|
|
- Shona Pierce
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Rel Gses 1. Gses (N, CO ) which don t obey gs lws or gs eqution P=RT t ll pressure nd tempertures re clled rel gses.. Rel gses obey gs lws t extremely low pressure nd high temperture. Rel gses devited from idel behvior t high pressure nd low temperture. 3. Compressibility fctor (Z): The extent to which rel gs devited from idel behvior my be expressed in terms of Compressibility fctor (Z). Z= Molr volume of given gs ( P ) Molr volume of idel gs ( RT ) i. For n idel gs, Z=1 nd it is independent of temperture nd pressure. ii. iii. The devition from idel behvior of rel gs will be determined by the vlue of Z being grter or less thn one. The difference between unity nd the vlue of Z of gs is mesure of degree of non-idelity of the gs. For rel gs the devition from idel behvior depends on pressure nd temperture. This my be illustrted by exmining the compressibility curves of some gses. z=p/nrt N HO CH 4 CO O p/br
2 iv. At very low pressure, for ll these gses Z is pproximtely equl to one this indictes tht t low pressures, rel gses exhibit nerly idel behvior. v. As the pressure is incresed H shows continuous increse in Z. Thus H curve lies bove the idel gs curve (positively devited) t ll pressures. In this cse the repulsive forces dominnt. vi. For N, CO, Z first decreses (Z<1).It psses through minimum nd then increses continuously with pressure (Z>1). In this cse the forces of ttrction re dominnt. 4. Effect of temperture on devitions It is cler from the shpe of the curves tht thedevitions from idel gs behvior becomesless nd less with increse of temp. At low tempertures Z<1. While t high tempertures Z>1. At prticulr temperture, P/RT is lmost unity nd the Boyles lw is obeyed for n pprecible rnge of pressure is clled Boyles temperture. The Boyles temperture of ech gs is chrcteristic for exmple for N it is 33K. 5. Explntion for devition from idel gs behvior: The devition of rel gses from the idel behvior is minly due to two fulty ssumptions of kinetic theory of gses. i. The molecules is gs re point msses nd posses no volume. ii. There re no intermoleculr ttrctions in gs. There fore idel gs eqution P=nRT derived from kinetic theory could not hold for rel gs. 6. Eqution of stte for rel gs nder wlls pointed out tht both the pressure (P) nd volume () fctors re the idel gs eqution needed correction in order to more it pplicble to rel gses. i. The volume of rel gs =volume of idel gs volume occupied by gs molecules Thus corrected volume = (-b) Here b is co-volume or excluded volume or prohibited volume.
3 For n mole of gs, Co-volume is (-nb) Excluded volume is four times the ctul volume of molecules (b=4v). ii. Corrected pressure P P for one mole. v n For n mole of gs P= P.. iii. n der Wls eqution for one mole of Rel gs is ( p+ ) (v-b)=rt For n mole of gs is n P nb =nrt Here nd b re constnts known s n der Wls constnts, which vry from gs to gs. iv. Units of & b The vlue of is given by the reltion. = pv n = pressure( volume) mole The excluded volume b= tm lit. mole volume litre litre 1 n mole mole * is mesure to the mgnitude of ttrctive forces, greter the vlue of. more is the ese of liquifiction of gs. 7. Interprettion of devitions from n der Wls equtions: i. Cse 1: At extremity low pressure volume becomes very lrge hence b nd cn be neglected. Therefore the nder Wls equtions reduces to P=RT ii. Cse : At low pressure volume will be lrge; b cn be neglected, hence P RT ( or) P RT, dividing both sides with RT, we get P/RT =1- /RT, Z= 1-/RT i.e. Z<1
4 Hence the gs shows negtive devition from idel behviour. iii. Cse 3.At high pressure volume will be smll, therefore Hence cn be neglected. P(-b ) =RT or P=RT+ Pb or P/RT =1+ Pb/RT i.e Z>1The gs shows positive devition from idel behviour iv. Cse 4.At high temperture volume will be lrge nd pressure will be smll, the stte eqution becomes P=RT 8. In cse of H nd He ttrction between the molecules is negligible becuse of smll mss. So cn be neglected, the stte of eqution becomes P (-b) = RT or P=RT+Pb, dividing both sides with RT, we get Z=1+Pb/RT i.e Z>1 Hence both hydrogen nd helium lwys show positive devition from idel behvior Liquefction of Gses nd Criticl Point A gs cn be liquefied by lowering the temperture nd incresing pressure (or) rpid evportion nd doing mechnicl work in dibtic conditions. 9. Isotherms The grph drwn between pressure nd olume t constnt temperture is clled isotherm. The perfect gs isotherms re obtined from n der Wls eqution t high temperture nd low pressure. Andrews plotted isotherms of crbon dioxide t vrious tempertures s shown in the following
5 E P P c D C c T c Fig.5. Isotherms of crbondioxide t vrious tempertures B 50 0 C C 30 0 C 0 0 C A It ws noticed tht t high tempertures isotherms look like tht of n idel gs. The gs cn not be liquified even t very high pressure. As the temperture is lowered, shpe of the curve chnges nd shows considerble devition from idel behviour. In the isotherm of CO t 00C, t point A it is gs. When the gs is compressed, the pressure increses upto point B. The piston cn be pushed in from point B to D through C without ny further increse in pressure. The gs begins to condense from point B nd condenstion completes t point D. At point C the vessel contins both the liquid nd gs. At point D the molecules re in liquid stte. A very lrge pressure is required to decrese the volume from D to E. It is becuse when the pressure is incresed from D the repulsive forces between the molecules increses. So the decrese in volume is less from D to E even though the pressure increse is very high. At 31.10C, crbondioxide remins s gs up to 73 tm pressure. At 73 tm, liquid crbondioxide ppers for the first time C is clled criticl temperture of crbondioxide.
6 The temperture bove which the gs cn t be liquified by the ppliction of pressure is clled criticl temperture (Tc). olume of one mole of gs t criticl temperture (Tc) is clled criticl volume (c) nd pressure t this temperture is clled criticl pressure (Pc). Tc, Pc nd c re clled criticl constnts nd re obtined using the n der Wls constnts nd b. Criticl temperture Tc = Criticl volume, c = 3b Criticl pressure, Pc = 7b 8 7Rb At criticl condition, the compressibility fctor for one mole of gs, z = P P c c 3 RT RT 8 Liquefction of Gses c All rel gses upon compression t constnt temperture show the sme behviour s shown by crbon dioxide. Gses cooled only below their criticl tempertures, cn be liquified esily. This is becuse gses devites much from idel gs behviour nd intermoleculr ttrctions re considerbly high. A gs liquefies if it is cooled below its boiling point t given pressure. At 1 tm chlorine cn be liquefied by cooling it to 340C in dry ice bth. To liquify gses like nitrogen nd oxygen simple cooling to bring down temperture to 1960C nd 1830C is not possible. To liquify such type of gses the technique bsed on intermoleculr forces clled Joule Thomson effect is used.
7 When gs is llowed to expnd from high pressure to low pressure dibticlly through nrrow opening, the cooling effect of gs tkes plce. It is clled Joule - Thomson effect. In Joule - Thomson effect, the gs is llowed to expnd from high pressure to low pressure through nrrow opening (throttle), without supplying het from outside. In expnding, the molecules require certin energy to overcome the ttrctions of their neighbouring molecules. For this some of their kinetic energy converted into potentil energy. So the verge velocity of molecules decreses nd hence the temperture of the gs decreses nd the gs gets cooling effect. Under norml conditions when hydrogen is subjected to Joule - Thomson effect it wrms up. Becuse it s Z is greter thn 1. It cn be condensed to liquid only when the temperture of gs is below the inversion temperture. The temperture bove which gses get heted up nd below which gses get cooled due to Joule Thomson experiment is clled inversion temperture, Ti. Where Ti = /Rb Liquefction of gses like helium nd hydrogen is difficult. They re clled permnent gses. Liquefction of permnent gses requires cooling s well s compression.
Part I: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Prt I: Bsic Concepts o Thermodynmics Lecture 4: Kinetic Theory o Gses Kinetic Theory or rel gses 4-1 Kinetic Theory or rel gses Recll tht or rel gses: (i The volume occupied by the molecules under ordinry
More informationIdeal Gas behaviour: summary
Lecture 4 Rel Gses Idel Gs ehviour: sury We recll the conditions under which the idel gs eqution of stte Pn is vlid: olue of individul gs olecules is neglected No interctions (either ttrctive or repulsive)
More informationPsychrometric Applications
Psychrometric Applictions The reminder of this presenttion centers on systems involving moist ir. A condensed wter phse my lso be present in such systems. The term moist irrefers to mixture of dry ir nd
More informationModule 2: Rate Law & Stoichiomtery (Chapter 3, Fogler)
CHE 309: Chemicl Rection Engineering Lecture-8 Module 2: Rte Lw & Stoichiomtery (Chpter 3, Fogler) Topics to be covered in tody s lecture Thermodynmics nd Kinetics Rection rtes for reversible rections
More informationStrategy: Use the Gibbs phase rule (Equation 5.3). How many components are present?
University Chemistry Quiz 4 2014/12/11 1. (5%) Wht is the dimensionlity of the three-phse coexistence region in mixture of Al, Ni, nd Cu? Wht type of geometricl region dose this define? Strtegy: Use the
More informationReal Gases 1. The value of compressibility factor for one mole of a gas under critical states is 1) 3/8 2) 2/3 3) 8/27 4) 27/8 2. an der Waal s equation for one mole of CO2 gas at low pressure will be
More informationis more suitable for a quantitative description of the deviation from ideal gas behaviour.
Real and ideal gases (1) Gases which obey gas laws or ideal gas equation ( PV nrt ) at all temperatures and pressures are called ideal or perfect gases. Almost all gases deviate from the ideal behaviour
More informationCHAPTER 20: Second Law of Thermodynamics
CHAER 0: Second Lw of hermodynmics Responses to Questions 3. kg of liquid iron will hve greter entropy, since it is less ordered thn solid iron nd its molecules hve more therml motion. In ddition, het
More informationMath 8 Winter 2015 Applications of Integration
Mth 8 Winter 205 Applictions of Integrtion Here re few importnt pplictions of integrtion. The pplictions you my see on n exm in this course include only the Net Chnge Theorem (which is relly just the Fundmentl
More information2. My instructor s name is T. Snee (1 pt)
Chemistry 342 Exm #1, Feb. 15, 2019 Version 1 MY NAME IS: Extr Credit#1 1. At prissy Hrvrd, E. J. Corey is Nobel Prize (1990 winning chemist whom ll students cll (two letters 2. My instructor s nme is
More informationCHM Physical Chemistry I Chapter 1 - Supplementary Material
CHM 3410 - Physicl Chemistry I Chpter 1 - Supplementry Mteril For review of some bsic concepts in mth, see Atkins "Mthemticl Bckground 1 (pp 59-6), nd "Mthemticl Bckground " (pp 109-111). 1. Derivtion
More informationFig. 1. Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems with Plant Variations
ME 3600 Control ystems Chrcteristics of Open-Loop nd Closed-Loop ystems Importnt Control ystem Chrcteristics o ensitivity of system response to prmetric vritions cn be reduced o rnsient nd stedy-stte responses
More informationSUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE
SUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE Indices & Logrithms 2 Contents Indices.2 Frctionl Indices.4 Logrithms 6 Exponentil equtions. Simplifying Surds 13 Opertions on Surds..16 Scientific Nottion..18
More informationapproaches as n becomes larger and larger. Since e > 1, the graph of the natural exponential function is as below
. Eponentil nd rithmic functions.1 Eponentil Functions A function of the form f() =, > 0, 1 is clled n eponentil function. Its domin is the set of ll rel f ( 1) numbers. For n eponentil function f we hve.
More informationDepartment of Mechanical Engineering ME 322 Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics. Lecture 33. Psychrometric Properties of Moist Air
Deprtment of Mechnicl Engineering ME 3 Mechnicl Engineering hermodynmics Lecture 33 sychrometric roperties of Moist Air Air-Wter Vpor Mixtures Atmospheric ir A binry mixture of dry ir () + ter vpor ()
More informationUnit 1 Exponentials and Logarithms
HARTFIELD PRECALCULUS UNIT 1 NOTES PAGE 1 Unit 1 Eponentils nd Logrithms (2) Eponentil Functions (3) The number e (4) Logrithms (5) Specil Logrithms (7) Chnge of Bse Formul (8) Logrithmic Functions (10)
More information4 7x =250; 5 3x =500; Read section 3.3, 3.4 Announcements: Bell Ringer: Use your calculator to solve
Dte: 3/14/13 Objective: SWBAT pply properties of exponentil functions nd will pply properties of rithms. Bell Ringer: Use your clcultor to solve 4 7x =250; 5 3x =500; HW Requests: Properties of Log Equtions
More informationA5682: Introduction to Cosmology Course Notes. 4. Cosmic Dynamics: The Friedmann Equation. = GM s
4. Cosmic Dynmics: The Friedmnn Eqution Reding: Chpter 4 Newtonin Derivtion of the Friedmnn Eqution Consider n isolted sphere of rdius R s nd mss M s, in uniform, isotropic expnsion (Hubble flow). The
More informationARITHMETIC OPERATIONS. The real numbers have the following properties: a b c ab ac
REVIEW OF ALGEBRA Here we review the bsic rules nd procedures of lgebr tht you need to know in order to be successful in clculus. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS The rel numbers hve the following properties: b b
More informationADVANCEMENT OF THE CLOSELY COUPLED PROBES POTENTIAL DROP TECHNIQUE FOR NDE OF SURFACE CRACKS
ADVANCEMENT OF THE CLOSELY COUPLED PROBES POTENTIAL DROP TECHNIQUE FOR NDE OF SURFACE CRACKS F. Tkeo 1 nd M. Sk 1 Hchinohe Ntionl College of Technology, Hchinohe, Jpn; Tohoku University, Sendi, Jpn Abstrct:
More informationReview of Calculus, cont d
Jim Lmbers MAT 460 Fll Semester 2009-10 Lecture 3 Notes These notes correspond to Section 1.1 in the text. Review of Clculus, cont d Riemnn Sums nd the Definite Integrl There re mny cses in which some
More informationRead section 3.3, 3.4 Announcements:
Dte: 3/1/13 Objective: SWBAT pply properties of exponentil functions nd will pply properties of rithms. Bell Ringer: 1. f x = 3x 6, find the inverse, f 1 x., Using your grphing clcultor, Grph 1. f x,f
More information13.4 Work done by Constant Forces
13.4 Work done by Constnt Forces We will begin our discussion of the concept of work by nlyzing the motion of n object in one dimension cted on by constnt forces. Let s consider the following exmple: push
More informationRecitation 3: More Applications of the Derivative
Mth 1c TA: Pdric Brtlett Recittion 3: More Applictions of the Derivtive Week 3 Cltech 2012 1 Rndom Question Question 1 A grph consists of the following: A set V of vertices. A set E of edges where ech
More informationReview of basic calculus
Review of bsic clculus This brief review reclls some of the most importnt concepts, definitions, nd theorems from bsic clculus. It is not intended to tech bsic clculus from scrtch. If ny of the items below
More informationLecture 14: Quadrature
Lecture 14: Qudrture This lecture is concerned with the evlution of integrls fx)dx 1) over finite intervl [, b] The integrnd fx) is ssumed to be rel-vlues nd smooth The pproximtion of n integrl by numericl
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics. Control Mass (Closed System) Conservation of Mass. Conservation of Energy
First w of hermodynmics Reding Problems 3-3-7 3-0, 3-5, 3-05 5-5- 5-8, 5-5, 5-9, 5-37, 5-0, 5-, 5-63, 5-7, 5-8, 5-09 6-6-5 6-, 6-5, 6-60, 6-80, 6-9, 6-, 6-68, 6-73 Control Mss (Closed System) In this section
More informationThe Thermodynamics of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
18 The Thermodynmics of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions As discussed in Chpter 10, when slt is dissolved in wter or in other pproprite solvent, the molecules dissocite into ions. In queous solutions, strong
More informationCHEMICAL KINETICS
CHEMICAL KINETICS Long Answer Questions: 1. Explin the following terms with suitble exmples ) Averge rte of Rection b) Slow nd Fst Rections c) Order of Rection d) Moleculrity of Rection e) Activtion Energy
More information( dg. ) 2 dt. + dt. dt j + dh. + dt. r(t) dt. Comparing this equation with the one listed above for the length of see that
Arc Length of Curves in Three Dimensionl Spce If the vector function r(t) f(t) i + g(t) j + h(t) k trces out the curve C s t vries, we cn mesure distnces long C using formul nerly identicl to one tht we
More information- 5 - TEST 2. This test is on the final sections of this session's syllabus and. should be attempted by all students.
- 5 - TEST 2 This test is on the finl sections of this session's syllbus nd should be ttempted by ll students. Anything written here will not be mrked. - 6 - QUESTION 1 [Mrks 22] A thin non-conducting
More informationOn the Uncertainty of Sensors Based on Magnetic Effects. E. Hristoforou, E. Kayafas, A. Ktena, DM Kepaptsoglou
On the Uncertinty of Sensors Bsed on Mgnetic Effects E. ristoforou, E. Kyfs, A. Kten, DM Kepptsoglou Ntionl Technicl University of Athens, Zogrfou Cmpus, Athens 1578, Greece Tel: +3177178, Fx: +3177119,
More informationChapter 13 Lyes KADEM [Thermodynamics II] 2007
Gs-Vpor Mixtures Air is mixture of nitrogen nd oxygen nd rgon plus trces of some other gses. When wtervpor is not included, we refer to it s dry ir. If wter-vpor is included, we must properly ccount for
More informationR. I. Badran Solid State Physics
I Bdrn Solid Stte Physics Crystl vibrtions nd the clssicl theory: The ssmption will be mde to consider tht the men eqilibrim position of ech ion is t Brvis lttice site The ions oscillte bot this men position
More informationHeat flux and total heat
Het flux nd totl het John McCun Mrch 14, 2017 1 Introduction Yesterdy (if I remember correctly) Ms. Prsd sked me question bout the condition of insulted boundry for the 1D het eqution, nd (bsed on glnce
More informationChapter 14. Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning. Study Guide in PowerPoint
Chpter 14 Gs-Vpor Mixtures nd Air-Conditioning Study Guide in PowerPoint to ccopny Therodynics: An Engineering Approch, 5th edition by Yunus A. Çengel nd Michel A. Boles We will be concerned with the ixture
More informationThe Wave Equation I. MA 436 Kurt Bryan
1 Introduction The Wve Eqution I MA 436 Kurt Bryn Consider string stretching long the x xis, of indeterminte (or even infinite!) length. We wnt to derive n eqution which models the motion of the string
More informationThe graphs of Rational Functions
Lecture 4 5A: The its of Rtionl Functions s x nd s x + The grphs of Rtionl Functions The grphs of rtionl functions hve severl differences compred to power functions. One of the differences is the behvior
More informationMeasuring Electron Work Function in Metal
n experiment of the Electron topic Mesuring Electron Work Function in Metl Instructor: 梁生 Office: 7-318 Emil: shling@bjtu.edu.cn Purposes 1. To understnd the concept of electron work function in metl nd
More informationf(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral
Improper Integrls Every time tht we hve evluted definite integrl such s f(x) dx, we hve mde two implicit ssumptions bout the integrl:. The intervl [, b] is finite, nd. f(x) is continuous on [, b]. If one
More informationFirst midterm topics Second midterm topics End of quarter topics. Math 3B Review. Steve. 18 March 2009
Mth 3B Review Steve 18 Mrch 2009 About the finl Fridy Mrch 20, 3pm-6pm, Lkretz 110 No notes, no book, no clcultor Ten questions Five review questions (Chpters 6,7,8) Five new questions (Chpters 9,10) No
More informationpotentials A z, F z TE z Modes We use the e j z z =0 we can simply say that the x dependence of E y (1)
3e. Introduction Lecture 3e Rectngulr wveguide So fr in rectngulr coordintes we hve delt with plne wves propgting in simple nd inhomogeneous medi. The power density of plne wve extends over ll spce. Therefore
More information4. CHEMICAL KINETICS
4. CHEMICAL KINETICS Synopsis: The study of rtes of chemicl rections mechnisms nd fctors ffecting rtes of rections is clled chemicl kinetics. Spontneous chemicl rection mens, the rection which occurs on
More informationAPPROXIMATE INTEGRATION
APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION. Introduction We hve seen tht there re functions whose nti-derivtives cnnot be expressed in closed form. For these resons ny definite integrl involving these integrnds cnnot be
More informationJoule-Thomson effect TEP
Joule-homson effect EP elted oics el gs; intrinsic energy; Gy-Lussc theory; throttling; n der Wls eqution; n der Wls force; inverse Joule- homson effect; inversion temerture. Princile A strem of gs is
More informationChapter 4 The second law of thermodynamics
hpter 4 he second lw of thermodynmics Directions of thermodynmic processes et engines Internl-combustion engines Refrigertors he second lw of thermodynmics he rnotcycle Entropy Directions of thermodynmic
More informationApplications of Bernoulli s theorem. Lecture - 7
Applictions of Bernoulli s theorem Lecture - 7 Prcticl Applictions of Bernoulli s Theorem The Bernoulli eqution cn be pplied to gret mny situtions not just the pipe flow we hve been considering up to now.
More informationA REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H. Thomas Shores Department of Mathematics University of Nebraska Spring 2007
A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H Thoms Shores Deprtment of Mthemtics University of Nebrsk Spring 2007 Contents Rtes of Chnge nd Derivtives 1 Dierentils 4 Are nd Integrls 5 Multivrite Clculus
More informationThe Regulated and Riemann Integrals
Chpter 1 The Regulted nd Riemnn Integrls 1.1 Introduction We will consider severl different pproches to defining the definite integrl f(x) dx of function f(x). These definitions will ll ssign the sme vlue
More informationChapter 1: Logarithmic functions and indices
Chpter : Logrithmic functions nd indices. You cn simplify epressions y using rules of indices m n m n m n m n ( m ) n mn m m m m n m m n Emple Simplify these epressions: 5 r r c 4 4 d 6 5 e ( ) f ( ) 4
More informationTHE EXISTENCE-UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
THE EXISTENCE-UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS RADON ROSBOROUGH https://intuitiveexplntionscom/picrd-lindelof-theorem/ This document is proof of the existence-uniqueness theorem
More informationMath& 152 Section Integration by Parts
Mth& 5 Section 7. - Integrtion by Prts Integrtion by prts is rule tht trnsforms the integrl of the product of two functions into other (idelly simpler) integrls. Recll from Clculus I tht given two differentible
More informationTHERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF WATER FOR VOLUMETRIC CALIBRATION
XX IMEKO World Congress Metrology for Green Growth September 9,, Busn, Republic of Kore THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF WATER FOR OLUMETRIC CALIBRATION Nieves Medin Hed of Mss Division, CEM, Spin, mnmedin@mityc.es
More informationDuality # Second iteration for HW problem. Recall our LP example problem we have been working on, in equality form, is given below.
Dulity #. Second itertion for HW problem Recll our LP emple problem we hve been working on, in equlity form, is given below.,,,, 8 m F which, when written in slightly different form, is 8 F Recll tht we
More informationModule 6: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
Module 6: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS. Trnsformtions nd mtrices Trnsformtions re generliztions of functions. A vector x in some set S n is mpped into m nother vector y T( x). A trnsformtion is liner if, for
More information7.2 The Definite Integral
7.2 The Definite Integrl the definite integrl In the previous section, it ws found tht if function f is continuous nd nonnegtive, then the re under the grph of f on [, b] is given by F (b) F (), where
More informationNew data structures to reduce data size and search time
New dt structures to reduce dt size nd serch time Tsuneo Kuwbr Deprtment of Informtion Sciences, Fculty of Science, Kngw University, Hirtsuk-shi, Jpn FIT2018 1D-1, No2, pp1-4 Copyright (c)2018 by The Institute
More informationW. We shall do so one by one, starting with I 1, and we shall do it greedily, trying
Vitli covers 1 Definition. A Vitli cover of set E R is set V of closed intervls with positive length so tht, for every δ > 0 nd every x E, there is some I V with λ(i ) < δ nd x I. 2 Lemm (Vitli covering)
More informationConservation Law. Chapter Goal. 5.2 Theory
Chpter 5 Conservtion Lw 5.1 Gol Our long term gol is to understnd how mny mthemticl models re derived. We study how certin quntity chnges with time in given region (sptil domin). We first derive the very
More information10/25/2005 Section 5_2 Conductors empty.doc 1/ Conductors. We have been studying the electrostatics of freespace (i.e., a vacuum).
10/25/2005 Section 5_2 Conductors empty.doc 1/3 5-2 Conductors Reding Assignment: pp. 122-132 We hve been studying the electrosttics of freespce (i.e., vcuum). But, the universe is full of stuff! Q: Does
More informationState space systems analysis (continued) Stability. A. Definitions A system is said to be Asymptotically Stable (AS) when it satisfies
Stte spce systems nlysis (continued) Stbility A. Definitions A system is sid to be Asymptoticlly Stble (AS) when it stisfies ut () = 0, t > 0 lim xt () 0. t A system is AS if nd only if the impulse response
More informationOperations with Polynomials
38 Chpter P Prerequisites P.4 Opertions with Polynomils Wht you should lern: How to identify the leding coefficients nd degrees of polynomils How to dd nd subtrct polynomils How to multiply polynomils
More informationChemistry 431 Problem Set 9 Fall 2018 Solutions
Chemistry 43 rolem Set 9 Fll 8 Solutions. A certin gs oeys the eqution of stte Vm 4 where nd re numericl constnts. Derive n expression for the criticl volume of the gs in terms of. = ( ) + 4 Vm 5 ( V m
More informationImproper Integrals, and Differential Equations
Improper Integrls, nd Differentil Equtions October 22, 204 5.3 Improper Integrls Previously, we discussed how integrls correspond to res. More specificlly, we sid tht for function f(x), the region creted
More informationScientific notation is a way of expressing really big numbers or really small numbers.
Scientific Nottion (Stndrd form) Scientific nottion is wy of expressing relly big numbers or relly smll numbers. It is most often used in scientific clcultions where the nlysis must be very precise. Scientific
More informationShear Degradation and Possible viscoelastic properties of High Molecular Weight Oil Drag Reducer Polymers
ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 3, 2005 Sher Degrdtion nd Possible viscoelstic properties of High Moleculr Weight Oil Drg Reducer Polymers A.A. Hmoud, C. Elissen, C. Idsøe nd T.
More information1 Part II: Numerical Integration
Mth 4 Lb 1 Prt II: Numericl Integrtion This section includes severl techniques for getting pproimte numericl vlues for definite integrls without using ntiderivtives. Mthemticll, ect nswers re preferble
More informationThe heat budget of the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect
The het budget of the tmosphere nd the greenhouse effect 1. Solr rdition 1.1 Solr constnt The rdition coming from the sun is clled solr rdition (shortwve rdition). Most of the solr rdition is visible light
More informationImproper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as
Improper Integrls Two different types of integrls cn qulify s improper. The first type of improper integrl (which we will refer to s Type I) involves evluting n integrl over n infinite region. In the grph
More informationMath 1B, lecture 4: Error bounds for numerical methods
Mth B, lecture 4: Error bounds for numericl methods Nthn Pflueger 4 September 0 Introduction The five numericl methods descried in the previous lecture ll operte by the sme principle: they pproximte the
More information5.7 Improper Integrals
458 pplictions of definite integrls 5.7 Improper Integrls In Section 5.4, we computed the work required to lift pylod of mss m from the surfce of moon of mss nd rdius R to height H bove the surfce of the
More informationHints for Exercise 1 on: Current and Resistance
Hints for Exercise 1 on: Current nd Resistnce Review the concepts of: electric current, conventionl current flow direction, current density, crrier drift velocity, crrier numer density, Ohm s lw, electric
More informationINTRODUCTION. The three general approaches to the solution of kinetics problems are:
INTRODUCTION According to Newton s lw, prticle will ccelerte when it is subjected to unblnced forces. Kinetics is the study of the reltions between unblnced forces nd the resulting chnges in motion. The
More informationPHYS Summer Professor Caillault Homework Solutions. Chapter 2
PHYS 1111 - Summer 2007 - Professor Cillult Homework Solutions Chpter 2 5. Picture the Problem: The runner moves long the ovl trck. Strtegy: The distnce is the totl length of trvel, nd the displcement
More informationConsequently, the temperature must be the same at each point in the cross section at x. Let:
HW 2 Comments: L1-3. Derive the het eqution for n inhomogeneous rod where the therml coefficients used in the derivtion of the het eqution for homogeneous rod now become functions of position x in the
More informationPhysics 201 Lab 3: Measurement of Earth s local gravitational field I Data Acquisition and Preliminary Analysis Dr. Timothy C. Black Summer I, 2018
Physics 201 Lb 3: Mesurement of Erth s locl grvittionl field I Dt Acquisition nd Preliminry Anlysis Dr. Timothy C. Blck Summer I, 2018 Theoreticl Discussion Grvity is one of the four known fundmentl forces.
More informationWe partition C into n small arcs by forming a partition of [a, b] by picking s i as follows: a = s 0 < s 1 < < s n = b.
Mth 255 - Vector lculus II Notes 4.2 Pth nd Line Integrls We begin with discussion of pth integrls (the book clls them sclr line integrls). We will do this for function of two vribles, but these ides cn
More informationConducting Ellipsoid and Circular Disk
1 Problem Conducting Ellipsoid nd Circulr Disk Kirk T. McDonld Joseph Henry Lbortories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (September 1, 00) Show tht the surfce chrge density σ on conducting ellipsoid,
More informationClassical Mechanics. From Molecular to Con/nuum Physics I WS 11/12 Emiliano Ippoli/ October, 2011
Clssicl Mechnics From Moleculr to Con/nuum Physics I WS 11/12 Emilino Ippoli/ October, 2011 Wednesdy, October 12, 2011 Review Mthemtics... Physics Bsic thermodynmics Temperture, idel gs, kinetic gs theory,
More informationKINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES
KINEMTICS OF RIGID ODIES Introduction In rigid body kinemtics, e use the reltionships governing the displcement, velocity nd ccelertion, but must lso ccount for the rottionl motion of the body. Description
More informationMath 116 Calculus II
Mth 6 Clculus II Contents 5 Exponentil nd Logrithmic functions 5. Review........................................... 5.. Exponentil functions............................... 5.. Logrithmic functions...............................
More informationCalculus 2: Integration. Differentiation. Integration
Clculus 2: Integrtion The reverse process to differentition is known s integrtion. Differentition f() f () Integrtion As it is the opposite of finding the derivtive, the function obtined b integrtion is
More informationStudy Guide Final Exam. Part A: Kinetic Theory, First Law of Thermodynamics, Heat Engines
Msschusetts Institute of Technology Deprtment of Physics 8.0T Fll 004 Study Guide Finl Exm The finl exm will consist of two sections. Section : multiple choice concept questions. There my be few concept
More informationThe International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. Release on the Ionization Constant of H 2 O
IAPWS R-7 The Interntionl Assocition for the Properties of Wter nd Stem Lucerne, Sitzerlnd August 7 Relese on the Ioniztion Constnt of H O 7 The Interntionl Assocition for the Properties of Wter nd Stem
More informationExperiment 9: DETERMINATION OF WEAK ACID IONIZATION CONSTANT & PROPERTIES OF A BUFFERED SOLUTION
Experiment 9: DETERMINATION OF WEAK ACID IONIZATION CONSTANT & PROPERTIES OF A BUFFERED SOLUTION Purpose: Prt I: The cid ioniztion constnt of wek cid is to be determined, nd the cid is identified ccordingly.
More information1 Which of the following summarises the change in wave characteristics on going from infra-red to ultraviolet in the electromagnetic spectrum?
Which of the following summrises the chnge in wve chrcteristics on going from infr-red to ultrviolet in the electromgnetic spectrum? frequency speed (in vcuum) decreses decreses decreses remins constnt
More informationUNIT 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES Lesson 1.4: Logarithmic Functions as Inverses Instruction
Lesson : Logrithmic Functions s Inverses Prerequisite Skills This lesson requires the use of the following skills: determining the dependent nd independent vribles in n exponentil function bsed on dt from
More informationEmission of K -, L - and M - Auger Electrons from Cu Atoms. Abstract
Emission of K -, L - nd M - uger Electrons from Cu toms Mohmed ssd bdel-rouf Physics Deprtment, Science College, UEU, l in 17551, United rb Emirtes ssd@ueu.c.e bstrct The emission of uger electrons from
More informationMath 42 Chapter 7 Practice Problems Set B
Mth 42 Chpter 7 Prctice Problems Set B 1. Which of the following functions is solution of the differentil eqution dy dx = 4xy? () y = e 4x (c) y = e 2x2 (e) y = e 2x (g) y = 4e2x2 (b) y = 4x (d) y = 4x
More informationMAT 168: Calculus II with Analytic Geometry. James V. Lambers
MAT 68: Clculus II with Anlytic Geometry Jmes V. Lmbers Februry 7, Contents Integrls 5. Introduction............................ 5.. Differentil Clculus nd Quotient Formuls...... 5.. Integrl Clculus nd
More informationThe momentum of a body of constant mass m moving with velocity u is, by definition, equal to the product of mass and velocity, that is
Newtons Lws 1 Newton s Lws There re three lws which ber Newton s nme nd they re the fundmentls lws upon which the study of dynmics is bsed. The lws re set of sttements tht we believe to be true in most
More informationSESSION 2 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. Math 30-1 R 3. (Revisit, Review and Revive)
Mth 0-1 R (Revisit, Review nd Revive) SESSION Eponentil nd Logrithmic Functions 1 Eponentil nd Logrithmic Functions Key Concepts The Eponent Lws m n 1 n n m m n m n m mn m m m m mn m m m b n b b b Simplify
More informationCBE 291b - Computation And Optimization For Engineers
The University of Western Ontrio Fculty of Engineering Science Deprtment of Chemicl nd Biochemicl Engineering CBE 9b - Computtion And Optimiztion For Engineers Mtlb Project Introduction Prof. A. Jutn Jn
More information4 The dynamical FRW universe
4 The dynmicl FRW universe 4.1 The Einstein equtions Einstein s equtions G µν = T µν (7) relte the expnsion rte (t) to energy distribution in the universe. On the left hnd side is the Einstein tensor which
More informationProblem Set 3 Solutions
Chemistry 36 Dr Jen M Stndrd Problem Set 3 Solutions 1 Verify for the prticle in one-dimensionl box by explicit integrtion tht the wvefunction ψ ( x) π x is normlized To verify tht ψ ( x) is normlized,
More information+ x 2 dω 2 = c 2 dt 2 +a(t) [ 2 dr 2 + S 1 κx 2 /R0
Notes for Cosmology course, fll 2005 Cosmic Dynmics Prelude [ ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 +(t) 2 dx 2 ] + x 2 dω 2 = c 2 dt 2 +(t) [ 2 dr 2 + S 1 κx 2 /R0 2 κ (r) 2 dω 2] nd x = S κ (r) = r, R 0 sin(r/r 0 ), R 0 sinh(r/r
More informationTerminal Velocity and Raindrop Growth
Terminl Velocity nd Rindrop Growth Terminl velocity for rindrop represents blnce in which weight mss times grvity is equl to drg force. F 3 π3 ρ L g in which is drop rdius, g is grvittionl ccelertion,
More informationName Class Date. Match each phrase with the correct term or terms. Terms may be used more than once.
Exercises 341 Flow of Chrge (pge 681) potentil difference 1 Chrge flows when there is between the ends of conductor 2 Explin wht would hppen if Vn de Grff genertor chrged to high potentil ws connected
More informationSolutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 16 CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 16 1. The number of electrons is N = Q/e = ( 30.0 10 6 C)/( 1.60 10 19 C/electrons) = 1.88 10 14 electrons.. The mgnitude of the Coulomb force is Q /r. If we divide the epressions for the two forces,
More informationName Solutions to Test 3 November 8, 2017
Nme Solutions to Test 3 November 8, 07 This test consists of three prts. Plese note tht in prts II nd III, you cn skip one question of those offered. Some possibly useful formuls cn be found below. Brrier
More information