Textbook Examples of. SPSS Procedure
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1 Textbook s of IBM SPSS Procedures Each SPSS procedure listed below has its own section in the textbook. These sections include a purpose statement that describes the statistical test, identification of alternative tests, key assumptions and requirements, example research question and null hypothesis, steps used to conduct the procedure, selected SPSS output and analysis, and an example of how one might report results in a scholarly journal article or report. One can download the SPSS dataset file associated with each SPSS procedure listed below and generate the output and data analysis displayed in the textbook in order to check one s understanding of the statistical procedure. Goodness of Fit Tests SPSS Procedure Binomial Test nonparametric; compares the proportion in one of two categories to a hypothesized test proportion. Chi-Square (χ 2 ) Goodness-of-Fit nonparametric; determines if a sample of data for one categorical variable comes from a population with a specific distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test nonparametric; determines whether a sample of data from one continuous variable comes from a specific distribution; N 50. One-Sample t-test parametric; compares a calculated sample mean from one continuous variable to a known value. One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test nonparametric; compares a calculated sample median from one continuous variable to a known value. Shapiro-Wilk W Test nonparametric; determines whether a sample of data from one continuous variable comes from a specific distribution; N < 50. Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test for Randomness nonparametric; compares the order recorded to random order. SPSS Procedure Difference Tests 1
2 Analysis of Covariance parametric; compares two or more independent samples after controlling for one or more interval or ratio covariate(s), one interval or ratio DV (multiple DVs for MANCOVA). Between Subjects ANOVA parametric; compares multiple independent samples, one interval or ratio DV. Cochran s Q Test nonparametric; compares multiple dependent samples, nominal DV. Dependent t-test parametric; compares two dependent samples, interval or ratio DV. Friedman Test nonparametric; compares multiple dependent samples, ordinal DV. Independent t-test parametric; compares two independent samples, interval or ratio DV. Kruskal-Wallis H Test nonparametric; compares multiple independent samples, ordinal DV. Levene s Test parametric; compares multiple independent samples for equal variances, interval or ratio DV. Mann-Whitney U Test nonparametric; compares two independent samples, ordinal DV. McNemar Chi-Square Test nonparametric; compares two dependent samples, nominal DV. Median Test nonparametric; compares multiple independent samples, ordinal DV. Multivariate ANOVA parametric; compares multiple independent and/or dependent samples, multiple interval or ratio DVs. Related Samples Sign Test nonparametric; compares two dependent samples, nominal or ordinal DV. Wilcoxon Matched-Pair Signed Ranks Test nonparametric; compares two dependent samples, ordinal DV. Within Subjects ANOVA parametric; compares multiple dependent samples, one interval or ratio DV. Survey.sav Correlation and Prediction Tests 2
3 SPSS Procedure Binomial Logistic Regression nonparametric; predicts one dichotomous DV using multiple continuous and/or categorical IVs. Bivariate Regression parametric; predicts one interval/ratio DV using one interval/ratio IV. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) parametric; determines relationship between a set of multiple interval/ratio IVs and a set of multiple interval/ratio DVs. Cohen s Kappa (κ) Measure of Agreement nonparametric; determines consistency of two raters, one categorical variable with equal number of categories for each rater. Contingency Coefficient (C) nonparametric; determines symmetric relationship between two nominal variables, maximum value depends on table size, used for large tables, e.g., 5x5 or larger, chi-square based. Cramér s V nonparametric; determines symmetric relationship between two nominal variables, used for tables larger than 2x2, chisquare based. Discriminant Analysis parametric; predicts one categorical DV using multiple interval/ratio IVs. Eta (η) Correlation Coefficient nonparametric; determines total linear and nonlinear asymmetric relationship between one nominal and one interval/ratio variable. Gamma nonparametric; determines symmetric relationship between ordinal and dichotomous nominal variables, ignores ties, based on concordant-discordant pairs, proportional reduction of error measure. Internal Consistency Reliability Analysis parametric; measures the internal consistency reliability of a scale or subscale Intraclass Correlation Coefficient nonparametric; determines consistency of raters using ratio, interval, or ordinal variables of the same class. Kendall s tau-b nonparametric; determines monotonic symmetric relationship between two ordinal variables, used when the number of Community Index.sav 3
4 rows and number of columns are equal, adjusts for tied pairs, based on concordant-discordant pairs. Kendall s tau-c nonparametric; determines monotonic symmetric relationship between two ordinal variables, used when the number of rows and number of columns are not equal, based on concordant-discordant pairs. Lambda (λ) nonparametric; determines asymmetric measure between two nominal variables, uses the modal distribution, proportional reduction of error measure. Multiple Regression and Correlation parametric; predicts one interval/ratio DV using multiple interval/ratio IVs, dummy variables permitted as IVs. Partial Correlation parametric; determines relationship between two interval/ratio variables after controlling for one or more interval/ratio Pearson Chi-Square (χ 2 ) Two-Way Contingency Table Analysis nonparametric; determines symmetric relationship between two nominal variables; chi-square based. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation parametric; determines symmetric linear relationship between two interval/ratio Phi (Φ) nonparametric; determines symmetric relationship between two nominal variables, used for 2x2 tables, chi-square based. Point-Biserial Correlation (rpb) parametric; determines symmetric linear relationship between one dichotomous variable and one continuous variable. Principal Components and Factor Analysis parametric; determines common underlying dimensions among multiple interval/ratio Relative Risk and Odds Ratio nonparametric; determines relative risk and odds ratio between two dichotomous Somers d nonparametric; determines monotonic asymmetric relationship between two categorical ordinal variables, adjusts for ties in the DV only, based on concordant- Computer Knowledge.sav Community Index.sav Risk.sav 4
5 discordant pairs. Spearman Rank Order Correlation nonparametric; determines monotonic symmetric relationship between two ranked Two-Step Cluster Analysis parametric; determines natural groupings among multiple continuous and categorical Uncertainty Coefficient (UC) nonparametric; determines asymmetric relationship between two nominal variables, uses the entire distribution, proportional reduction of error measure Statistical Analysis Case Data Screening Multiple Groups Analysis Regression Analysis Repeated Measures Analysis Case Studies 5
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