Differentiation Rules. Oct

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1 Differentiation Rules Oct

2 Differentiability versus Continuity Theorem If f (a) exists, then f is continuous at a. A function whose erivative exists at every point of an interval is continuous an smooth, i.e. it has no sharp corners.

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4 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Scalars) If y = f (x) is a ifferentiable function then, (c f (x)) = c f (x) x (c f (x)) = c x f (x) where c is a constant.

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6 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Scalars) If y = f (x) is a ifferentiable function then, (c f (x)) = c f (x) x (c f (x)) = c x f (x) where c is a constant. Example Since x x 2 =2x, wehave x 5x 2 =5 2x = 10x.

7 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Sums) If f an g are ifferentiable functions, then x (f (x)+g(x)) = f (x)+g (x) In wors, the erivative of a sum is the sum of the erivatives.

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9 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Sums) If f an g are ifferentiable functions, then x (f (x)+g(x)) = f (x)+g (x) In wors, the erivative of a sum is the sum of the erivatives. x (3x 2 +2x + 7) =

10 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Sums) If f an g are ifferentiable functions, then x (f (x)+g(x)) = f (x)+g (x) In wors, the erivative of a sum is the sum of the erivatives. x (3x 2 +2x + 7) = x (3x 2 )+ x (2x)+ x (7) =3 2x = 6x+2

11 Calculate x (5x + 3)(x + 2). Caution! The answer is not 5. Expan first!

12 Calculate x (5x + 3)(x + 2). Caution! The answer is not 5. Expan first! (5x + 3)(x + 2) = 5x x +6 x x =5 2x + 13 = 10x+13

13 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Proucts) If f (x) an g(x) are ifferentiable functions, then x (f (x) g(x)) = f (x) g (x)+g(x) f (x). In wors, the erivative of a prouct is the first times the erivative of the secon, plus the secon times the erivative of the first.

14 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Proucts) If f (x) an g(x) are ifferentiable functions, then x (f (x) g(x)) = f (x) g (x)+g(x) f (x). In wors, the erivative of a prouct is the first times the erivative of the secon, plus the secon times the erivative of the first. Try 2: Calculate x (5x + 3)(x + 2) : x (5x + 3)(x + 2) =(5x + 3) 1+(x + 2) 5 = 10x+13 f g f g + g f

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16 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Reciprocals) If y = f (x) is a ifferentiable function, then wherever f (x) = 0, 1 = f (x) x f (x) f (x) 2.

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18 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Reciprocals) If y = f (x) is a ifferentiable function, then wherever f (x) = 0, 1 = f (x) x f (x) f (x) 2. Example: Calculate x 1 x 2.

19 Builing the Toolbox Theorem (Reciprocals) If y = f (x) is a ifferentiable function, then wherever f (x) = 0, 1 = f (x) x f (x) f (x) 2. Example: Here, f (x) =x 2,so 1 x x 2 Calculate x 1 x 2. = 2x (x 2 ) 2 = 2 x 3 = 2x 3

20 Some more examples of reciprocals Rule: 1 x f (x) = f (x). f (x) 2

21 Some more examples of reciprocals Rule: 1 x f (x) = f (x). f (x) 2 1 x x 2 +3x +1 2x +3 = (x 2 +3x +1) 2

22 Some more examples of reciprocals Rule: 1 x f (x) = f (x). f (x) 2 1 x x 2 +3x +1 2x +3 = (x 2 +3x +1) 2 Quotients: x 2 1 x x 2 = (x 2 1 1) +3x +1 x x 2 +3x +1

23 Some more examples of reciprocals Rule: 1 x f (x) = f (x). f (x) 2 1 x x 2 +3x +1 2x +3 = (x 2 +3x +1) 2 Quotients: x 2 1 x x 2 = (x 2 1 1) +3x +1 x x 2 +3x +1 =(x 2 (2x + 3) 1) (x 2 +3x + 1) x 2 +3x +1 (2x)

24 In general, f = x g x 1 f g =

25 In general, f = 1 x g x g 1 = g f x (f )+f x 1 g (prouct rule)

26 In general, f = 1 f x g x g 1 = g x (f )+f x = f g + f g g 2 1 g (prouct rule) (reciprocal rule)

27 In general, f = 1 f x g x g 1 = g x (f )+f x = f g + f g g 2 = f g f g g 2 1 g (prouct rule) (reciprocal rule)

28 In general, f = 1 f x g x g 1 = g x (f )+f x = f g + f g g 2 = f g f g g 2 = g f f g g 2 1 g (prouct rule) (reciprocal rule) (common enominator)

29 In general, f = 1 f x g x g 1 = g x (f )+f x = f g + f g g 2 = f g f g g 2 = g f f g g 2 1 g (prouct rule) (reciprocal rule) (common enominator) Theorem (Quotient rule) Wherever g(x) = 0, x f (x) g(x) = g(x) f (x) f (x) g (x) g(x) 2

30 Builing the Toolbox Theorem Let (f g)(x) =f (g(x)). Assume that g is ifferentiable at the point x an that f is ifferentiable at the point g(x). Then the composite function f gisifferentiable at the point x, an x ((f g)(x)) = f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x Using Leibniz s notation: y x = y u u x.

31 Chain rule: Example x Calculate x f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x

32 Chain rule: Example x Calculate x f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x Here, f (x) = x = x 1/2 an g(x) =x 7 +5.

33 Chain rule: Example x Calculate x f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x Here, f (x) = x = x 1/2 an g(x) =x So f (x) = 1 2 x 1/2 = 1 2 x an g (x) =7x 6

34 Chain rule: Example x Calculate x f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x Here, f (x) = x = x 1/2 an g(x) =x So an so f (x) = 1 2 x 1/2 = 1 2 x an g (x) =7x 6 x x 7 +5 = 1 2 x x 6.

35 Back to reciprocals: Chain rule: Calculate x f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x 1 g(x) = x (g(x)) 1

36 Back to reciprocals: Chain rule: Calculate x Outsie function: f (x) =x 1 Insie function: g(x) f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x 1 g(x) = x (g(x)) 1

37 Back to reciprocals: Chain rule: Calculate x Outsie function: f (x) =x 1 Insie function: g(x) f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x 1 g(x) = x (g(x)) 1 So since x (x 1 )= x 2 = 1 x 2 an x (g(x)) = g (x),

38 Back to reciprocals: Chain rule: Calculate x Outsie function: f (x) =x 1 Insie function: g(x) f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x). x 1 g(x) = x (g(x)) 1 So since x (x 1 )= x 2 = 1 x 2 an x (g(x)) = g (x), we get 1 = 1 x g(x) (g(x)) 2 g (x) = g (x) (g(x)) 2 just like before!

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