Chapter 14. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th edition by Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles

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1 Chpter 14 مخلوط هوا - بخار و تهویه مطبوع Therodynics: An Engineering Approch, 7th edition by Yunus A. Çengel nd Michel A. Boles

2 در بحث مخل ط گاس ا در فصل گذشت با یچ گ و فزایىذ تبذیل فاس ريبزي وب دیم. در ایه فصل مخل ط ای خشک ي بخار آب م رد بزرسی قزار می گیزد ک ممکه است با چگالش بخار ي تبذیل آن ب مایغ ريبزي باشیم. ب مخل ط ا ي بخار آب ای اتمسفزی می گ یىذ. تغییزات دمای ای اتمسفزی در مسایل ت ی مطب ع مؼم ال اس 10- o C تا 50 o C است. در ایه شزایط ا را می ت ان گاس آرماوی با گزمای يیژ ثابت در وظز گزفت. (C p =1.005 /K) در ایه ص رت اوتالپی ای خشک با فزض مقذار اوتالپی صفز در دمای صفز درج سلسی س ب ػى ان وقط مزجغ چىیه خ ا ذ ب د: 2

3 فشار اشباع متىاظز با دمای 50 o C بزابز با 12.3 می kp باشذ. در ایه محذيد فشار مان ط ر ک اس شکل ريبزي پیذاست در دمای ثابت اوتالپی ثابت می ماوذ. بىابزایه اوتالپی بخار آب را می ت ان مؼادل اوتالپی بخار اشباع در دمای مخل ط ا ي بخار گزفت. اوتالپی بخار اشباع بىابزایه ب ص رت تابؼی اس دما ب شکل سیز قابل بیان خ ا ذ ب د. Note: For the dry ir-wter por ixture, the prtil pressure of the wter por in the ixture is less tht its sturtion pressure t the teperture. P P T ix 3

4 Consider incresing the totl pressure of n ir-wter por ixture while the teperture of the ixture is held constnt. See if you cn sketch the process on the P- digr reltie to the sturtion lines for the wter lone gien below. Assue tht the wter por is initilly superheted. P When the ixture pressure is incresed while keeping the ixture teperture constnt, the por prtil pressure increses up to the por sturtion pressure t the ixture teperture nd condenstion begins. Therefore, the prtil pressure of the wter por cn neer be greter thn its sturtion pressure corresponding to the teperture of the ixture. 4

5 T [C] Definitions Dew Point, Tdp The dew point is the teperture t which por condenses or solidifies when cooled t constnt pressure. Consider cooling n ir-wter por ixture while the ixture totl pressure is held constnt. When the ixture is cooled to teperture equl to the sturtion teperture for the wter-por prtil pressure, condenstion begins. When n tospheric ir-por ixture is cooled t constnt pressure such tht the prtil pressure of the wter por is kp, then the dew point teperture of tht ixture is o C Ste kp 75 T DP s [/-K] 5

6 T [C] Reltie Huidity, ϕ Mss of por in ir Mss of in sturted ir P P g g P nd P g re shown on the following T-s digr for the wter-por lone. 125 Ste 75 T 25 P g = kp o Vpor Stte T dp P = kp s [/-K] Since P P P or kp g, 1 100%, P kp g 6

7 Absolute huidity or specific huidity (soeties clled huidity rtio), Mss of wter por in ir Mss of dry ir PVM PVM / ( R T) / ( R T) u u P P P M P M P P P Using the definition of the specific huidity, the reltie huidity y be expressed s Volue of ixture per ss of dry ir, P P nd P ( ) P P V g R T P After seerl steps, we cn show (you should try this) / g g V RT P 7

8 So the olue of the ixture per unit ss of dry ir is the specific olue of the dry ir clculted t the ixture teperture nd the prtil pressure of the dry ir. Mss of ixture Mss flow rte of dry ir, ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Bsed on the olue flow rte of ixture t gien stte, the ss flow rte of dry ir is V 3 / s 3 / Enthlpy of ixture per ss dry ir, h H H h h h H h s h 8

9 Exple 14-1 Atospheric ir t 30 o C, 100 kp, hs dew point of 21.3 o C. Find the reltie huidity, huidity rtio, nd h of the ixture per ss of dry ir. P kp 0.6 or 60% P kp g 9

10 kp ( ) kp h h h Cp, T ( T) o o ( 30 C) ( ( 30 C)) o C

11 Exple 14-2 If the tospheric ir in the lst exple is conditioned to 20 o C, 40 percent reltie huidity, wht ss of wter is dded or reoed per unit ss of dry ir? At 20 o C, Pg = kp. P P 0. 4( kp) kp g P kP w P P ( ) kp The chnge in ss of wter per ss of dry ir is, 2, 1, 2, ( )

12 Or, s the ixture chnges fro stte 1 to stte 2, of wter por is condensed for ech of dry ir. Exple 14-3 Atospheric ir is t 25 o C, 0.1 MP, 50 percent reltie huidity. If the ixture is cooled t constnt pressure to 10 o C, find the ount of wter reoed per ss of dry ir. Sketch the wter-por sttes reltie to the sturtion lines on the following T-s digr. T At 25 o C, P st = kp, nd with 1 = 50% s P P 0.5(3.170 kp) 1.585kP,1 1 g,1 o T T 13.8 C dp,1 P 12

13 w 1 P, kp P P ( ) kp, Therefore, when the ixture gets cooled to T 2 = 10 o C < T dp,1, the ixture is sturted, nd = 100%. Then P,2 = P g,2 = kp The chnge in ss of wter per ss of dry ir is w 2 P, kp P P ( ) kp, 2, 1,2 2 1 ( )

14 Or s the ixture chnges fro stte 1 to stte 2, of wter por is condensed for ech of dry ir. Stedy-Flow Anlysis Applied to Gs-Vpor Mixtures We will reiew the consertion of ss nd consertion of energy principles s they pply to gs-por ixtures in the following exple. Exple 14-3 Gien the inlet nd exit conditions to n ir conditioner shown below. Wht is the het trnsfer to be reoed per dry ir flowing through the deice? If the olue flow rte of the inlet tospheric ir is 17 3 /in, deterine the required rte of het trnsfer. Cooling fluid Atospheric ir In Out Insulted flow duct T 1 = 30 o C P 1 =100 kp 1 = 80% V 1 = 17 3 /in Condenste t 20 o C T 2 = 20 o C P 2 = 98 kp 2 = 95% 14

15 Before we pply the stedy-flow consertion of ss nd energy, we need to decide if ny wter is condensed in the process. Is the ixture cooled below the dew point for stte 1? P P 0.8(4.247 kp) 3.398kP,1 1 g,1 o T T C dp,1 P So for T 2 = 20 o C < T dp, 1, soe wter-por will condense. Let's ssue tht the condensed wter lees the ir conditioner t 20 o C. Soe sy the wter lees t the erge of 26 nd 20 o C; howeer, 20 o C is dequte for our use here. Apply the consertion of energy to the stedy-flow control olue Q ( h V gz) W ( h V 2 2 net i i net e gz) 2 2 inlets Neglecting the kinetic nd potentil energies nd noting tht the work is zero, we get Q h h h h h net l2 l2 Consertion of ss for the stedy-flow control olue is inlets i exits e exits e 15

16 For the dry ir: For the wter por: l2 The ss of wter tht is condensed nd lees the control olue is l2 1 2 ( 1 2), then Q net h 1 1h 1 h 2 2h 2 ( 1 2) hl 2 Q net h 2 h 1 2h 2 1h 1 ( 1 2) hl 2 Q net C ( T T ) h h ( ) h Diide the consertion of energy eqution by p l2 16

17 Now to find the 's nd h's. 1 P 0.622P (3.398) P P P 2 2 g2 2 ( 0. 95)( kp) kp P ( ) P P

18 Using the ste tbles, the h's for the wter re h h h l The required het trnsfer per unit ss of dry ir becoes Q net C ( T T ) h h ( ) h p l 2 o (20 30) C ( ) o C ( ) ( ) (83.91 )

19 The het trnsfer fro the tospheric ir is q out The ss flow rte of dry ir is gien by 1 Q net (30 273) K P ( ) kp 3 RT1 K kp V in in 0.90 Q q out out 1in 1kWs (28.73 ) in 60s Tons 9.04 kw 2.57 Tons of refrigertion kw 19

20 The Adibtic Sturtion Process Air hing reltie huidity less thn 100 percent flows oer wter contined in well-insulted duct. Since the ir hs < 100 percent, soe of the wter will eporte nd the teperture of the ir-por ixture will decrese. 20

21 If the ixture leing the duct is sturted nd if the process is dibtic, the teperture of the ixture on leing the deice is known s the dibtic sturtion teperture. For this to be stedy-flow process, keup wter t the dibtic sturtion teperture is dded t the se rte t which wter is eported. We ssue tht the totl pressure is constnt during the process. Apply the consertion of energy to the stedy-flow control olue Q ( h V gz) W ( h V 2 2 net i i net e gz) 2 2 inlets Neglecting the kinetic nd potentil energies nd noting tht the het trnsfer nd work re zero, we get exits h h h h h l2 l Consertion of ss for the stedy-flow control olue is inlets i exits e e 21

22 For the dry ir: For the wter por: l2 2 The ss flow rte wter tht ust be supplied to intin stedy-flow is, l2 2 1 ( ) 2 1 Diide the consertion of energy eqution by, then h h ( ) h h h l Wht re the knowns nd unknowns in this eqution? 22

23 Soling for 1 1 h 2 h 1 2( h 2 hl 2) ( h h ) 1 l2 C ( T T ) h fg2 g1 f Since 1 is lso defined by 1 p ( h h ) P P P 1 1 We cn sole for P 1. P 1 1P P Pg 1 1 Then, the reltie huidity t stte 1 is 1 23

24 Exple 14-4 For the dibtic sturtion process shown below, deterine the reltie huidity, huidity rtio (specific huidity), nd enthlpy of the tospheric ir per ss of dry ir t stte 1. 24

25 Using the ste tbles: h h f 2 h 1 fg Fro the boe nlysis 1 C ( T T ) h p fg 2 ( h h ) g1 f 2 o C ( ) o C ( )

26 We cn sole for P (100 kp) kP Then the reltie huidity t stte 1 is 1 P P P 1 1P P 1 1 P g1 o C The enthlpy of the ixture t stte 1 is h h h 1.3kP or 43.3% kp C T p h o (24 C) o C

27 Wet-Bulb nd Dry-Bulb Tepertures In norl prctice, the stte of tospheric ir is specified by deterining the wetbulb nd dry-bulb tepertures. These tepertures re esured by using deice clled psychroeter. The psychroeter is coposed of two theroeters ounted on sling. One theroeter is fitted with wet guze nd reds the wetbulb teperture. The other theroeter reds the dry-bulb, or ordinry, teperture. As the psychroeter is slung through the ir, wter porizes fro the wet guze, resulting in lower teperture to be registered by the theroeter. The dryer the tospheric ir, the lower the wet-bulb teperture will be. When the reltie huidity of the ir is ner 100 percent, there will be little difference between the wet-bulb nd dry-bulb tepertures. The wet-bulb teperture is pproxitely equl to the dibtic sturtion teperture. The wet-bulb nd dry-bulb tepertures nd the tospheric pressure uniquely deterine the stte of the tospheric ir. 27

28 The Psychroetric Chrt For gien, fixed, totl ir-por pressure, the properties of the ixture re gien in grphicl for on psychroetric chrt. The ir-conditioning processes: 28

29 29

30 Exple 14-5 Deterine the reltie huidity, huidity rtio (specific huidity), enthlpy of the tospheric ir per ss of dry ir, nd the specific olue of the ixture per ss of dry ir t stte where the dry-bulb teperture is 24 o C, the wet-bulb teperture is 16 o C, nd tospheric pressure is 100 kp. Fro the psychroetric chrt red 44% h g NOTE: THE ENTHALPY READ FROM THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART IS THE TOTAL ENTHALPY OF THE AIR-VAPOR MIXTURE PER UNIT MASS OF DRY AIR. h= H/ = h + ωh 3 30

31 Exple 14-6 For the ir-conditioning syste shown below in which tospheric ir is first heted nd then huidified with ste spry, deterine the required het trnsfer rte in the heting section nd the required ste teperture in the huidifiction section when the ste pressure is 1 MP. 31

32 Huidity Rtio The psychroetric digr is Psychroetric Digr Pressure = [kp] h 1 =17 / 1 0 C h 3 =48 / h 2 =37 / 10 C =0.793 ^3/ T [C] 20 C C =0.0091/ 1 = 2 = / Apply consertion of ss nd consertion of energy for stedy-flow to process 1-2. Consertion of ss for the stedy-flow control olue is inlets i exits e 32

33 For the dry ir 1 2 For the wter por (note: no wter is dded or condensed during siple heting) Thus, Neglecting the kinetic nd potentil energies nd noting tht the work is zero, nd letting the enthlpy of the ixture per unit ss of ir h be defined s we obtin h h h E in E out Q in h1 h2 Q ( h h ) in

34 Now to find the nd h's using the psychroetric chrt. At T 1 = 5oC, 1 = 90%, nd T 2 = 24 o C: The ss flow rte of dry ir is gien by V

35 3 60 in 1in in 60s s The required het trnsfer rte for the heting section is Qin ( 37 17) s kw 1kWs This is the required het trnsfer to the tospheric ir. List soe wys in which this ount of het cn be supplied. At the exit, stte 3, T 3 = 25 o C nd 3 = 45%. The psychroetric chrt gies 35

36 Apply consertion of ss nd consertion of energy to process 2-3. Consertion of ss for the stedy-flow control olue is For the dry ir inlets i exits 2 3 e For the wter por (note: wter is dded during the huidifiction process) 2 s 3 s 3 2 ( ) s ( ) s s 36

37 Neglecting the kinetic nd potentil energies nd noting tht the het trnsfer nd work re zero, the consertion of energy yields Soling for the enthlpy of the ste, E in E out h h h 2 s s 3 h ( h h ) s s 3 2 ( ) h ( h h ) 3 2 s 3 2 h s h h

38 h s (48 37) ( ) 2750 At P s = 1 MP nd h s = 2750 /, T s = o C nd the qulity x s = See the text for pplictions inoling cooling with dehuidifiction, eportie cooling, dibtic ixing of irstres, nd wet cooling towers. 38

Chapter 14. Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning. Study Guide in PowerPoint

Chapter 14. Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning. Study Guide in PowerPoint Chpter 14 Gs-Vpor Mixtures nd Air-Conditioning Study Guide in PowerPoint to ccopny Therodynics: An Engineering Approch, 5th edition by Yunus A. Çengel nd Michel A. Boles We will be concerned with the ixture