4 ], b y c o n t r a s t, c o n t r i b u t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 % o f t o t a l C a n a d i a n I C T s e c t o r G D P, i n c r e a s e d b y 0. 7 % o r $ 2 6 m i l l i o n f r o m W h i l e c l e a r l y s h o w c a s i n g t h e d o m i n a n c e o f t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r, t h e c o n t i n u e d p o s i t i v e s t r e n g t h o f I C T i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g p a i n t s a n o t a b l e p i c t u r e o f t h e j o b - c r e a t i o n p o t e n t i a l t h a t n e w t e c h n o l o g y ( i. e. 3 D p r i n t i n g ) c a n o f f e r t o t h i s, a n d o t h e r g o o d s - p r o d u c i n g s e c t o r s. S i n c e g o o d s - p r o d u c i n g s e c t o r s t e n d t o b e m o r e h e a v i l y i m p a c t e d b y e x t e r n a l e c o n o m i c f l u c t u a t i o n s a n d p o l i c y c h a n g e s t h a n t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r, t h i s i s a p r o m i s i n g t r e n d. Figure 2: Canadian annual growth of GDP (in billion dollars) Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada 12
14 Economic Performance of the ICT Sector S i n c e , t h e I C T s e c t o r h a s o u t p e r f o r m e d t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y a s w e l l a s s e v e r a l o t h e r s e c t o r s i n c l u d i n g : m a n u f a c t u r i n g, p r o f e s s i o n a l, s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s, u t i l i t i e s, a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n. G r o w i n g a t a r a t e t h a t w a s 1. 3 % f a s t e r t h a n t h e g r o w t h a c r o s s t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y o f 3 %, i n , t h i s t r e n d w a s o n l y a m p l i f i e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s. P a r t i c u l a r l y d r i v e n b y t h e r a p i d e x p a n s i o n o f e m e r g i n g s u b s e c t o r s t h a t i n c l u d e a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e ( A I ), a u g m e n t e d r e a l i t y a n d v i r t u a l r e a l i t y ( A R & V R ) a n d a d v a n c e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g, C a n a d a s I C T s e c t o r i s s t r o n g l y i n t e r t w i n e d w i t h t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y. T h i s c o n n e c t i o n i s e x e m p l i f i e d b y t h e 7 1 % p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n [ 2 5 ] b e t w e e n g r o w t h i n t h e I C T s e c t o r a n d g r o w t h i n t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y o v e r t h e l a s t e i g h t y e a r s. F r o m a g e o g r a p h i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e, O n t a r i o r e m a i n e d C a n a d a s p r o v i n c i a l l e a d e r i n t h e I C T m a r k e t d u r i n g , c o n t r i b u t i n g a t o t a l o f $ b i l l i o n t o t h e n a t i o n a l I C T G D P. O t h e r n o t a b l e I C T c o n t r i b u t o r s w e r e Q u e b e c ( $ b i l l i o n ), B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ( $ 9. 3 b i l l i o n ) a n d A l b e r t a ( $ 8. 7 b i l l i o n ). Figure 3: Provincial Contributions to the Canadian ICT Sector Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada 13
15 Composition of the Canadian ICT Sector I n t h e r e w e r e m o r e t h a n 3 9, c o m p a n i e s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e I C T s e c t o r i n C a n a d a. W h i l e t h e s e c t o r d o e s c o n t a i n s o m e m a j o r p l a y e r s b o t h l o c a l l y - g r o w n s u c c e s s s t o r i e s l i k e S h o p i f y, o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a n s p l a n t s, s u c h a s M i c r o s o f t i t i s s t i l l p r i m a r i l y c o m p r i s e d o f s m a l l a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d e n t e r p r i s e s ( S M E s ). I n , t h e r e w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y l a r g e I C T c o m p a n i e s o p e r a t i n g i n C a n a d a t h a t e m p l o y e d m o r e t h a n p e o p l e. C o m p a r e t h i s t o t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 3, m i c r o I C T c o m p a n i e s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 1 0 e m p l o y e e s. I n t e r e s t i n g l y, I C T m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n i e s t e n d e d t o b e l a r g e r, w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 6 % o f t h e m e m p l o y i n g m o r e t h a n 5 0, c o m p a r e d t o 3. 2 % o f s e r v i c e - o r i e n t e d I C T c o m p a n i e s [ 2 6 ]. A Snapshot of Canada s Digital Economy C a n a d a s d i g i t a l e c o n o m y e n c o m p a s s e s m o r e t h a n j u s t t h e I C T s e c t o r, w i t h t h e t e r m d i g i t a l e c o n o m y b r o a d l y r e f e r r i n g t o m a r k e t s t h a t a r e b a s e d o n d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s. N o t i n g t h e g r o w t h o f c r o s s - s e c t o r a l t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n s, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r i s e o f t h e f i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s, t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s b e c o m i n g m o r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h o t h e r s e c t o r s, o u t s i d e o f I C T. T h i s i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f t e c h n o l o g y w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l s e c t o r s m a k e s i t t h a t m u c h m o r e p e r t i n e n t t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w a l l h u m a n c a p i t a l s t r e a m s c a n b e l e v e r a g e d g o i n g f o r w a r d. A t t h i s s t a g e, t a l e n t i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s c o m p r i s e d p r i m a r i l y o f t w o c o m p o n e n t s : I C T w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d i n e v e r y s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n o m y ; a n d I C T w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d i n t h e I C T s e c t o r [ 2 7 ]. A s o f , C a n a d a s d i g i t a l e c o n o m y e m p l o y e d m o r e t h a n 1, 4 4 1, p r o f e s s i o n a l s, 1, 2 9 7, o f w h i c h w e r e I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s. T h i s f i g u r e i n c l u d e s 5 1 6, I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g i n t h e I C T s e c t o r, 7 8 0, I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g i n s e c t o r s o t h e r t h a n t h e I C T s e c t o r ( i. e. m a n u f a c t u r i n g, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n, n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s, e t c. ) a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 4 4, n o n - I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g i n t h e I C T s e c t o r. 14
16 Figure 4: A Snapshot of Canada s Digital Economy Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey Digital is Business and Business is Digital: the Permeation of ICT Across Other Sectors of the Economy A s t h e C a n a d i a n d i g i t a l e c o n o m y c o n t i n u e s t o e x p a n d, m a n y t r a d i t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s w i l l s e e a g r o w i n g n e e d f o r d i g i t a l t a l e n t, e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y a g g l o m e r a t e d s k i l l s t o d r i v e b u s i n e s s f o r w a r d. W h i l e a l l i n d u s t r i e s w i l l w i t n e s s t h i s n e e d t o s o m e e x t e n t, c u r r e n t l y, t h o s e m o s t a f f e c t e d b y t h i s t r e n d i n C a n a d a a r e : m a n u f a c t u r i n g, h e a l t h c a r e, r e t a i l, f i n a n c e a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n. T h e s e i n d u s t r i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r w i l l r e q u i r e a s t r o n g i n f u s i o n o f d i g i t a l t a l e n t t o e x p a n d b u s i n e s s c a p a c i t i e s, s u p p o r t a n d s p u r f u r t h e r i n n o v a t i o n, a n d e n s u r e e c o n o m i c s u c c e s s. The Manufacturing Sector and Digital Changes M a k i n g u p 9 % o f t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t a n d o v e r 6 0 % o f t o t a l e x p o r t s i n C a n a d a [ 2 8 ], m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s a c r i t i c a l i n d u s t r y f o r t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. I n r e c e n t y e a r s, t h e g r o w t h o f 3 D p r i n t i n g h a s s h o w n v a s t p o t e n t i a l f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g, a c r o s s t h e b o a r d. C a p a b l e o f g e n e r a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t - s a v i n g s, 3 D p r i n t e r s a r e a b l e t o t a k e a p r o d u c t f r o m d e s i g n t o p r o t o t y p e, t o f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t, i n a f r a c t i o n o f t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d u s i n g t r a d i t i o n a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g m e t h o d s. 15
17 S e c o n d o n l y t o t h e m a s s i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c s, 3 D p r i n t i n g b r i n g s w i t h i t a c h a n g e t h a t w i l l d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r t h e l a b o u r m a r k e t n e e d s a n d s k i l l c o m p e t e n c i e s o f w o r k e r s i n t h i s f i e l d. W i t h a 3 D p r i n t e r a b l e t o p r i n t a b a s i c d e s i g n i n l e s s t h a n 1 0 m i n u t e s [ 2 9 ], t h i s t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l u s h e r i n a h e i g h t e n e d n e e d f o r h i g h l y - s k i l l e d e m p l o y e e s t h a t a r e a b l e t o c r e a t e t h e d e s i g n s t h a t a r e f e d i n t o t h e p r i n t e r s, a s w e l l a s r e p a i r a n d m a i n t a i n t h e p r i n t e r s t h e m s e l v e s. A s a r e s u l t, r o l e s l i k e m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r s a n d d e s i g n e r s w i l l b e c o m e m o r e p r e s e n t i n t h i s s e c t o r ; a s w i l l e m p l o y e e s t h a t p o s s e s s e s k e y d i g i t a l s k i l l s e t s, s u c h a s k n o w l e d g e o f i n d u s t r i a l d e s i g n, a p t i t u d e w i t h P h y t h o n l a n g u a g e, C A D, a n d S o l i d W o r k s p r o f i c i e n c y [ 3 0 ], a m o n g o t h e r s. The Healthcare Sector and Digital Changes I n , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a t o t a l o f $ b i l l i o n w a s u s e d t o w a r d s t o t a l h e a l t h e x p e n d i t u r e [ 3 1 ]. T h e r i s e o f d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y o f f e r s a n a v e n u e i n t h i s s e c t o r f o r r e d u c e d s p e n d i n g, t h r o u g h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i n n o v a t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n s t h a t h e l p p a t i e n t s b e t t e r m a n a g e t h e i r o w n p r o g r e s s a n d / o r t r a c k t h e i r c o n d i t i o n s. F o r e x a m p l e, c u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s l i k e e x c e s s w e i g h t o r o b e s i t y c u r r e n t l y c o s t s t h e C a n a d i a n h e a l t h c a r e s y s t e m a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 4. 6 b i l l i o n e a c h y e a r [ 3 2 ]. 5 G a n d a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e a r e g e a r i n g u p t o m a k e i m p r e s s i v e c h a n g e s i n t h i s r e a l m, a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s a l r e a d y e x i s t t o d a y t h a t a l l o w i n d i v i d u a l s t o t r a c k t h e i r h e a l t h g o a l s. T h e s e i n c l u d e f i t n e s s a p p s l i k e F i t b i t o r J a w b o n e, a s w e l l a s m o r e c o m p l e x a p p l i c a t i o n s l i k e M e d i c i [ 3 3 ], p e r m i t t i n g p a t i e n t s t o t e x t w i t h t h e i r d o c t o r s i n r e a l t i m e. T h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e s e a p p s, p a t i e n t l i f e s t y l e d a t a c a n b e c o l l e c t e d, a n a l y z e d a n d a g g r e g a t e d t o p a i n t a p i c t u r e o f t h e g i v e n i n d i v i d u a l t h i s d a t a c a n t h e n b e c o m p a r e d a g a i n s t t h o u s a n d s o f o t h e r s i n o r d e r t o d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s o n t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n. A c c e s s t o a p p l i c a t i o n s l i k e t h e s e c a n h e l p i n d i v i d u a l p a t i e n t s m a n a g e a n d i m p r o v e t h e i r o v e r a l l h e a l t h ; a n d t i m e l y, a c c u r a t e a n d r e a l - t i m e i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e h e a l t h s t a t u s o f a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n c a n p r o v e u s e f u l f o r p l a n n i n g a n d b u d g e t i n g o n h e a l t h c a r e s p e n d i n g. 16
18 The Finance Sector and Digital Changes O n e o f t h e m a j o r v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s o f o u r c u r r e n t f i n a n c i a l s y s t e m s i s d a t a c e n t r a l i z a t i o n. A c t i n g a s a k e y c a u s e o f c y b e r b r e e c h e s, d a t a c e n t r a l i z a t i o n m e a n s t h a t w h e n a b r e e c h o c c u r s, i t a f f e c t s a n e n t i r e n e t w o r k, r a t h e r t h a n j u s t o n e s p e c i f i c t r a n s a c t i o n. B l o c k c h a i n, w i t h t h e a b i l i t y t o d e c e n t r a l i z e t r a n s m i t t e d d a t a i n t o i n d i v i d u a l b l o c k s, m a y s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e s h a p e o u r f i n a n c i a l s e c t o r a n d w i t h t h i s, g e n e r a t e a n i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d f o r d i g i t a l s k i l l s. I n c r e a s i n g l y, w o r k e r s i n t h e f i n a n c e s e c t o r w i l l n e e d t o p o s s e s s n o t o n l y k n o w l e d g e o f f i n a n c e a n d e c o n o m i c s, b u t t o a l s o u n d e r s t a n d t r a d i n g t e c h n o l o g y, a n a l y t i c s, c r y p t o g r a p h y a n d d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t [ 3 4 ]. T h e s a m e w a y t h a t t h e r i s e o f A T M s c h a n g e d t h e n a t u r e o f b a n k t e l l e r j o b s i n t h e s s o m e t h i n g t h a t l e d t o a s k i l l s s h i f t, r e q u i r i n g b a n k t e l l e r s t o o f f e r p e r s o n a l a d v i c e [ 3 5 ] - b l o c k c h a i n a n d o t h e r k e y t e c h n o l o g i e s w i l l i n c r e a s i n g l y r e q u i r e b a n k i n g a n d f i n a n c e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t o p o s s e s s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f c e r t a i n f o u n d a t i o n a l d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y. The Retail Sector and Digital Changes W i t h t h e r i s e o f o n l i n e s h o p p i n g p l a t f o r m s l i k e A m a z o n, e B a y a n d S h o p i f y, t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f r e t a i l i s c h a n g i n g. W h i l e t h e C a n a d i a n r e t a i l m a r k e t i s s t i l l l a r g e l y d o m i n a t e d b y b r i c k a n d m o r t a r s h o p s w i t h e c o m m e r c e r e p r e s e n t i n g 2. 3 % o f a l l s a l e s i n [ 3 6 ] g l o b a l e s t i m a t e s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e o v e r a l l s h a r e o f t h i s m a r k e t w i l l o n l y c o n t i n u e t o g r o w. A s t h i s s e c t o r e v o l v e s, w e w i l l s e e a n i n c r e a s i n g n e e d f o r d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d t a l e n t, w i t h k e y d i s c e r n i b l e s k i l l s. T h i s i n c l u d e s t a l e n t w i t h c o n t e n t w r i t i n g a n d m a r k e t i n g s k i l l s, a b l e t o e f f e c t i v e l y c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h c u s t o m e r s ; d a t a a n a l y t i c s s k i l l s, a l l o w i n g t h e m t o d i s c e r n t r e n d s i n b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g p a t t e r n s a n d g e n e r a t e s a l e s r e p o r t s ; a s w e l l a s s e a r c h e n g i n e o p t i m i z a t i o n s k i l l s [ 3 7 ], a l l o w i n g f o r t a r g e t e d m a r k e t i n g a n d m e a n i n g f u l s a l e s c a m p a i g n s. The Transportation Sector and Digital Changes L a s t l y, w i t h t h e a d v e n t o f e m e r g i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s l i k e a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s, t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t o r w i l l u n d e r g o a n e x t e n s i v e o v e r h a u l t h a t w i l l c h a n g e t h e w a y w e v i e w m o b i l i t y. I C T C s r e p o r t A u t o n o m o u s V e h i c l e s a n d t h e F u t u r e o f W o r k i n C a n a d a o u t l i n e s h o w A u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s ( A V s ) w i l l c h a n g e o u r l i v e s, o u r l a b o u r m a r k e t s a n d r e v a m p t h e w a y w e t h i n k o f d r i v i n g. 17
19 A V s w i l l u t i l i z e v a r i o u s k e y t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s, m o s t n o t a b l y b e i n g a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d 5 G, i n o r d e r t o c a p t u r e, a n a l y z e a n d i n t e r p r e t t h e l a r g e s t e a m s o f d a t a t h a t t h e y r e c e i v e a b o u t t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s. W i t h a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s c a p t u r i n g d e t a i l s o f t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g a t a r a t e t h a t e x c e e d s 2 0 t i m e s p e r s e c o n d [ 3 8 ], t h i s b l e n d o f t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e c r u c i a l t o t h e i r s u c c e s s. N a t u r a l l y, t h i s w i l l l e a d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e n e e d f o r s k i l l e d t a l e n t l i k e m e c h a n i c a l a n d e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r s, a s w e l l a s u r b a n p l a n n e r s a n d c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e r s. A t t h e s a m e t i m e, s k i l l n e e d s w i l l a l s o c h a n g e a n d s h i f t a m o n g t h e s e a n d o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n s. F o r e x a m p l e, a s o f t w a r e e n g i n e e r w o r k i n g i n t h e a u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e s p a c e w i l l r e q u i r e e x p e r i e n c e w i t h a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d d i a g n o s t i c t e s t i n g, a s w e l l a s c l o u d c o m p u t e r s e r v i c e s l i k e A W S, S Q L a n d T a b l e a u [ 3 9 ]. Canada s Rate of Digital Adoption: Where Do We Stand in Comparison? W h i l e i t s b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r t h a t d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n m u s t b e a t o p p r i o r i t y f o r C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s t o s t a y c o m p e t i t i v e i n t h e c h a n g i n g e c o n o m y, t h e q u e s t i o n r e m a i n s : W h e r e d o e s C a n a d a s t a n d? A r e C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s l e a d e r s i n d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n, o r a r e w e t r a i l i n g b e h i n d? A c c o r d i n g t o r e c e n t s t a t i s t i c s, w h i l e C a n a d i a n s t h e m s e l v e s a r e h e a v y u s e r s o f t h e I n t e r n e t w i t h o n e o f t h e h i g h e s t I n t e r n e t p e n e t r a t i o n r a t e s i n t h e w o r l d C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s h a v e b e e n s o m e w h a t s l o w t o d e v e l o p a n o n l i n e p r e s e n c e. A s o f , f e w e r t h a n 5 0 % o f C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s h a d w e b s i t e s, t h i s f i g u r e a m p l i f i e d t o n e a r l y 6 0 % f o r s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s [ 4 0 ]. T h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s t r e n d w e r e r e f l e c t e d i n p r o f i t s a n d s a l e s. I n , o n l y 1 8 % o f C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e e n g a g e d i n e c o m m e r c e a f i g u r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n s o m e o f o u r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t o r s, i n c l u d i n g J a p a n, t h e U K, G e r m a n y a n d A u s t r a l i a, w h e r e 2 2 %, 2 4 %, 2 7 % a n d 4 4 % o f c o m p a n i e s w e r e e n g a g e d i n e c o m m e r c e, r e s p e c t i v e l y [ 4 1 ]. 18
20 Figure 5: Businesses engaged in Ecommerce A Global Snapshot Source: OECD, Key Issues for Digital Transformation in the G20, January 2017 S t a y i n g c o m p e t i t i v e i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s i n c r e a s i n g l y t i e d t o i n v e s t i n g i n k e y d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p p i n g e m p l o y e e s w i t h t h e s t r o n g d i g i t a l s k i l l s ; a n d w h i l e d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n h a s b e e n l o w e r t h a n a v e r a g e [ 4 2 ] i n t h e p a s t, p r o m i s i n g t r e n d s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o e m e r g e. I n , a m a j o r i t y o f C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e g i n t o f o c u s o n i n v e s t m e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g y a n d d i g i t a l s k i l l s t r a i n i n g. A c c o r d i n g t o a s u r v e y o f s m a l l a n d m e d i u m C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s c o n d u c t e d b y t h e C a n a d i a n C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e, m o r e t h a n h a l f n o t e d t h a t i n t h e c o m i n g y e a r s, t h e y w i l l i n v e s t 1-5 % o f t h e i r t o t a l r e v e n u e i n t r a i n i n g. M o r e o v e r, 3 7 % o f t h e s e b u s i n e s s e s s p e c i f i c a l l y n o t e d t h a t t h e y w i l l i n v e s t i n d i g i t a l s k i l l s t r a i n i n g, w i t h a n o t h e r 5 0 % p l e d g i n g t o i n v e s t i n s o f t w a r e t r a i n i n g a n d 3 1 % i n c y b e r s e c u r i t y t r a i n i n g [ 4 3 ]. 19
21 Trade Agreements and Their Impact on the Canadian Digital Economy I n , C a n a d a w a s t h e w o r l d s 1 0 t h l a r g e s t e c o n o m y. P l a c i n g j u s t b e h i n d B r a z i l i n a n n u a l G D P, a t $ 1. 7 t r i l l i o n, C a n a d a s c o n t r i b u t i o n r e p r e s e n t e d s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n 2 % o f t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y [ 4 4 ]. T h e r e l a t i v e s m a l l s i z e o f t h e C a n a d i a n m a r k e t p l a c e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o s o m e k e y i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t o r s m a k e s t h e l e v e r a g i n g o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s t h a t m u c h m o r e p e r t i n e n t, a n d p a r a m o u n t t o C a n a d a s a b i l i t y t o e n g a g e w i t h t h e w o r l d s e c o n o m i c l e a d e r s w a s a n o t a b l e y e a r f o r C a n a d a w h e n i t c a m e t o s t r e n g t h e n i n g t i e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y s a w t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n F r e e T r a d e A g r e e m e n t ( N A F T A ) r e - n e g o t i a t i o n. E n t e r i n g i n t o f o r c e n e a r l y 2 5 y e a r s a g o i n J a n u a r y , N A F T A i s a l o n g - s t a n d i n g a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n C a n a d a, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d M e x i c o, s e t t i n g a m o n g o t h e r a s p e c t s, a s t a n d a r d f o r t a r i f f - f r e e t r a d e a n d t h e s t r e a m l i n e d m o v e m e n t o f s k i l l e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s a c r o s s b o r d e r s. W h i l e N A F T A g i v e s C a n a d a p r e f e r e n t i a l a c c e s s t o t h e w o r l d s l a r g e s t s i n g l e - c o u n t r y e c o n o m y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s n e g o t i a t i o n s a r e c u r r e n t l y s t i l l u n d e r w a y a n d e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h M a r c h [ 4 5 ]. L a t e a l s o s a w t h e e n t e r i n g i n t o f o r c e o f t h e C a n a d a - E u r o p e a n U n i o n C o m p r e h e n s i v e T r a d e A g r e e m e n t ( C E T A ). T h i s a g r e e m e n t s e t s s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e t r a d e o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s, i n v e s t m e n t s, g o v e r n m e n t p r o c u r e m e n t, l a b o u r, a n d o f c o u r s e, t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n o n - t a r i f f b a r r i e r s [ 4 6 ]. G e n e r a t i n g o v e r $ 1 9 t r i l l i o n a n n u a l l y, t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n i s t h e l a r g e s t ( c o m b i n e d ) m a r k e t i n t h e w o r l d [ 4 7 ]. C E T A g i v e s C a n a d a p r e f e r e n t i a l a c c e s s t h i s c r u c i a l e c o n o m y, w h i l e a l s o a l l o w i n g C a n a d a t o b i d o n E U g o v e r n m e n t c o n t r a c t s t h e E U h a v i n g t h e l a r g e s t p r o c u r e m e n t m a r k e t i n t h e w o r l d. D u r i n g t h i s y e a r, t h e 1 0 t h r o u n d o f n e g o t i a t i o n s w e r e a l s o h e l d f o r t h e C a n a d a - I n d i a C o m p r e h e n s i v e E c o n o m i c P a r t n e r s h i p A g r e e m e n t ( C E P A ) a n a g r e e m e n t t h a t, i f i m p l e m e n t e d, w o u l d i n c r e a s e c r o s s - b o r d e r t r a d e i n g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s, e c o m m e r c e, t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d o t h e r s [ 4 8 ] b e t w e e n C a n a d a a n d I n d i a. R e p r e s e n t i n g n e a r l y 3 % o f t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y, f o r g i n g t h i s k i n d o f p r e f e r e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h I n d i a c a n a c t a s a n i m p o r t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t f o r C a n a d a. W h i l e s t i l l i n v e r y e a r l y s t a g e s, s o m e i n i t i a l s t e p s h a v e a l s o b e e n t a k e n a t t h e f e d e r a l l e v e l t o w a r d s c o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a o n a p o t e n t i a l t r a d e a g r e e m e n t. 20
22 H e r e, t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o l i c i t e d t h e v i e w s o f C a n a d i a n s o n a p o s s i b l e C a n a d a - C h i n a f r e e t r a d e a g r e e m e n t ( F T A ) [ 4 9 ], a n d P r i m e M i n i s t e r T r u d e a u v i s i t e d C h i n a i n D e c e m b e r f o r a n e x p l o r a t o r y d i s c u s s i o n o n t h e t o p i c [ 5 0 ]. C h i n a r e p r e s e n t s t h e w o r l d s s e c o n d l a r g e s t e c o n o m y a n d o n e o f t h e f a s t e s t - g r o w i n g m a r k e t s. W h i l e t h i s t y p e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p c a n p r e s e n t b o t h c h a l l e n g e s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s, t h e r e i s m u c h g r o u n d w o r k t o b e l a i d b e f o r e n e g o t i a t i o n s c a n t r u l y b e g i n. T h e s e a r e o n l y a f e w e x a m p l e s o f a c t i o n a b l e s t e p s t a k e n b y C a n a d a d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r, i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f w o r k i n g c o l l a b o r a t i v e l y w i t h t o p p l a y e r s i n t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y. T h i s i n t e g r a t i o n, d i s c u s s i o n a n d f r e e d i a l o g u e i s f o u n d a t i o n a l t o C a n a d a s c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e i n t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y g r o w i n g a n d e x p a n d i n g d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. II. CANADIAN LABOUR MARKET OUTLOOK Demand for Digital Skills W i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s u n d e r w a y, i t i s i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r t h a t a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y a r e i n n e e d o f I C T w o r k e r s a n d d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d t a l e n t. A s a r e s u l t, t h e d e m a n d f o r t o p I C T t a l e n t c o n t i n u e s t o g r o w a n d h a s r e s u l t e d i n e x p a n d i n g c a r e e r o p t i o n s f o r I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s, a c r o s s t h e e c o n o m y. I n , 6 0 % o f I C T w o r k e r s w e r e s p r e a d a c r o s s a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o m y, a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g 4 0 % w e r e e m p l o y e d i n C a n a d a s I C T s e c t o r. Figure 6: ICT Employment by Sector Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 21
23 M o r e o v e r, w i t h r a p i d t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n a n d d i g i t a l i z a t i o n t a k i n g p l a c e a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y, d i g i t a l s k i l l s a r e i n s t e a d y a n d g r o w i n g d e m a n d. C o m p a n i e s i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l, s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r y e m p l o y 3 5 % o f a l l I C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n C a n a d a a n d a r e b y f a r t h e l a r g e s t e m p l o y e r s o f d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d t a l e n t. B y c o m p a r i s o n, t h e n e x t f i v e s e c t o r s e m p l o y i n g I C T w o r k e r s a r e : m a n u f a c t u r i n g ( 1 5 % ), t r a d e ( 1 4 % ), t h e i n f o r m a t i o n, t h e c u l t u r a l a n d r e c r e a t i o n i n d u s t r y ( 1 0 % ), a n d b o t h p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e f i n a n c e a n d i n s u r a n c e i n d u s t r y ( 6 % ). Figure 7: ICT Employment Across Sectors Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 22
24 Demand for Digitally-Skilled Talent I n , t h e r e w e r e 1, 4 4 1, p r o f e s s i o n a l s e m p l o y e d i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. D r i v e n b y t h e r a p i d l y e x p e n d i n g I C T s e c t o r a n d i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d f o r I C T t a l e n t a c r o s s a l l i n d u s t r i e s, e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y g r e w s u b s t a n t i a l l y, a d d i n g 6 7, n e w j o b s f r o m T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a 5 % i n c r e a s e i n e m p l o y m e n t, t h e l a r g e s t o v e r t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s. M o r e o v e r, t h e g r o w t h i n d i g i t a l e m p l o y m e n t h a s o u t p a c e d e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y, t h e l a t t e r o f w h i c h w a s o n l y 1. 8 % f r o m A c c o r d i n g t o I C T C s e c o n o m i c m o d e l i n g, C a n a d a s d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s p r e d i c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o g r o w s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s. I C T C f o r e c a s t s t h a t b y , e m p l o y m e n t i n C a n a d a s d i g i t a l e c o n o m y w i l l r e a c h 1, 6 3 7, j o b s, c r e a t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 1 6, n e w v a c a n c i e s w h i c h w i l l n e e d t o b e f i l l e d w i t h q u a l i f i e d d i g i t a l t a l e n t. Figure 8: Employment Levels Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 23
25 Talent Supply: Composition and Features Women R e p r e s e n t i n g a l m o s t h a l f o f w o r k i n g a g e C a n a d i a n s, w o m e n a r e a c r i t i c a l t a l e n t s t r e a m f o r t h e h i g h - q u a l i t y d i g i t a l j o b s t h a t w i l l s u p p o r t o u r f u t u r e e c o n o m y. T h a t s a i d, t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f w o m e n i n I C T p r o f e s s i o n s h a s r e m a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t, a v e r a g i n g b e t w e e n 2 4 % a n d 2 5 %, f o r m o r e t h a n 1 0 y e a r s. T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a t h r e e - t o - o n e r a t i o o f m e n t o w o m e n e m p l o y e d i n I C T p o s i t i o n s a t r e n d t h a t s u g g e s t s t h e r e i s c l e a r l y r o o m f o r i m p r o v e m e n t t h o u g h r e n e w e d f o c u s o n d i v e r s i t y a n d i n c l u s i o n. Figure 9: ICT Employment Breakdown by Gender Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 24
26 Figure 10: ICT Employment Annual Growth Rate by Gender Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey U n f o r t u n a t e l y, t h e e m p l o y m e n t g e n d e r g a p i s n o t t h e o n l y i m b a l a n c e s e e n a m o n g I C T t a l e n t. W h i l e g e n d e r w a g e p a r i t y i s a p r e s s i n g c o n c e r n f o r m a n y i n d u s t r i e s, a s w e l l a s s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s w o r l d w i d e, d i s p a r i t y i n w a g e s a c r o s s g e n d e r w a s a l s o e v i d e n t i n t h e C a n a d i a n I C T s e c t o r. I n , f e m a l e I C T w o r k e r s e a r n e d 9 1 c e n t s f o r e a c h d o l l a r e a r n e d b y m e n t h i s r e p r e s e n t e d a d i f f e r e n c e o f m o r e t h a n $ 7, a n n u a l l y. T a k i n g a c t i v e s t e p s t o c l o s e g e n d e r g a p s l i k e t h e a b o v e a r e k e y m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y o f t h e f u t u r e i s n o t o n l y s t r o n g, b u t i n c l u s i v e. Youth Y o u t h ( a g e d ) c u r r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t 6 % o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f I C T w o r k e r s i n C a n a d a. H o w e v e r, t o t a l i n g 1 3 %, o l d e r w o r k e r s ( y e a r s ) s o m e o f w h i c h a r e n e a r i n g r e t i r e m e n t r e p r e s e n t t h e l a r g e s t p o r t i o n o f t h e C a n a d i a n I C T w o r k f o r c e. A s m a n y w o r k e r s a r e n e a r i n g t h e a g e w h e r e t h e y w i l l b e e x i t i n g t h e w o r k f o r c e a l t o g e t h e r, b u i l d i n g a n d r e i n f o r c i n g t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e y o u t h s u p p l y p i p e l i n e w i l l b e o f c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e. 25
27 Figure 11: ICT Employment Breakdown by Age Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey Figure 12: Employment Annual Growth Rate by Age Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 26
28 C u r r e n t l y, w e a r e s e e i n g p o s i t i v e t r e n d s f o r t h i s w h e n i t c a m e t o I C T e m p l o y m e n t. B e t w e e n a n d , I C T e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g t h o s e a g e d 1 5 t o 2 4 i n c r e a s e d b y 9 %. C o m p a r e t h i s t o t h e 6 % d e c l i n e w i t n e s s e d o v e r t h e s a m e t i m e p e r i o d f o r t h i s a g e g r o u p i n t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y. T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y i s a l s o c l e a r w h e n a n a l y z i n g u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e s. I n , t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e o f y o u t h I C T p r o f e s s i o n s t o t a l e d 3. 9 %, y e t t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e i n f o r y o u t h i n t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y w a s m o r e t h a n t r i p l e t h a t o f t h e I C T s e c t o r, t o t a l i n g %. Immigrants I m m i g r a t i o n p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n C a n a d a, n o t o n l y i n e n r i c h i n g o u r n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e a n d s o c i e t y, b u t i n a c t i n g a s a k e y s u p p l y s t r e a m f o r e m p l o y m e n t. I m m i g r a t i o n i s a l s o p a r t i c u l a r l y c r u c i a l t o t h e g r o w t h o f t h e C a n a d i a n d i g i t a l e c o n o m y a n d i n , r o u g h l y 4 9 2, o r 3 7 % o f t h e t o t a l I C T j o b s i n C a n a d a w e r e h e l d b y i m m i g r a n t s [ 5 1 ]. M o r e o v e r, t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f i m m i g r a n t s i n I C T p r o f e s s i o n s h a s g r o w n s t e a d i l y o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e, r i s i n g t o 3 7 % f r o m 3 0 % i n Figure 13: Immigrant Employment Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 27
29 W h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y, t h e I C T s e c t o r e m p l o y s a s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r v o l u m e o f i m m i g r a n t s t h a n a v e r a g e. I n , % o f a l l j o b s a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m y w e r e h e l d b y i m m i g r a n t s a f i g u r e t h a t w a s m o r e t h a n 1 0 % l o w e r t h a n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f i m m i g r a n t s i n I C T. T h i s d e m a n d f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y - s o u r c e d t a l e n t w a s e v i d e n t w h e n i t c a m e t o u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e s, a s w e l l. I n , t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e o f i m m i g r a n t p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n t h e I C T s e c t o r w a s 2. 4 %, a f i g u r e t h a t w a s l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e a m o n g i m m i g r a n t s i n t h e o v e r a l l C a n a d i a n l a b o u r m a r k e t, t o t a l i n g 7. 0 % d u r i n g t h e s a m e y e a r. T h e r a p i d a d v a n c e m e n t o f t e c h n o l o g y, c o u p l e d w i t h t h e a g i n g d o m e s t i c w o r k f o r c e, u n d e r l i n e s t h a t t h e a b i l i t y t o a t t r a c t d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s f r o m i n t e r n a t i o n a l s o u r c e s i s c r i t i c a l f o r C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. Figure 14: Growth in Employment Among Immigrants Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 28
30 Indigenous Peoples D e s p i t e b e i n g t h e f a s t e s t - g r o w i n g d e m o g r a p h i c g r o u p C a n a d a - g r o w i n g b y 1 9 % f r o m I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s r e m a i n a n u n d e r u t i l i z e d t a l e n t p o o l i n t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y a n d t h e I C T s e c t o r. I n , a t o t a l o f 1, 6 7 3, p e o p l e i n C a n a d a i d e n t i f i e d a s I n d i g e n o u s, y e t a y e a r p r i o r i n , o n l y 4 8 3, I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e e m p l o y e d i n t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. T h i s i s a f i g u r e t h a t i s o n l y 2. 7 % o f t h e e n t i r e e m p l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n o f C a n a d a. M o r e a c u t e l y f e l t i n t h e I C T s e c t o r, o n l y 3, o r 0. 3 % o f a l l I C T j o b s i n C a n a d a w e r e h e l d b y I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s. U n f o r t u n a t e l y, t h i s i s a t r e n d t h a t h a s a l s o r e m a i n e d s t a g n a n t o v e r t h e l a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s, w i t h I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s e m p l o y e d i n I C T r o l e s l a n d i n g a r o u n d t h e 0. 2 % m a r k f r o m i n a n d o n l y i n c r e a s i n g t o 0. 3 % i n T h a t s a i d, d e s p i t e t h e c u r r e n t l y l o w r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s i n t h e I C T s e c t o r, p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s a r e n o t e d w h e n c o m p a r e d t o I n d i g e n o u s e m p l o y m e n t a c r o s s t h e b o a r d, a d d i n g c r e d e n c e t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f I n d i g e n o u s e n g a g e m e n t w i t h I C T. I n , t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e a m o n g I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s t h a t w e r e e m p l o y e d i n I C T o c c u p a t i o n s t o t a l e d 7 %. W h i l e t h i s f i g u r e i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e o v e r a l l r a t e o f u n e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I C T s e c t o r a c r o s s C a n a d a i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e t o t a l u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e o f I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y ( 1 2 % ). I C T s h o w c a s e s t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r g e n e r a t i n g h i g h - q u a l i t y e m p l o y m e n t p r o s p e c t s f o r t h i s d e m o g r a p h i c s o m e t h i n g t h a t, i n t u r n, c a n h e l p s p u r i m p r o v e d e c o n o m i c o u t c o m e s f o r I n d i g e n o u s c o m m u n i t i e s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y. Figure 15: Indigenous Employment, Source: ICTC, Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey 29
31 The Changing Nature of Work F u r t h e r a c c e n t u a t i n g t h e d e m a n d f o r s k i l l s i n o u r d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s t h e c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f w o r k i t s e l f. W h i l e t h e M o n d a y t o F r i d a y f u l l - t i m e e m p l o y e e m a y s t i l l c u r r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t t h e n o r m a t i v e s t a n d a r d a c r o s s t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y, i n c r e a s i n g l y, w e a r e s e e i n g a r a p i d g r o w t h i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f r e m o t e w o r k ( o n l i n e n e t w o r k, c o m p l e t e d a n y w h e r e f r o m a c r o s s t h e p r o v i n c e t o a c r o s s t h e w o r l d ), p a r t - t i m e a n d c o n t r a c t w o r k [ 5 2 ], a s w e l l a s f r e e l a n c e w o r k ( f r a c t i o n a l o r g i g e m p l o y m e n t ). T h e s e c h a n g e s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o c o m p a n i e s, c r e a t i n g s h i f t s i n t r a d i t i o n a l b u s i n e s s m o d e l s, h i r i n g p r a c t i c e s a n d r e c r u i t m e n t n e e d s. B y , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e g l o b a l m a r k e t f o r o n l i n e p l a t f o r m s o f f e r i n g f r e e l a n c e w o r k o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e a n a d d i t i o n a l $ 2. 7 t r i l l i o n t o g l o b a l G D P, a n i n c r e a s e e s t i m a t e d t o b e n e f i t m i l l i o n p e o p l e [ 5 3 ]. T h e g r o w i n g p r e s e n c e o f f r e e l a n c e a n d o n l i n e w o r k - o r r a t h e r, w o r k t h a t i s f a r m e d o u t p i e c e m e a l o n a n a s n e e d e d b a s i s i s o n e o f t h e m o s t d r a m a t i c s h i f t s i n t h e l a b o u r m a r k e t o f o u r t i m e [ 5 4 ]. A s i d e f r o m r e c a l l i b r a t i n g o u r c o n c e p t i o n s o f e m p l o y m e n t, t h i s c h a n g e a l s o p r e s e n t s f a r - r e a c h i n g i m p a c t s f o r t h e l a b o u r m a r k e t o n w a g e s, o n f u t u r e o c c u p a t i o n s, a n d s k i l l n e e d s. W h i l e f r e e l a n c e e m p l o y m e n t m a y o f f e r i n c r e a s e d f l e x i b i l i t y, c u r r e n t e s t i m a t e s s u g g e s t t h a t o n t h e w h o l e, t h e s e j o b s t e n d t o b e s h o r t e r d u r a t i o n a s s i g n m e n t s w i t h l o w e r p a y r a t e s t h a n t r a d i t i o n a l f u l l - t i m e w o r k [ 5 5 ]. A d d i t i o n a l l y, u n d e r t h e s e s c e n a r i o s, i t c a n b e t h a t m u c h m o r e d i f f i c u l t f o r e m p l o y e r s t o r e a l l y k n o w w h o t h e d i g i t a l t a l e n t a r e, w h e r e t h e y a r e l o c a t e d, a n d i f t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r w o r k s o m e t h i n g t h a t a d d s a n e x t r a e l e m e n t o f c o m p l e x i t y t o t r a d i t i o n a l h i r i n g p r a c t i c e s. C o m p o u n d i n g t h e c h a l l e n g e o f f i n d i n g w o r k e r s w i t h k e y d i g i t a l s k i l l s u n d e r t h i s m o d e l i s t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y o f t h e s e f r e e l a n c e g i g s c a n b e c o m p l e t e d f r o m a n y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d. A s a r e s u l t, t h i s m a y l e a d t o a h i g h e r p o r t i o n o f C a n a d i a n e m p l o y e r s o u t s o u r c i n g w o r k t o l o w e r - c o s t j u r i s d i c t i o n s. O n e c e n t r a l e x a m p l e o f t h i s i s t h e g r o w i n g p r e s e n c e o f s t a r t u p o u t s o u r c i n g t o U k r a i n e, t h e c o u n t r y t h a t w a s r e c e n t l y r a n k e d a s o n e o f t h e w o r l d s h o t t e s t t e c h s c e n e s f o r o u t s o u r c e d I C T w o r k [ 5 6 ]. N e e d l e s s t o s a y, t h i s c h a n g i n g d y n a m i c i n t h e w a y t h a t w o r k i s c o m p l e t e d a n d w h e r e i t i s c o m p l e t e d, p l a c e s a n a d d i t i o n a l e m p h a s i s o n t h e n e e d t o e n s u r e t h a t C a n a d i a n s a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h k e y d i g i t a l s k i l l s. 30
32 C u r r e n t l y, S t a t i s t i c s C a n a d a e s t i m a t e s t h a t n o n - t r a d i t i o n a l w o r k i. e. f r e e l a n c e, s e l f - e m p l o y e d, p a r t - t i m e m a y a c c o u n t f o r m o r e t h a n 1 / 3 r d o f t o t a l C a n a d i a n e m p l o y m e n t [ 5 7 ]. T h i s i s a f i g u r e t h a t b a s e d o n c u r r e n t g l o b a l t r e n d s, i s l i k e l y t o c o n t i n u e t o g r o w. G a i n i n g, m a i n t a i n i n g a n d c o n t i n u a l l y d e v e l o p i n g t h e i m p o r t a n t d i g i t a l s k i l l s t h a t a r e n e e d e d a c r o s s i n d u s t r i e s i s o n e w a y f o r C a n a d i a n s t o r e m a i n c o m p e t i t i v e i n t h i s i n c r e a s i n g l y g i g - o r i e n t e d a n d g l o b a l l y - i n t e r c o n n e c t e d e c o n o m y. III. NATIONAL DIGITAL TALENT STRATEGY: ONE YEAR LATER Educations and Skills A s o u r i n d u s t r i e s c o n t i n u e t o g r o w, d e v e l o p, a n d b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l y i n t e r t w i n e d i n t h e d i g i t a l l a n d s c a p e o f t o m o r r o w, l e v e r a g i n g a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e s u p p l y o f d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d t a l e n t t o f i l l i n - d e m a n d r o l e s i s a t o p p r i o r i t y. A n d w i t h t h e a d v e n t o f 2 1 6, d i g i t a l l y - s k i l l e d o c c u p a t i o n s t h a t w i l l n e e d t o b e f i l l e d b y [ 5 8 ], t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c r e a t i n g t h e s e p a t h w a y s a m o n g a l l s u p p l y s t r e a m s, i n c l u d i n g y o u t h, i s c l e a r. P o s t - s e c o n d a r y g r a d u a t e s h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a n d c o n t i n u e t o b e a k e y c o n t r i b u t o r t o o u r s u p p l y p i p e l i n e f o r f i l l i n g i n - d e m a n d o c c u p a t i o n s a c r o s s a l l i n d u s t r i e s. H o w e v e r, w h i l e t h e e n r o l l m e n t o f s t u d e n t s i n I C T p r o g r a m s h a s i n c r e a s e d b y n e a r l y 2 5 % s i n c e [ 5 9 ], t o m o r r o w s g r a d u a t e s w i l l n e e d t o b e e q u i p p e d n o t o n l y w i t h a r e l e v a n t d e g r e e, b u t w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t s k i l l s b o t h t e c h n i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l t o s u r v i v e a n d f l o u r i s h i n t h e g r o w i n g d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. R e s e a r c h h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e v a l u e o f w o r k - i n t e g r a t e d o r p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e d u r i n g p o s t - s e c o n d a r y s t u d i e s i s u n p a r a l l e l e d i n p r e p a r i n g s t u d e n t s f o r t h e w o r k f o r c e. B y a l l o w i n g s t u d e n t s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o g a i n r e a l - l i f e e x p e r i e n c e d u r i n g t h e i r s t u d i e s, t h e y w i l l b e b e t t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e n e e d e d b y i n d u s t r y u p o n g r a d u a t i n g, w h i l e a l s o m a k i n g s t u d e n t s a w a r e o f t h e c u r r e n t e c o n o m i c l a n d s c a p e. T h e s e s k i l l s i n c l u d e t e c h n i c a l s k i l l s, a s w e l l a s a f o o t h o l d i n c u l t u r a l, i n t e r p e r s o n a l, a n d b u s i n e s s s k i l l s t h a t a r e c r i t i c a l i n t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y [ 6 0 ]. M o r e, t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e s, s t u d e n t s g a i n n o t o n l y p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e, b u t a l s o c a r e e r e x p l o r a t i o n, n e t w o r k i n g, p e r s o n a l g r o w t h a n d e n h a n c e d t r a n s i t i o n s i n t o t h e w o r k p l a c e. A t t h e s a m e t i m e, e m p l o y e r s g a i n a c c e s s t o h i g h - q u a l i t y s t u d e n t s t o f i l l l a b o u r n e e d s [ 6 1 ]. 31
33 R e c e n t e x a m p l e s, i n c l u d i n g B u d g e t s b o o s t t o w a r d s w o r k - i n t e g r a t e d l e a r n i n g p l a t f o r m s a c r o s s C a n a d a, s i g n i f y t h a t t h e v a l u e o f w o r k - i n t e g r a t e d l e a r n i n g i s e v i d e n t a c r o s s v a r i o u s c h a n n e l s. S e c o n d l y, i n c r e a s e d c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n a c a d e m i a a n d i n d u s t r y i s c r u c i a l i n b r i d g i n g t h e g a p b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d e n s u r i n g t h a t e d u c a t i o n i s c o u p l e d w i t h a c t u a l s k i l l n e e d s o f t h e f u t u r e. U n d e r t h i s t y p e o f s c e n a r i o, i n d u s t r y l e a d e r s m a y a c t a s a d v i s o r s, l e c t u r e r s o r e v e n p a r t - t i m e m e n t o r s t o p o s t - s e c o n d a r y s t u d e n t s. T h o u g h t h i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n, s t u d e n t s w i l l n o t o n l y b e a b l e t o p u t t h e i r c u r r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l k n o w l e d g e i n t o p r a c t i c e, b u t t h e y w i l l b e e x p o s e d t o t h e m o s t u p - t o - d a t e a n d t i m e l y s k i l l s d e e m e d r e l e v a n t b y i n d u s t r y, i t s e l f [ 6 2 ]. U n d e r a t r a d i t i o n a l a c a d e m i c e n v i r o n m e n t, c u r r i c u l u m s a r e p l a n n e d a c c o r d i n g t o a l o n g - t e r m b a s i s. T h i s m e a n s t h a t m o s t p o s t - s e c o n d a r y p r o g r a m s t a k e a n y w h e r e b e t w e e n 2-5 y e a r s t o c o m p l e t e. W h i l e p o s t - s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n p r o v i d e s t h e n e c e s s a r y f o u n d a t i o n a l g r o u n d w o r k f o r s t u d e n t s t o b e c o m e e n g a g e d i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y, a t t h e r a t e t h a t t e c h n o l o g i c a l e v o l u t i o n i s t a k i n g p l a c e, t h e p o t e n t i a l o f d i g i t a l s k i l l s u n d e r g o i n g d r a s t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n a p o s t - s e c o n d a r y p r o g r a m i s a d i s t i n c t p o s s i b i l i t y. I n c r e a s e d c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h i n d u s t r y i s k e y i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t s t u d e n t s g r a d u a t i n g p o s s e s s n o t o n l y t h a t f o u n d a t i o n a l g r o u n d w o r k, b u t a n a c t i v e a n d s o l i d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s p e c i f i c s k i l l s e t s n e e d e d t o c o m p e t e w i t h i n t h e e c o n o m y o f t o d a y a n d t o m o r r o w. Diversity and Inclusion T h e r e i s n o q u e s t i o n t h a t C a n a d a i s o n e o f t h e m o s t e t h n i c a l l y d i v e r s e c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o r l d. T h e C a n a d i a n c e n s u s f o u n d t h a t o f t h e t o t a l 3 3 m i l l i o n p o p u l a t i o n o f C a n a d a, o v e r 7. 2 m i l l i o n a n d a n o t h e r 5. 7 m i l l i o n w e r e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d - g e n e r a t i o n i m m i g r a n t s t h a t s n e a r l y 4 0 % o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n [ 6 3 ]. M o r e o v e r, w i t h n e a r l y 1. 6 m i l l i o n C a n a d i a n s i d e n t i f y i n g a s I n d i g e n o u s, t h i s g r o u p r e m a i n s t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g d e m o g r a p h i c g r o u p i n C a n a d a, r i s i n g b y n e a r l y 4 3 % f r o m t o [ 6 4 ]. N o t o n l y i s d i v e r s i t y p a r t o f t h e b a c k b o n e o f o u r d e m o g r a p h y, t h e e x c h a n g e o f d i f f e r e n t p e r s p e c t i v e s, i d e a s a n d v a l u e s t h a t c o m e a l o n g w i t h i t h a v e b e e n p r o v e n t o b e b e n e f i c i a l f o r b u s i n e s s. I n c r e a s e d d i v e r s i t y i n t h e w o r k p l a c e h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o e n h a n c e c u l t u r a l k n o w l e d g e, t o d e v e l o p n e w a n d u n i q u e p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g s t r a t e g i e s, t o i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e s o f e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p a n d p o t e n t i a l l y e v e n t o b r o a d e n a c c e s s t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s. 32
34 R e c e n t r e s e a r c h h a s s h o w n c o m p a n i e s t h a t e m b r a c e d i v e r s i t y a r e b e t t e r p o s i t i o n e d t o d e a l w i t h c h a n g e, a n d t o r e d u c e c o n f l i c t, w h i l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y g a i n i n g a r e p u t a t i o n a s s o c i a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e [ 6 5 ] a l l t h i n g s t h a t m a y l e a d t o a g r o w t h i n b u s i n e s s. P a r t i c u l a r l y r e l e v a n t f o r j o b s t h a t a r e h i g h - r i s k, c o m p l e x a n d n o n - r o u t i n e, d i v e r s i t y h a s s h o w n t o b e a c o n t r i b u t o r t o s u c c e s s, w i t h s t u d i e s f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d i n c l u d i n g t h e N e t h e r l a n d s, N e w Z e a l a n d, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m s h o w i n g g a i n s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y, i n n o v a t i o n a n d w a g e s, a m o n g c o m p a n i e s t h a t h i r e d a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f i m m i g r a n t s [ 6 6 ]. I n C a n a d a, a r e c e n t s t u d y a n a l y z i n g r e s u l t s f r o m n e a r l y 8, w o r k p l a c e s a c r o s s 1 4 s e c t o r s, a n d m o r e t h a n 1 4 0, e m p l o y e e r e s p o n s e s u n d e r t h e W o r k p l a c e a n d E m p l o y e e S r v e y ( W E S ) f o u n d t h a t i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f s e c t o r s, t h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e t h n o c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t y a n d i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d r e v e n u e. S p e c i f i c a l l y, t h i s s t u d y f o u n d t h a t a s l i t t l e a s a 1 % i n c r e a s e i n e t h n o c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t y r e s u l t e d i n a n e a r l y 2. 5 % i n c r e a s e i n r e v e n u e a n d a 0. 5 % i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i v i t y a c r o s s a l l w o r k p l a c e s s u r v e y e d [ 6 7 ]. T h e s e f i n d i n g s w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y r e l e v a n t f o r t h e t e c h n o l o g y s e c t o r, w h e r e t h e p r e s e n c e o f i m m i g r a n t s t e n d s t o b e h i g h e r t h a n a v e r a g e. T h e h i g h e s t r e v e n u e a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s w e r e f o u n d a m o n g b u s i n e s s e s i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s, a n d b u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a l l b o a s t i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s o f m o r e t h a n 3 %, d u e t o w o r k f o r c e d i v e r s i t y [ 6 8 ]. L e v e r a g i n g C a n a d a s d i v e r s e w o r k f o r c e f o r g r e a t e r i n c l u s i v i t y i n t h e g r o w i n g d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s a k e y c o m p o n e n t o f o u r s u c c e s s i n t h e f u t u r e. M o r e o v e r, t h e f o c u s o n i n c l u s i v i t y a n d d i v e r s i t y i s e s s e n t i a l t o e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y b r i n g i n g f o r t h i n n o v a t i o n s a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l s h i f t s t h a t d e m a n d n e w s k i l l s a n d c o m p e t e n c i e s d o e s n o t b e c o m e a n e l i t i s t o n e. F o c u s i n g o n t h e v a l u e o f d i v e r s i t y a n d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n c l u s i o n i s t a n t a m o u n t i n o u r c o l l e c t i v e s u c c e s s a s a c o u n t r y. A r e c e n t s t u d y b y D e l o i t t e f o u n d t h a t t h i s i s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i s b e c o m i n g m o r e c o m m o n p l a c e a m o n g e m p l o y e r s. H e r e, t h e s t u d y r e p o r t e d t h a t m o r e a n d m o r e C a n a d i a n e m p l o y e r s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o s e e t h e v a l u e o f d i v e r s i t y i n t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s. O f t h e n e a r l y 5 0 % o f e m p l o y e r s t h a t i n v e s t e d i n d i v e r s i t y w i t h i n t h e l a s t 5 y e a r s, t h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n s f o r d o i n g s o w e r e n o t e d t o b e : e n h a n c i n g e m p l o y e e e n g a g e m e n t, b u i l d i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s b r a n d, a n d e n h a n c i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a b i l i t y t o a c q u i r e n e w t a l e n t [ 6 9 ]. T h e s e a n d o t h e r e l e m e n t s a r e c e n t r a l t o m e e t i n g t h e d e m a n d s o f t h e f u t u r e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y w h i c h i s i n c r e a s i n g l y d i v e r s e, i n t e r t w i n e d a n d g l o b a l. 33
35 C o n t i n u e d e n g a g e m e n t, d i a l o g u e a n d r e s e a r c h, w i t h m e a s u r e m e n t - d r i v e n s t r a t e g i e s i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n s u l t a t i o n o f n a t i o n a l t a s k f o r c e s i s e s s e n t i a l t o e n s u r i n g t h a t d i v e r s i t y i s g a i n f u l l y u t i l i z e d t o e n s u r e C a n a d a s c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e i n t h e e c o n o m y o f t o m o r r o w. Industry Growth P r o m o t i n g i n d u s t r y g r o w t h i n C a n a d a i s, a n d w i l l a l w a y s b e a t o p p r i o r i t y f o r b o t h p o l i c y m a k e r s a n d i n d u s t r y. H e l p i n g C a n a d i a n s n o t o n l y b e c o m e e n t r e p r e n e u r s, b u t b u i l d c o m p a n i e s t h a t w i l l g r o w, s u r v i v e a n d t h r i v e e v e n a m o n g t h e f r e q u e n t d i s r u p t i o n s o f t e c h n o l o g y i t s e l f i s c r u c i a l. P a r t o f t h i s i n v e s t m e n t n e e d s t o c o m e f r o m g o v e r n m e n t s u p p o r t f o r t r a d i t i o n a l p r o g r a m s l i k e R & D a n d r e l e v a n t i m m i g r a t i o n p o l i c i e s. R e c e n t e x a m p l e s o f t h i s i n c l u d e p u b l i c R & D i n v e s t m e n t t h a t t o t a l e d 1. 6 % o f G D P i n C a n a d a [ 7 0 ], a n d t h e r e c e n t G l o b a l S k i l l s S t r a t e g y u n v e i l e d u n d e r t h e B u d g e t, w h i c h s e t a 2 - w e e k p r o c e s s i n g t i m e f o r w o r k p e r m i t s f o r h i g h s k i l l e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t a l e n t f i l l i n g i n - d e m a n d r o l e s [ 7 1 ]. A t t h e s a m e t i m e, o t h e r s k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s i n c l u d e t h e B u d g e t i n v e s t m e n t o f a n a d d i t i o n a l $ 1. 8 b i l l i o n ( i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e $ 3 b i l l i o n a n n u a l l y ) o v e r s i x y e a r s t o e x p a n d t h e L a b o u r M a r k e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g r e e m e n t s. T h e s e a g r e e m e n t s o f f e r C a n a d i a n s l o o k i n g f o r w o r k o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o u p g r a d e t h e i r s k i l l s, r e c e i v e e m p l o y m e n t c o u n s e l l i n g, g a i n e x p e r i e n c e a n d / o r g e t h e l p s t a r t i n g t h e i r o w n b u s i n e s s e s [ 7 2 ] - a l l s u p p o r t l e v e r s t h a t p r o m o t e t h e e x p a n s i o n o f C a n a d i a n i n d u s t r y. O t h e r n e c e s s a r y i n v e s t m e n t s i n c l u d e i n d u s t r y - l e d d e v e l o p m e n t s l i k e B u s i n e s s E n t e r p r i s e R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t ( B E R D ) i n v e s t m e n t, a n d i n c r e a s e d c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h a c a d e m i a a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t s t a k e h o l d e r s i n o r d e r t o h e l p b u i l d s t r o n g t a l e n t p i p e l i n e s, a t t r a c t a n d r e t a i n h i g h - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s a n d s u p p o r t t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f F D I a n d v e n t u r e c a p i t a l. B E R D i n v e s t m e n t i s k e y t o s u p p o r t i n g s t r o n g n e t w o r k s o f i n n o v a t i o n a c r o s s t h e b o a r d. I n f a c t, s o m e o f t h e m o s t i n n o v a t i v e c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o r l d l i k e I s r a e l, S o u t h K o r e a, J a p a n a n d t h e U S A c o n t i n u o u s l y r e p o r t s t r o n g B E R D i n v e s t m e n t, w i t h l e v e l s t o t a l i n g 3. 5 %, 3. 2 %, 2. 7 %, a n d 1. 9 %. C o m p a r e t h i s t o C a n a d a, w h e r e B E R D i n v e s t m e n t t o t a l e d 0. 8 % d u r i n g t h e s a m e y e a r [ 7 3 ]. I n c r e a s e d c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y w i t h t h e l o c a l e c o s y s t e m h a s a l s o l e d t o a s t r o n g g r o w t h o f s t a r t u p s u p p o r t s y s t e m s a c r o s s C a n a d a. 34
36 A s o f , t h e r e w e r e m o r e t h a n a c c e l e r a t o r s a n d i n c u b a t o r s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y, w i t h m o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h e m s p e c i f i c a l l y s e r v i n g I C T, b i o t e c h a n d c l e a n t e c h c o m p a n i e s [ 7 4 ]. I n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s t h e s e a r e e s s e n t i a l i n n o t o n l y e n c o u r a g i n g e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p, b u t s u p p o r t i n g i t s g r o w t h a n d r e s i l i e n c e t h r o u g h j o b c r e a t i o n a n d t h e a t t r a c t i o n p r i v a t e - s e c t o r f o l l o w - o n i n v e s t m e n t. F o r e x a m p l e, i n , C a n a d i a n A c c e l e r a t o r s w e r e f o u n d t o c r e a t e n e a r l y 5 n e w j o b s p e r c l i e n t w i t h $ m i l l i o n o f f o l l o w - o n i n v e s t m e n t, a n d I n c u b a t o r s w e r e f o u n d t o c r e a t e 7. 5 j o b s p e r c l i e n t w i t h $ m i l l i o n i n f o l l o w - o n i n v e s t m e n t [ 7 5 ]. T h e s e s u p p o r t n e t w o r k s a r e p a r a m o u n t t o e n c o u r a g i n g e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p a n d s u p p o r t i n g t h e s u s t a i n a b l e g r o w t h o f t h e l o c a l e c o n o m y. CONCLUSION C a n a d a h a s a l o t t o o f f e r t h e w o r l d a n d t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. C a n a d a h a s c o n t i n u o u s l y r a n k e d h i g h l y a c r o s s s e v e r a l t o p - r a n k i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n d e x e s, i n c l u d i n g t h e G l o b a l P e a c e I n d e x, t h e G l o b a l P r o s p e r i t y I n d e x a n d t h e D i g i t a l E v o l u t i o n I n d e x. I n , C a n a d a p l a c e d f i r s t a m o n g s e v e n c o m p a r i s o n c o u n t r i e s i n t h e G l o b a l P e a c e I n d e x a n d t h e G l o b a l P r o s p e r i t y I n d e x, t h e f o r m e r m e a s u r i n g t h e c o u n t r y s s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y, a n d t h e l a t t e r m e a s u r i n g n a t i o n a l p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r a n d e c o n o m i c g r o w t h. D u r i n g t h e s a m e t i m e f r a m e, C a n a d a a l s o p l a c e d t h i r d a m o n g s e v e n o n t h e D i g i t a l E v o l u t i o n I n d e x [ 7 6 ], a n i n d e x m e a s u r i n g n a t i o n s a b i l i t y t o i n n o v a t e a n d i m p l e m e n t d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s. P u l l f a c t o r s l i k e t h e s e a n d o t h e r s a r e c r u c i a l t o s u b s t a n t i a t i n g n a t i o n a l l y - d r i v e n i n v e s t m e n t, a t t r a c t i n g F D I a n d b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d, a s w e l l a s f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s a n d a c t i n g a s a t o p d e s t i n a t i o n f o r h i g h l y - s k i l l e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t a l e n t. C o m b i n e d w i t h o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c l u d i n g a h i g h q u a l i t y o f l i f e, a h i g h l y - e d u c a t e d t a l e n t b a s e, s t r o n g g r o w t h i n t h e I C T s e c t o r a n d a g r o w i n g p e r m e a t i o n o f d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y a c r o s s i n d u s t r i e s, i t i s c l e a r t h a t C a n a d a p o s s e s s e s t h e b a s i c i n g r e d i e n t s t o c o n t i n u e t o s u c c e e d, d e s p i t e d i g i t a l d i s r u p t i o n s a n d t h e c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f w o r k, i t s e l f. T h a t s a i d, b y b l e n d i n g t h e s e a t t r i b u t e s w i t h a r e n e w e d f o c u s o n s p u r r i n g d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n, o n p r o m o t i n g a n d s u p p o r t i n g t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s a n d e d u c a t i o n a l p a t h w a y s t h a t h e l p C a n a d i a n s g a i n k e y d i g i t a l s k i l l s, a n d o n t h e r o l e o f d i v e r s i t y a n d i n c l u s i o n a s c o r n e r s t o n e t o t h e e x p a n s i o n o f o u r c o l l e c t i v e f u t u r e, C a n a d a c a n b e c o m e m o r e t h a n j u s t a c o m p e t i t o r i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y o f t o m o r r o w. 35
37 B y c o n t i n u i n g t o n u r t u r e w h a t w e r e d o i n g w e l l, b y u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a c t i n g o n w h a t w e c a n i m p r o v e, a n d b y l e v e r a g i n g o u r s t r e n g t h s w i t h e v i d e n c e - b a s e d r e s e a r c h a n d r e s u l t s - d r i v e n s t r a t e g i e s, C a n a d a c a n b e m o r e t h a n j u s t a k e y p l a y e r i n t o m o r r o w s d i g i t a l f u t u r e ; C a n a d a c a n b e a l e a d e r. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. R e c o g n i z i n g t h e c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y a n d i t s i m p a c t s o n e m p l o y m e n t p r o s p e c t s, c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t b e t w e e n p o l i c y m a k e r s, i n d u s t r y, a n d a c a d e m i a s h o u l d b e m a d e t o b u i l d c r o s s - s e c t o r t r a n s i t i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s t h a t a l l o w f o r r a p i d u p s k i l l i n g a n d r e d e p l o y m e n t o f C a n a d a s w o r k f o r c e i n t o f a s t g r o w t h s e c t o r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. T h i s w i l l t r a n s l a t e t o : a. T i m e l y a n d a c c u r a t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t a n d a b s o r p t i o n r a t e s i n t h e l a b o u r f o r c e a c r o s s v a r i o u s s e c t o r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. b. A c c r u e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e m a k e - u p o f i n - d e m a n d a n d e m e r g i n g s k i l l s f o r h i g h g r o w t h s e c t o r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. c. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t, w i t h t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f i n d u s t r y a n d a c a d e m i a, o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n p r o g r a m s a i m e d a t c r o s s - s k i l l i n g a n d r e d e p l o y i n g d i s p l a c e d w o r k e r s i n t o h i g h - g r o w t h s e c t o r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m y. 2. I n , t h e v i b r a n t a n d c h a n g i n g n a t u r e o f t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y h a s y i e l d e d a g r o w t h t h a t h a s o u t p a c e d t h e r e s t o f t h e e c o n o m y b y a r a t i o o f 6 : 1. W h i l e m a n y o f t h e s e j o b s a r e S T E M - b a s e d, t h e r a m p a n t g r o w t h o f t h i s e c o n o m y h a s c r e a t e d a r a n g e o f a n c i l l a r y o c c u p a t i o n s t h a t a l l o w f o r t h e b r o a d e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a l l C a n a d i a n s i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. I n i t i a t i v e s t h a t c a n s u p p o r t t h i s t r a n s i t i o n a n d i n c l u s i o n o f a l l C a n a d i a n s i n t o m o r r o w s e c o n o m i c f u t u r e i n c l u d e : a. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o g r a m s o f f e r i n g a n a c c r u e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e n o n - S T E M a n d a n c i l l a r y j o b g r o w t h i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. b. C l o s e c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n p o l i c y m a k e r s w i t h i n d u s t r y a n d a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s t o d e v e l o p b r o a d e r p a t h w a y s f o r n o n - S T E M d i s c i p l i n e s t o e n t e r c a r e e r s i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. 36
38 3. D i v e r s i t y i s, u n d o u b t e d l y, a c e n t r a l p i l l a r t o C a n a d a s s u c c e s s i n t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y. I n d u s t r y a n d r e l e v a n t r e s e a r c h o r g a n i z a t i o n ( s ) s h o u l d c o l l a b o r a t e i n o r d e r t o p r o m o t e a n d s u p p o r t r e s e a r c h o n t h e v a l u e o f d i v e r s i t y i n t h e w o r k p l a c e, a s i t r e l a t e s t o r e v e n u e a n d e m p l o y m e n t g r o w t h. T h e o u t p u t s o f s u c h a n i n i t i a t i v e i n c l u d e : a. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a m o r e i n c l u s i v e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y, v i a t h e c r e a t i o n o f p a t h w a y s f o r t h e i n c l u s i o n a n d e m p o w e r m e n t o f d i v e r s e g r o u p s i n t o t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y ( i n c l u d i n g w o m e n, I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s, p e r s o n s w i t h w i t h d i s a b i l i t i e s, i m m i g r a n t s a n d o t h e r s ). b. I n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d r e v e n u e e n h a n c e m e n t a t t h e i n d u s t r y l e v e l, v i a i m p r o v e d i d e a e x c h a n g e a n d d i s c o u r s e. 4. C h a r t i n g o u r p a t h t o l e a d i n g t h e d i g i t a l e c o n o m y i s i m p o r t a n t. K n o w i n g w h e r e w e s t a n d a n d w h e r e w e n e e d t o g o, i s c r u c i a l. P o l i c y m a k e r s a n d i n d u s t r y s h o u l d c o l l a b o r a t e w i t h r e l e v a n t r e s e a r c h o r g a n i z a t i o n ( s ) t o d e v e l o p r e l e v a n t m e a s u r e m e n t m e t r i c s t h a t s e e k t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d c l a s s i f y o u r p r o g r e s s i n i n n o v a t i o n, a n d m e a s u r e t h e i m p a c t o f t a l e n t s t r a t e g i e s. D o i n g s o w o u l d h e l p t o e n s u r e t h a t : a. N a t i o n a l i n n o v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e t r a c k e d a n d m e a s u r e d, a l l o w i n g f o r l o n g - t e r m t r e n d a s s e s s m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n b o t h k e y t o s u b s t a n t i a t i n g e v i d e n c e - b a s e d i n v e s t m e n t. b. T a l e n t s o l u t i o n s a n d s t r a t e g i e s a r e m e a s u r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o u t p u t s, a l l o w i n g f o r t h e a c c u r a t e a n d t i m e l y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f w h a t s w o r k i n g, a n d a s s e s s m e n t o f a c t u a l i m p a c t o n C a n a d i a n j o b s e e k e r s a n d C a n a d i a n e m p l o y e r s. 5. P o l i c y m a k e r s, i n d u s t r y a n d i n d u s t r y s u p p o r t g r o u p s l i k e i n c u b a t o r s a n d a c c e l e r a t o r s s h o u l d c o l l a b o r a t e t o o f f e r r e s o u r c e s a n d i n c e n t i v e s f o r S M E s t o i n v e s t i n d i g i t a l s k i l l t r a i n i n g a n d d i g i t a l a d o p t i o n. T h e o u t p u t s o f s u c h a n i n v e s t m e n t i n c l u d e : a. I n c r e a s e d o n l i n e p r e s e n c e o f C a n a d i a n b u s i n e s s e s, l e a d i n g t o i m p r o v e d s a l e s r e v e n u e g e n e r a t i o n. b. I n c r e a s e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s e n c e o f C a n a d i a n c o m p a n i e s, v i a i n c r e a s e d o n l i n e p r e s e n c e. 37
39 END NOTES 1. I C T C, A u t o n o m o u s V e h i c l e s a n d t h e F u t u r e o f W o r k i n C a n a d a ( J a n u a r y ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 1 / I C T C _ - A u t o n o m o u s - V e h i c l e s - a n d - T h e - F u t u r e - o f - W o r k - i n - C a n a d a p d f > P I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > 3. E D C, S o l v i n g t h e D i g i t a l S k i l l s P u z z l e W i l l R e q u i r e L e a d e r s h i p a n d A c t i o n, N o w ( S e p t e m b e r 1, ). < h t t p s : / / e d c. t r a d e / i c t - s e c t o r - s o l v i n g - d i g i t a l - s k i l l s / > 4. I C T C, S k i l l s i n t h e D i g i t a l E c o n o m y W h e r e C a n a d a S t a n d s a n d t h e W a y F o r w a r d ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 5 / S k i l l s - i n - t h e - D i g i t a l - E c o n o m y - W h e r e - C a n a d a - S t a n d s - a n d - t h e - W a y - F o r w a r d -. p d f > 5. T h e C a n a d i a n T r a d e C o m m i s s i o n e r S e r v i c e, G e t R e a d y t o C r a c k t h e E U M a r k e t < h t t p : / / t r a d e c o m m i s s i o n e r. g c. c a / c a n a d e x p o r t / a s p x? l a n g = e n g > 6. I C T C, A l e x a n d r a C u t e a n, T h e C a n a d i a n D i g i t a l I n n o v a t i o n M e a s u r e ( C D I M ) W h i t e P a p e r s : A F o u r - P a r t S e r i e s, P a r t O n e : I n s p i r i n g U n f e t t e r e d I m a g i N a t i o n : C a n a d a s I n n o v a t i o n C l i m a t e I n d e x ( D e c e m b e r ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 1 2 / I C T C _ C D I M _ P a r t 1. p d f > P E D C, S o l v i n g t h e D i g i t a l S k i l l s P u z z l e W i l l R e q u i r e L e a d e r s h i p a n d A c t i o n, N o w ( S e p t e m b e r 1, ). < h t t p s : / / e d c. t r a d e / i c t - s e c t o r - s o l v i n g - d i g i t a l - s k i l l s / > 8. T h e W o r l d B a n k, U r b a n P o p u l a t i o n ( % o f T o t a l ) ( ). < h t t p s : / / d a t a. w o r l d b a n k. o r g / i n d i c a t o r / S P. U R B. T O T L. I N. Z S > 9. U n i t e d N a t i o n s, W o r l d s P o p u l a t i o n I n c r e a s i n g l y U r b a n w i t h M o r e t h a n H a l f L i v i n g i n U r b a n A r e a s ( J u l y ). < h t t p : / / w w w. u n. o r g / e n / d e v e l o p m e n t / d e s a / n e w s / p o p u l a t i o n / w o r l d - u r b a n i z a t i o n - p r o s p e c t s h t m l > G. c o. u k, S a c h a K a v a n a u g h, H o w F a s t i s 5 G? < h t t p s : / / 5 g. c o. u k / g u i d e s / h o w - f a s t - i s - 5 g / > 1 1. F o r b e s, R L A d a m s, 1 0 P o w e r f u l E x a m p l e s o f A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e i n U s e T o d a y ( J a n u a r y 1 0, ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. f o r b e s. c o m / s i t e s / r o b e r t a d a m s / / 0 1 / 1 0 / p o w e r f u l - e x a m p l e s - o f - a r t i f i c i a l - i n t e l l i g e n c e - i n - u s e - t o d a y / # 5 a 6 f 3 a f b d > 1 2. I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > P D e l o i t t e, B l o c k c h a i n : D i s r u p t i n g t h e F i n a n c i a l S e r v i c e s I n d u s t r y? < h t t p s : / / w w w 2. d e l o i t t e. c o m / c o n t e n t / d a m / D e l o i t t e / i e / D o c u m e n t s / F i n a n c i a l S e r v i c e s / I E _ C o n s _ B l o c k c h a i n _ p d f > P L e t s T a l k P a y m e n t s, E l e n a M e s r o p y a n, 3 0 N o n - F i n a n c i a l U s e C a s e s o f B l o c k c h a i n T e c h n o l o g y ( D e c e m b e r 1 8, ). < h t t p s : / / l e t s t a l k p a y m e n t s. c o m / n o n - f i n a n c i a l - u s e - c a s e s - o f - b l o c k c h a i n - t e c h n o l o g y - i n f o g r a p h i c / > 1 5. I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > P U n i v e r s i t y o f I o w a, J o e K e a r n e y, V i r t u a l a n d A u g m e n t e d R e a l i t y i n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n : E x a m p l e s f r o m A c a d e m i a < h t t p : / / s a f e r s i m. n a d s - s c. u i o w a. e d u / u p l o a d s / a r t i c l e _ 3 0 / V i r t u a l % 2 0 a n d % 2 0 A u g m e n t e d % 2 0 R e a l i t y % 2 0 i n % 2 0 T r a n s p o r t i o n % % 2 0 E x a m p l e s % 2 0 f r o m % 2 0 A c a d e m i a. p d f > 1 7. O s s o V R, < h t t p : / / o s s o v r. c o m / > D H u b s, S p e e d < h t t p s : / / w w w. 3 d h u b s. c o m / k n o w l e d g e - b a s e / a d v a n t a g e s - 3 d - p r i n t i n g # s p e e d > 1 9. M a t e r i a l i z e, A d i d a s F u t u r e c r a f t : T h e U l t i m a t e 3 D - P r i n t e d P e r s o n a l i z e d S h o e < h t t p : / / w w w. m a t e r i a l i s e. c o m / e n / c a s e s / a d i d a s - f u t u r e c r a f t - u l t i m a t e - 3 d - p r i n t e d - p e r s o n a l i z e d - s h o e > 2 0. I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > P I n c h a i n e d d o l l a r s. C h a i n e d d o l l a r s a r e r e a l d o l l a r a m o u n t s a d j u s t e d f o r i n f l a t i o n A s o f O c t o b e r T h i s c o m b i n e s t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m ( N A I C S ) c o d e s , , 5 1 7, 5 1 8, , S e e A p p e n d i c e s 2 4. T h i s c o m b i n e s t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m ( N A I C S ) c o d e s , , , , S e e A p p e n d i c e s 2 5. C o r r e l a t i o n w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g G D P g r o w t h r a t e s i n t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m y a n d i n t h e I C T s e c t o r 2 6. I n n o v a t i o n, S c i e n c e a n d E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t C a n a d a, C a n a d i a n I C T S e c t o r P r o f i l e : A u t o m o t i v e, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d D i g i t a l T e c h n o l o g i e s B r a n c h ( ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. i c. g c. c a / e i c / s i t e / i c t - t i c. n s f / e n g / h _ i t h t m l > 2 7. I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > 2 8. I C T C, A d d i t i v e M a n u f a c t u r i n g i n C a n a d a : T h e I m p e d i n g T a l e n t P a r a d i g m ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 7 / I C T C - A d d i t i v e - M a n u f a c t u r i n g - E N G - F i n a l. p d f P U l t i m a k e r, 3 D P r i n t i n g : G e n e r a l Q u e s t i o n s < h t t p s : / / u l t i m a k e r. c o m / e n / r e s o u r c e s / g e n e r a l - q u e s t i o n s > 3 0. I n d e e d. c o m s e a r c h f o r 3 D P r i n t i n g o c c u p a t i o n s 3 1. C a n a d i a n I n s t i t u t e f o r H e a l t h I n f o r m a t i o n, H e a l t h S p e n d i n g ( ) < h t t p s : / / w w w. c i h i. c a / e n / h e a l t h - s p e n d i n g > 3 2. S e n a t e C a n a d a, O b e s i t y i n C a n a d a : A W h o l e - o f - S o c i e t y A p p r o a c h f o r a H e a l t h i e r C a n a d a ( ) < h t t p s : / / s e n c a n a d a. c a / c o n t e n t / s e n / c o m m i t t e e / / S O C I / R e p o r t s / _ R e v i s e d _ r e p o r t _ O b e s i t y _ i n _ C a n a d a _ e. p d f > P A p p t e n t i v e, A l e x a n d r a B o h i g i a n, 5 A p p s C h a n g i n g H e a l t h c a r e i n ( M a y 2 5, ) < h t t p s : / / w w w. a p p t e n t i v e. c o m / b l o g / / 0 5 / 2 5 / 5 - a p p s - c h a n g i n g - h e a l t h c a r e - i n / > 3 4. B B V A, T e r e s a A l a m e d a, B l o c k c h a i n T a l e n t W a n t e d : M u c h M o r e t h a n P r o g r a m m e r s ( J u l y 2 7, ) < h t t p s : / / w w w. b b v a. c o m / e n / b l o c k c h a i n - t a l e n t - w a n t e d - m u c h - p r o g r a m m e r s / > 38
40 3 5. F o r b e s, W a s h i n g t o n B y t e s, H o w t o E n s u r e R o b o t s D o n t M a k e U s A l l U n e m p l o y e d ( A p r i l 1 1, ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. f o r b e s. c o m / s i t e s / w a s h i n g t o n b y t e s / / 0 4 / 1 1 / h o w - t o - b e a t - t h e - r o b o t s / # b 1 > 3 6. S t a t i s t i c s C a n a d a, C h a r t 2, C a n a d i a n r e t a i l e r s e - c o m m e r c e s a l e s, v a l u e a n d p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l r e t a i l s a l e s, J a n u a r y t o D e c e m b e r ( ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. s t a t c a n. g c. c a / d a i l y - q u o t i d i e n / / c g - a e n g. h t m > 3 7. P r a c t i c a l E c o m m e r c e, A r m a n d o R o g g i o, 9 E c o m m e r c e M a r k e t i n g S k i l l s t h a t D r i v e S u c c e s s ( A p r i l 2 0, ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. p r a c t i c a l e c o m m e r c e. c o m / 9 - E c o m m e r c e - M a r k e t i n g - S k i l l s - t h a t - D r i v e - S u c c e s s > 3 8. W i r e d, T o m V a n d e r b i l t, L e t t h e R o b o t D r i v e : T h e A u t o n o m o u s C a r o f T h e F u t u r e i s H e r e ( J a n u a r y 1, ) < h t t p s : / / w w w. w i r e d. c o m / / 0 1 / f f _ a u t o n o m o u s c a r s / > 3 9. I n d e e d. c o m s e a r c h f o r A u t o n o m o u s v e h i c l e j o b s 4 0. C I R A, A d o p t i o n o f D i g i t a l T e c h n o l o g y b y C a n a d i a n S m a l l a n d M e d i u m - s i z e d E n t e r p r i s e s ( J u n e ) P C a n a d i a n C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e, C a n a d i a n B u s i n e s s S p e a k s U p : A n A n a l y s i s o f t h e A d o p t i o n o f I n t e r n e t - b a s e d T e c h n o l o g y ( F e b r u a r y ) P O E C D a v e r a g e 4 3. C a n a d i a n C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e, C a n a d i a n B u s i n e s s S p e a k s U p : A n A n a l y s i s o f t h e A d o p t i o n o f I n t e r n e t - b a s e d T e c h n o l o g y ( F e b r u a r y ) P W o r l d E c o n o m i c F o r u m, A l e x G r a y T h e W o r l d s 1 0 B i g g e s t E c o n o m i e s i n ( M a r c h 2, ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. w e f o r u m. o r g / a g e n d a / / 0 3 / w o r l d s - b i g g e s t - e c o n o m i e s - i n / > 4 5. F i n a n c i a l P o s t, J o s h W i n g r o v e, M i n i s t e r s L e a d i n g N A F T A N e g o t i a t i o n s t o M e e t o n D a v o s S i d e l i n e s a s T a l k s R e s u m e i n M o n t r e a l ( J a n u a r y 1 5, ). < h t t p : / / b u s i n e s s. f i n a n c i a l p o s t. c o m / n e w s / e c o n o m y / m i n i s t e r s - l e a d i n g - n a f t a - n e g o t i a t i o n s - t o - m e e t - o n - d a v o s - s i d e l i n e s - a s - t a l k s - r e s u m e - i n - m o n t r e a l > 4 6. h t t p : / / w w w. i n t e r n a t i o n a l. g c. c a / t r a d e - c o m m e r c e / t r a d e - a g r e e m e n t s - a c c o r d s - c o m m e r c i a u x / a g r - a c c / c e t a - a e c g / o v e r v i e w - a p e r c u. a s p x? l a n g = e n g 4 7. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, C E T A A g r e e m e n t O v e r v i e w < h t t p s : / / w w w. t h e b a l a n c e. c o m / w o r l d - s - l a r g e s t - e c o n o m y > 4 8. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, C a n a d a - I n d i a C o m p r e h e n s i v e E c o n o m i c P a r t n e r s h i p A g r e e m e n t N e g o t i a t i o n s < h t t p : / / i n t e r n a t i o n a l. g c. c a / t r a d e - c o m m e r c e / t r a d e - a g r e e m e n t s - a c c o r d s - c o m m e r c i a u x / a g r - a c c / i n d i a - i n d e / c e p a - a p e g / i n d e x. a s p x? l a n g = e n g > 4 9. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, W h a t w e h e a r d : P u b l i c C o n s u l t a t i o n s o n a p o s s i b l e C a n a d a - C h i n a f r e e t r a d e a g r e e m e n t < h t t p : / / i n t e r n a t i o n a l. g c. c a / t r a d e - c o m m e r c e / c o n s u l t a t i o n s / c h i n a - c h i n e / w h a t _ w e _ h e a r d - q u e _ n o u s _ e n t e n d u. a s p x? l a n g = e n g > 5 0. F i n a n c i a l P o s t, M i k e B l a c h f i e l d, A s T r u d e a u b e i n g s C h i n a t r i p, f u t u r e o f t r a d e b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s r e m a i n s a n u p h i l l b a t t l e ( D e c e m b e r 3, ). < h t t p : / / b u s i n e s s. f i n a n c i a l p o s t. c o m / n e w s / e c o n o m y / t r u d e a u - x i - f a c e - o f f - o n - f u t u r e - o f - t r a d e - a s - p m - c h i n a - t r i p - b e g i n s - i n - e a r n e s t > 5 1. R e f e r s t o p e o p l e w h o w e r e b o r n o u t s i d e o f C a n a d a 5 2. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, C a n a d a a n d t h e C h a n g i n g N a t u r e o f W o r k ( ). P I b i d, M a c L e a n s, C h r i s S o r e n s e n, T h e e n d o f t h e j o b ( J a n u a r y 2 0, ). < h t t p : / / w w w. m a c l e a n s. c a / e c o n o m y / b u s i n e s s / t h e - e n d - o f - t h e - j o b / > 5 5. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, C a n a d a a n d t h e C h a n g i n g N a t u r e o f W o r k ( ). P C a n a d a U k r a i n e C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e, U k r a i n e h a s o n e o f t h e h o t t e s t t e c h s c e n e s i n E u r o p e ( J u l y 1 9, ). < h t t p : / / c u c c. c a / / 0 7 / 1 9 / u k r a i n e - h a s - o n e - o f - t h e - h o t t e s t - t e c h - s c e n e s - i n - e u r o p e / > 5 7. B u s i n e s s i n V a n c o u v e r, J o c k F i n l a y s o n, T h e r i s k s a n d r e a l i t i e s o f t h e b o o m i n g n e w f r e e l a n c e j o b m a r k e t ( F e b r u a r y 1 0, ) < h t t p s : / / w w w. b i v. c o m / a r t i c l e / / 2 / r i s k s - a n d - r e a l i t i e s - b o o m i n g - n e w - f r e e l a n c e - j o b - m a r k / > 5 8. I C T C, T h e N e x t T a l e n t W a v e : N a v i g a t i n g t h e D i g i t a l S h i f t - O u t l o o k ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 4 / I C T C _ O u t l o o k p d f > P I b i d, I b i d H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n Q u a l i t y C o u n c i l o f O n t a r i o, A P r a c t i c a l G u i d e f o r W o r k - I n t e g r a t e d L e a r n i n g < h t t p : / / w w w. h e q c o. c a / S i t e C o l l e c t i o n D o c u m e n t s / H E Q C O _ W I L _ G u i d e _ E N G _ A C C. p d f > P T e f e n M a n a g e m e n t C o n s u l t i n g, B u s i n e s s C o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e A c a d e m i c W o r l d a n d I n d u s t r y < h t t p s : / / w w w. t e f e n. c o m / i n s i g h t s / s e r v i c e s / S a n d M / c o l l a b o r a t i o n _ b e t w e e n _ t h e _ a c a d e m i c _ w o r l d _ a n d _ i n d u s t r y > 6 3. N H S I n d i g e n o u s a n d N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s C a n a d a, I n d i g e n o u s P e o p l e s a n d C o m m u n i t i e s < h t t p s : / / w w w. a a d n c - a a n d c. g c. c a / e n g / / > 6 5. C e n t r e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l G o v e r n a n c e I n n o v a t i o n ; P i e r r e E l l i o t t T r u d e a u F o u n d a t i o n, B e s s m a M o m a n i a n d J i l l i a n S t a r k, D i v e r s i t y D i v i d e n d : C a n a d a s G l o b a l A d v a n t a g e ( ). < h t t p s : / / w w w. c i g i o n l i n e. o r g / s i t e s / d e f a u l t / f i l e s / d o c u m e n t s / D i v e r s i t y S p e c i a l % 2 0 R e p o r t % 2 0 W E B _ 0. p d f > P I b i d, I b i d, I b i d D e l o i t t e, D i v e r s i t y a n d I n c l u s i o n i n C a n a d a : T h e C u r r e n t S t a t e < h t t p s : / / w w w 2. d e l o i t t e. c o m / c o n t e n t / d a m / D e l o i t t e / c a / D o c u m e n t s / h u m a n - c a p i t a l / c a - e n - h u m a n - c a p i t a l - d i v e r s i t y - a n d - I n c l u s i o n - i n - c a n a d a. p d f > P I C T C, A l e x a n d r a C u t e a n, T h e C a n a d i a n D i g i t a l I n n o v a t i o n M e a s u r e ( C D I M ) W h i t e P a p e r s : A F o u r - P a r t S e r i e s, P a r t O n e : I n s p i r i n g U n f e t t e r e d I m a g i N a t i o n : C a n a d a s I n n o v a t i o n C l i m a t e I n d e x ( D e c e m b e r ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 1 2 / I C T C _ C D I M _ P a r t 1. p d f > P
41 7 1. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, G l o b a l S k i l l s S t r a t e g y < h t t p s : / / w w w. c a n a d a. c a / e n / e m p l o y m e n t - s o c i a l - d e v e l o p m e n t / c a m p a i g n s / g l o b a l - s k i l l s - s t r a t e g y. h t m l > 7 2. G o v e r n m e n t o f C a n a d a, B u d g e t : C h a p t e r 1 S k i l l s, I n n o v a t i o n a n d M i d d l e C l a s s J o b s < h t t p s : / / w w w. b u d g e t. g c. c a / / d o c s / p l a n / c h a p e n. h t m l > 7 3. I C T C, A l e x a n d r a C u t e a n, T h e C a n a d i a n D i g i t a l I n n o v a t i o n M e a s u r e ( C D I M ) W h i t e P a p e r s : A F o u r - P a r t S e r i e s, P a r t O n e : I n s p i r i n g U n f e t t e r e d I m a g i N a t i o n : C a n a d a s I n n o v a t i o n C l i m a t e I n d e x ( D e c e m b e r ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 1 2 / I C T C _ C D I M _ P a r t 1. p d f > P I b i d, I b i d, I C T C, A l e x a n d r a C u t e a n, P r e s e n t i n g C a n a d a t o t h e W o r l d : T h e C a s e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n v e s t m e n t a s a m e a n s o f A d v a n c i n g T e c h n o l o g y E c o s y s t e m D e v e l o p m e n t, A c c e l e r a t i n g S c a l e U p a n d P r o m o t i n g S u s t a i n a b l e I n n o v a t i o n ( ). < h t t p s : / / / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / / 0 7 / I C T C _ W h i t e P a p e r _ P r e s e n t i n g - C a n a d a - t o - t h e - W o r l d - A n - I n v e s t m e n t - S c a l e u p - P a p e r - F I N A L _ E N G. p d f >. P
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