Department: Machines and equipments. Stage: First Stage Title: Thermodynamic week: 19
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1 Department: Machines and equipments Stage: First Stage Title: Thermodynamic week: 19 Entropy, changes on closed systems and temperature entropy plane Entropy is an extensive property of a system and sometimes is referred to as total entropy. Entropy per unit mass, designated S, is an intensive property and has the unit kj/kg K. The term entropy is generally used to refer to both total entropy and entropy per unit mass since the context usually clarifies which one is meant. The entropy change of a system during a process can be determined by
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4 It is an important thermodynamic property of a working substance, Some Remarks about Entropy 1- Entropy increases with the addition of heat, and decreases with its removal 2- Entropy is sometimes referred to as a measure of the inability to do work for a given heat transferred 3- Like enthalpy, entropy cannot be measured directly. 4- Entropy is an extensive property, and thus the total entropy of a system is equal to the sum of the entropies of all parts of the system. 5- The entropy of a pure crystallite substance at absolute zero is zero.
5 6- The entropy of an insulated closed system increases in any natural change, remains constant in any reversible change, and is a maximum at equilibrium. 7- For any real process the entropy of an isolated system must increase. 8- Entropy depends only on the state of the system, and the change in entropy between given initial and final states is the same for all processes leading from one state to the other. 9- isolated systems tend toward disorder and that entropy is a measure of this disorder. 10- The entropy of the Universe increases in all real processes. 11- the change in entropy during a process depends only on the end points and therefore is independent of the actual path followed. 12- the entropy change for an irreversible process can be determined by calculating the entropy change for a reversible process that connects the same initial and final states. 13- If the process is irreversible, then the total entropy of an isolated system always increases. 14- In a reversible process, the total entropy of an isolated system remains constant. 15- The second law of thermodynamics states that when real (irreversible) processes occur, the degree of disorder in the system plus the surroundings increases. 16- Processes can occur in a certain direction only, not in any direction. A process must proceed in the direction that complies with the increase of entropy principle, that is, S gen 0. A process that violates this principle is impossible. This principle often forces chemical reactions to come to a halt before reaching completion. 17- Entropy is a nonconserved property, and there is no such thing as the conservation of entropy principle. Entropy is conserved during the idealized reversible processes only and increases during all actual processes.
6 18- The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the presence of irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a measure of the magnitudes of the irreversibilities present during that process. 19- A process during which the entropy remains constant is called an isentropic process. Second Law of Thermodynamics : If a system undergoes spontaneous change, it will change in such a way that its entropy will increase or. at best, remain constant.
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