Introduction and Descriptive Statistics p. 1 Introduction to Statistics p. 3 Statistics, Science, and Observations p. 5 Populations and Samples p.
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1 Preface p. xi Introduction and Descriptive Statistics p. 1 Introduction to Statistics p. 3 Statistics, Science, and Observations p. 5 Populations and Samples p. 6 The Scientific Method and the Design of Research Studies p. 12 Scales of Measurement p. 22 Discrete and Continuous Variables p. 25 Statistical Notation p. 27 Summary p. 32 Focus on Problem Solving p. 33 Demonstrations 1.1 and 1.2 p. 33 Problems p. 36 Frequency Distributions p. 39 Overview p. 41 Frequency Distribution Tables p. 41 Frequency Distribution Graphs p. 48 The Shape of a Frequency Distribution p. 53 Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation p. 55 Stem and Leaf Displays p. 62 Summary p. 65 Focus on Problem Solving p. 66 Demonstrations 2.1 and 2.2 p. 67 Problems p. 69 Central Tendency p. 74 Overview p. 75 The Mean p. 77 The Median p. 87 The Mode p. 92 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency p. 95 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution p. 102 Summary p. 104 Focus on Problem Solving p. 105 Demonstrations 3.1 and 3.2 p. 106 Problems p. 107 Variability p. 111 Overview p. 112 The Range p. 113 The Interquartile Range and Semi-Interquartile Range p. 115 Standard Deviation and Variance for a Population p. 117 Standard Deviation and Variance for Samples p. 125
2 Properties of the Standard Deviation p. 132 Comparing Measures of Variability p. 135 The Role of Variability in Descriptive and Inferential Statistics p. 137 Summary p. 140 Focus on Problem Solving p. 141 Demonstration 4.1 p. 142 Problems p. 143 Foundations of Inferential Statistics p. 148 z-scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions p. 150 Introduction to z-scores p. 151 z-scores and Location in a Distribution p. 153 Using z-scores to Standardize a Distribution p. 158 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-scores p. 163 Summary p. 166 Focus on Problem Solving p. 167 Demonstrations 5.1 and 5.2 p. 167 Problems p. 169 Probability p. 172 Overview p. 173 Introduction to Probability p. 174 Probability and the Normal Distribution p. 180 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks p. 193 Probability and the Binomial Distribution p. 198 Summary p. 204 Focus on Problem Solving p. 205 Demonstrations 6.1 and 6.2 p. 206 Problems p. 209 Probability and Samples: the Distribution of Sample Means p. 212 Overview p. 213 The Distribution of Sample Means p. 214 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means p. 220 More About Standard Error p. 224 Summary p. 231 Focus on Problem Solving p. 232 Demonstration 7.1 p. 233 Problems p. 234 Inferences About Means and Mean Differences p. 238 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing p. 242 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing p. 243 Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing p. 253 An Example of a Hypothesis Test p. 257
3 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests p. 264 The General Elements of Hypothesis Testing: A Review p. 269 Statistical Power p. 271 Summary p. 277 Focus on Problem Solving p. 278 Demonstration 8.1 p. 279 Problems p. 281 Introduction to the t Statistic p. 285 Overview p. 286 The t Statistic--A Substitute for z p. 287 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic p. 293 Summary p. 304 Focus on Problem Solving p. 304 Demonstration 9.1 p. 305 Problems p. 307 Hypothesis Tests With Two Independent Samples p. 310 Overview p. 311 The t Statistic for an Independent-Measures Research Design p. 313 Hypothesis Tests with the Independent-Measures t Statistic p. 319 Assumptions Underlying the Independent-Measures t Formula p. 328 Summary p. 330 Focus on Problem Solving p. 330 Demonstration 10.1 p. 331 Problems p. 333 Hypothesis Tests With Related Samples p. 338 Overview p. 339 The t Statistic for Related Samples p. 341 Hypothesis Tests for the Repeated-Measures Design p. 345 Hypothesis Testing with a Matched-Subjects Design p. 350 Uses and Assumptions for Related-Samples t Tests p. 352 Summary p. 356 Focus on Problem Solving p. 356 Demonstration 11.1 p. 357 Problems p. 359 Estimation p. 365 An Overview of Estimation p. 366 Estimation with the z-score p. 372 Estimation with the t Statistic p. 378 Factors Affecting the Width of a Confidence Interval p. 384 Summary p. 387 Focus on Problem Solving p. 388
4 Demonstrations 12.1 and 12.2 p. 388 Problems p. 392 Introduction To Analysis of Variance p. 395 Introduction p. 397 The Logic of Analysis of Variance p. 401 ANOVA Vocabulary, Notation, and Formulas p. 405 The Distribution of F-Ratios p. 413 Examples of Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA p. 415 Post Hoc Tests p. 425 The Relationship Between ANOVA and t Tests p. 429 Summary p. 431 Focus on Problem Solving p. 433 Demonstration 13.1 p. 434 Problems p. 437 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) p. 442 Overview p. 443 Notation and Formulas for Repeated-Measures ANOVA p. 449 Testing Hypothesis with the Repeated-Measures ANOVA p. 458 Advantages of the Repeated-Measures Design p. 462 Assumptions of the Repeated-Measures ANOVA p. 464 Summary p. 466 Focus on Problem Solving p. 467 Demonstration 14.1 p. 468 Problems p. 471 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance (Independent Measures) p. 476 Overview p. 478 Main Effects and Interactions p. 479 Notation and Formulas p. 488 Examples of the Two-Factor ANOVA p. 495 Assumptions for the Two-Factor ANOVA p. 507 Summary p. 507 Focus on Problem Solving p. 508 Demonstration 15.1 p. 509 Problems p. 515 Correlations and Nonparametric Tests p. 522 Correlation and Regression p. 525 Overview p. 526 The Pearson Correlation p. 531 Understanding and Interpreting the Pearson Correlation p. 536 Hypothesis Tests with the Pearson Correlation p. 540 The Spearman Correlation p. 545
5 Other Measures of Relationship p. 552 Introduction to Regression p. 556 Summary p. 568 Focus on Problem Solving p. 570 Demonstration 16.1 and 16.2 p. 571 Problems p. 574 The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence p. 581 Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tests p. 582 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit p. 583 The Chi-Square Test for Independence p. 594 Assumptions and Restrictions for Chi-Square Tests p. 604 Special Applications of the Chi-Square Tests p. 605 Summary p. 609 Focus on Problem Solving p. 610 Demonstration 17.1 p. 611 Problems p. 613 The Binomial Test p. 619 Overview p. 620 The Binomial Test p. 623 The Relation Between Chi-Square and the Binomial Test p. 626 The Sign Test p. 627 Summary p. 631 Focus on Problem Solving p. 631 Demonstration 18.1 p. 632 Problems p. 633 Statistical Techniques for Ordinal Data: Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis Tests p. 636 Data From An Ordinal Scale p. 638 The Mann-Whitney U-Test p. 640 The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test p. 648 The Kruskal-Wallis Test p. 653 Summary p. 656 Focus on Problem Solving p. 657 Demonstrations 19.1, 19.2, and 19.3 p. 657 Problems p. 661 Basic Mathematics Review p. 667 Symbols and Notation p. 669 Proportions: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages p. 671 Negative Numbers p. 677 Basic Algebra: Solving Equations p. 679 Exponents and Square Roots p. 682 Statistical Tables p. 690
6 Solutions for Odd-Numbered Problems in the Text p. 705 Statistics Organizer p. 727 References p. 742 Index p. 745 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.
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