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Sandra Skinner
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15 . -0 a < 0. a > 0 y = ax + bx+ c :. a + ax (a + )x = 0 x = 0, x = a a +. x = x = 0 y = ax (a + )x a :. x 0 a + 0 a a > 0 a. a a a < 0 y. x = x = 0 a =. x ; x : f(x) = x ; x < Sn n : = q + Sn S 5 7 = q + = q + = q = q q = ( ) S a a ( ) 4 4 a = = q = ( ) = 6 : a 4 5 aq a = 5 5 = 5 () = 0 = 0 ( ) 5 x ( ),( ) : = 5 : : : : : f(x) = x + x, g(x) = x + x g(f(x)) = (f(x)) + f(x) = (f(x))(f(x) + ) = 0 f(x) = f(x) = 0 f(x) = 0 x + x= 0 x Z f(x) = x + x= x R Z ( R Z) ( Z) = R :. -05 : : ;x R Z g( ) ; x R Z ; x R Z f(x) = g(f(x)) = g(f(x)) = g(f(x)) = 0 ;x Z g() 0 ; x Z ; x Z. g(f(x)) =, x R 4

16 : g(f(x)) = x Z x Z : x = 0 f( 0) = 0 g( 0) = x = f( ) = g( ) =. () x x (. () x x (. () x x (. (4) x x ( : x = Z, x = 0 Z. (). -06 n+ n 5. P( ) = 0 x + P(x) = x + x + x 5x + k n+ n 5 n n P( ) = 0 ( ) + ( ) + ( ) 5( ) + k = 0 ( )( ) + ( ) k = 0 k = 8 n+ n 5 P(x) = x + x + x 5x 8 : x :. P(x) x P(x) n n n n P(x) = (x ) x + (x ) + x(x ) 5x(x ) 8 R(x) = ( ) x + ( ) + x( ) 5x( ) 8= x 6 n k x + n : g(x) = f( x 4) = y g(x) = y g (y) = x f (y) + 4 g (y) = f (y) + 4 f( x 4) = y f (y) = x 4 x = f (x) + 4 g (x) = f ( 6) g ( 6) = = = 8 g ( 6) = a g(a) = 6 g(x) = f( x 4) g(a) = f( a 4) = 6 f ( 6) = a 4 ( ) (*) f ( 6 ) = = 0 a 4 = 0 a = 8 p+ q p q p+ q p q cos p + cos q = cos cos, cos p cos q = sin sin π π tan( x) = cot x, cot( x) = tan x sin(p + q) α α tan p + tan q =, sin α = sin cos cospcosq : y x : x = 6 g : ( 6) = a : : g(x) = f( x 4) : f (x) = x+ x. -08 : 5

17 cos0 = sin80 cos70 = sin0 : A = (cos0 cos 70 )(tan70 cot 00 ) = sin( )sin( )(tan70 cot( 90 ( 0 ))) sin80 sin 40 sin80 = sin 40 sin( 0 )(tan 70 + tan 0 ) = sin 40 ( ) = cos 0 cos 70 cos 0 cos 70 sin 0 cos 0 sin80 = cos0 sin80 sin :. x lim f(x x) = lim f( x) = lim f(x) = x 0 x 0 x y = f(xf(x)) y = (xf(x)) f (xf(x)) y = (xf(x) + xf (x))f (xf (x)) y = (f(x) + xf (x))f (xf(x)) y (x = ) = (f( ) + f ( ))f ( f( )) ( ) :. f(f()),f(),f() f(x) = x+ f( ) =, f (x) = f ( ) = x + 4 f( ) = ( ) =, f ( ) = y(x = ) = ( + ( ))( ) = 4 : (). - a d a+ d ax + b. y = x +, y = x+ y = c c cx + d :. h,y= mx+ h a+ d ( a ) + a a + a y = x+ x+ = x+ 4 = 4 a = ( ) c a d a a ( ) :y= x+ = x+ x+ c. - : ( 0, ) f ( 0, ) f a+ b a+ b 0= Arc tan( ) = 0 a = b ( ) : b a. () ax + b ax + b π π ( ) lim Arctan( ) = Arctan( lim ) = Arctan(a) = a = b = a = x ± x x ± x 4 4. (,) (a,b) α + β x = β α r = ( α, β) x ( a 7) + (a + 5) = 4a = 6 a = ( ) (a + 5) ( a 7) ( ) ( 7 ( )) r = = = 4 { }. 4 - x r :.. 4 6

18 n+ ( ) a = a = ( ) n 4 5 n= nπ ( ) a cos = = ( ) = (a) = n n=. -4 : x+ x x (x ) lim an = lim ( + ) = lim f(a n) = lim f(x) = lim = lim = lim = n n n n x + x + x x + x x + (x + )(x ). -6 x f( 0) x f ( ) = lim = lim x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x ( ) x x lim = lim = lim = lim = x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x :. 0y = x+ m f 0 n f :. + f + n ( αβ, ) f. -7 f 0y = x+ m m y = x + (f )( α ) = f ( β ) = = 0 0 :. 0 f x = β f f(x) = x x ; x> f (x) = x ; x> β> f( β ) = 0 β = 0 β= α = f( β ) = f( ) = = 4 : 0y = x+ m ( 4 ) f 0y = x+ m 0 = 4 + m m= y x t y x F(x,y) = 0 : Fx df df y t = x t x t + y t = 0 Fy dx dy + x x+ y y t = x t x+ y y + t = 0 / = 0 / : t F(x,y) = 0 :. x t = 0/ : ( + )x t + ( )y t = ( + ) / + ( )y t = y t = / x x+ y x+ y + + 7

19 (, ). f() = x = f : a a f(x) = + bx f (x) = + bx x x f( ) = a+ b = 4 a =, b = f() = 0 a+ b= 0 4 x =. f (x) = x f x : f(x) = x f (x) = x f (x) = x x x 8 4 f ( ) = < 0. x = : x =, x = b x = y = ax + bx + cx+ d f x = a : x =. x x = ( ) x x ; x f(x) = 9 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f( ) = 4 ; x x ( ) + x ( ) < x : x =. x = x 6x ; x> f(x) = 9 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 9 f( ) = 9 ; x< x ( ) + x ( ) x. x = f 6x 6 ; x> '' '' f (x) = 8 f + ( ) = < 0, f ( ) = 8> 0 ; x < x : x = x = x = x = f. {, } f. f. - :. y = x b b lim f(x) = lim (ax + x + bx ) = lim (ax + x + ) = lim (ax + x + ) = x + x + x + x + b b lim ((a + )x + ) = a + = 0, = a =, b = x + f( ) = ( ) + < f( ) = ( ) + < 0 f( ) = ( ) + < f( ) = ( ) + > f( ) = + > 0. (, ) (a,b). 4 - : f f(x) = x + x 7. (, ) 4 8

20 . 4 - π π :, x y y 4 π π π 4 4 4dx 4 4 π π dx = = cot x = (cot cot ) = π sin x cos x π (sin x) π 6 = + Cot ( x) (Cot x) = ( + Cot x) : (Sinx). -4 n i :. lim f( ) f(x)dx n n = n 0 i= n n n i i i lim = lim 0 n = lim xdx x x n n n n n = n 0 0 i n = = = = i= i=. -5 MH AMB. AMB ˆ ˆ 60 AMH = HMB = = 0 B H B B A x A A H N 0 0 M 60 D D D 60 4 x C C C AB MH : ˆ : CMD = 60 : AMB, MCD : H,C,M ˆ ˆ ˆ HMB + BMD + DMC = = 80 HC C,H,M : ABC. ABC CM= HC = MH + CM HC = + cos 0 = + ( ) MH= cos0 ( ) S = AB HC ( + ) = + AB = ABC ADC ABD ABC : : BDC S = ( ) = ABD 4 ˆ BDC = = 50 S = sin50 = BDC ˆ ADC = 60 ( ) = 50 S = Sin50 = ADC S = + + = + ABD. -6 BC = 5 4 ABC 44 9 AH 5= 4 AH = BH = 9 = :. S = BH AH ABH 9 6 x = x = = / S = AB x ABH. x : 9

21 . 4-7 h h V ( ) ( : ( ) V h (. V). = ( ). V h. : V V ( ) V V V = = 8. 8 : 8 V V = V 4( V) = V 8 B AD AE DE = = AB AC BC C A D A : AD AM E AMB: = BD MB MB= MC AD AE = ( ) α β AE AM BD EC α β C AMC: = M EC MC :.( ) BC, DE () C h M 8 T 8 A B 5 D d' P P d d' d x x o o B C. -9 AB = 6 ABC. ABC. AB h 6 S = = 48 h = 6 ( ) ABC ( ) AC= CB CB = h + 8 CB = CB = 0 AC = 0 = = x 8 x 40 8x x 0 5+ x = = + = MT = MA.MD MT = 0 5 MT = 5 6 : DC AB : d' d d' d d' d o P. d' d. o : d' d : o :.. d' d d' o d d' d :. () ().

22 o. d' d o d o. d' d. d' d o. d' o d A A' C B. (4). - A B A d B A' A' ( d ) d C C d A' B. AC + BC = A C + BC = A B d C :. a = b a b a+ b + ( α + ) + ( α ) = ( α + ) + ( α ) = 5 5α + α = 0 = + 5 ± 4 α= α = 5 0/ 6 S = ABC AB AC ABC C,B,A :. AC AB A(,, ) AB = (, 0 ( ), ) = (,, ) B( 0,, ) AB AC = ( 40,, ) ( ) A(,, ) AC (, ( ), ) ( 4, 4, ) = = C(,, ) ( ) S = AB AC = 60 = 65 ABC. -5 A. u D = (,, 4), u D = (,, ) D B A D D B x = H y = x+ 4 y = x+ y = x : D A(,, 0) AB = (,, ) AB u AB u = (,, 0) AH = = = = B( 00,, ) u = (,, ) u c c'. ax + by + c' = 0 ax + by + c = 0 : a + b. y x 4= 0 y x = y x+ = 0 x = y = x+. (, ). y = 4 0 R = = R = + ( ) : (x α ) + (y β ) = R (x + ) + (y ) = ( ) x + x + y y = 0 :. R ( αβ, )

23 . 4-7 b. tan θ = ax + bxy + cy +... = k a c b tan θ = = = θ = 60 θ= 0 a c 5 7 x cos0 sin0 x' = x = x' y' = ( x' y') y sin 0 cos 0 y' + A = ( ) ( 6 4) = 4 t t 4 4 AA = ( ) A A = 4 = = n t () ka = k A ( ) A = A ( ) AB= A B a+ b a+ b a+ b a+ b b b = a+ b a+ b a+ b = a+ b b b = 0 a+ b a+ b a+ b a+ b b b A = O I A = I (I A)(I+ A+ A ) = I I (I A) = I+ A + A : k n B A : = :. A = O I. -4 : = = =5 ( 8 ) + ( 6) + ( 7 0) + ( 8 4) + ( 5 8) = = = = :. 7/6 5 (xi x) 5 σ = i= = (xi x) = = ( ) i= 0 (xi x) 0 i σ = = = 7/ 6 (xi x) = 0 7/ 6= 76 ( ) 0 i= x x 5 ( ),( ) (xi x) = 56 σ = σ= = = / i= :.

24 { 57799,,,,,,,,, } = 6 ( ) (A B) A A (A B) A ( ) B A = B A (B A) (B A) (B A) (B A ) = B (A A ) = B M = B ( ) () A (A B) (B A) (B A) A B= A B ( ) R (a,b)r(c,d) a b = c d { } ( 5, ) = (x,y) R :(x,y)r( 5, ) x y = 9 5 y x = 6 0< x <, 0< y <. (0 4) x y )x+ y> x y x+ y> : ) y+ x y > x x< x x+ y = ) x y+ x> y y < x+ y = S = (x,y) 0< x <, 0< y <, 0< x+ y < a P(A) = = 4a 4 5k x y A y x = B 6k deg Vi = q = 6= n(a B) = n(a) + n(b) n(a B) { } y x : :. a. -48 : 6 B 5 A n(a B) = = ( 0 0) + ( 00 6) ( 0 ) = = P(A B) = = = 0 / (6) ( ) ( ). -50 :. q A. p = q+ :

25 5 4 4 ababab = 0 a + 0 b + 0 a + 0 b + 0 a + b = 0 ( 0a + b) + 0 ( 0a + b) + ( 0a + b) 4 = ( )( 0a + b) = 00(ab) d n + 4 d = ( n + 4, 5n + 9) d 5( n + 4) ( 5n + 9) d d = d 5n = ( )n x = 6+ 9k 57x 87y = 4 9x 9y = 4 y = 0 9k. 5. k = 4 x 4 A B P = + = + = = P = + = 8 6 F = 7N A 8 80m V x(m/s) 4 A α F = 8N B F = N x B 4 C D t F, = R E A : 5 B : F, F, F F+ F + F = 0 F+ F = F F+ F = F. F F, F R= F R = F + F + FF cosα 7 = cosα π 49 = cos α 4 = 48cos α cos α= α = rad AB = 80m, t AB = 8s, VB = 5m s x VAx + VBx x VAx Vx = = = VAx = 5m s t t VBx = axt+ VAx 5 = ax ax = = m s t(s). x. AB BC 4 4 t = = DE CD 8 t t = 4 t = t t = 8s t : CDE, ABC 4

26 +y y = h= gt Vy V' y = g y Vy 5 = 0 50 Vy = 5 Vy = 5m s Vy = gt+ Vy 5 = 0 t+ 0 t = / 5s : V h 45 t = = = s g 0 : x= Vxt 0 = Vx Vx = 0 m s : T y h 5 7 T θ = W V y = θ V' y h' = 50m = 5m/s V y =? x V y = 0 T V x = 0 θ Vx = 0 m s, Vy = gt = 0 = 0m s VSinθ V tan θ = = x = VCosθ Vy tan θ = θ= Tcos7 = T'cos / 8 = T' 0 / 6 T' = 8N Tsin7 + T'sin5 = W 6 0 / / 8 = W W = 0N T V θ = T W T = = Sin θ Sin θ Sin θ 6 W 6 6 = W = = = 0N Sin( ) Sin 90 Cos 5 0 / 6. : : -6 W. -6 : F = ma, (F + F + F ) = ma ( 5i 8j) ( i 9j) F = 5 ( 4i+ j) 6i+ 7j+ F = 0i+ 5j F = 6i j F = 6 + ( ) = 0N : 40 F fk = ma F µ kmg = ma = 4 a a = 7 / 5m s 4 ). 7/5 (.. F' µ kmg = m 0 F' = 0N F = 40 0 = 0N. :

27 : C,B mv C mv F B C =, FB = R R mvb mvc m FB F C = = (VB V C ) R R R : VB VC EB = EC mvb = mv B 4 C + mg R V VC = Rg m m FB F C = (VB V C ) = ( 4Rg) = 4mg R R. B P P K = mv = m ( ) K =, P = P m m K m = = K m 5 0 C 0 C 0 C θ C Q = mc' θ ' + mlf + mc θ = 00 ( 0+ 0) θ 0 C θ C. -65 :. -66 : θ Q = mc θ = ( θ 0) Q + Q = θ ( θ 0) = 0 θ θ + ( θ 0) = θ 0= 0 θ= θ= / 5 C :.. kg lit g cm 000kg m. -67 : 0/8 Q = mlv Q = 0/ 8 50= 405kJ = J θ A L = 4/ 8mm t = 60s ( 0 0 ) 40 π 60 θ kat θ 4 Q = = θ= C L 4/ 8 0 θ= θ θ = θ 00 θ= 0 C TC η max = = = = η max 0/ 7= 7% TH

28 P(Pa) K M N P 7 Q V(lit) :. KN, KMN UKMN = UKN QKMN + WKM + WMN = QKN + W KN, (W KM = 0) QKMN = QKN + WKN WMN = ncmp T SKPQN + SPMNQ 7 7 QKN = ncmp T= nr T= P V Q KMN = 0 ( 4 0 ) 0 ( 4 0 ) ( 4 0 ) = = 600J. (W < 0) (W > 0) W W < 0 Q > Q = ncmp T= nr T Q = P V 500 = P V P V = 00 W = P V = 00J 5 U = W+ Q = P V+ P V = P V = 00J. -7 O α β 0 β = 80 ( ) = 60 α + 0 = α = (p > p ) q p 4 + =, = q = + = = p = 4f p q f p p p f p f q 5 5f + =, = q = p + = = p = p q f p p p f p f 5 p p = 5 4f f = 5 f = 5 f = 0cm. -7 H = 40cm 60cm A A A A B 75 A h= = 0cm F B F B F F ( )h n ( ) = ( )H n ( ) 0 4 = n = 40 n. -74 : q p = 0, q = p p = 0cm, q = 60cm = = = f = 60cm = 0 / 6m p q f 0 60 f 60 f 0 5 D= = = d f P = P + ρgh / 76 0 = 0 +ρ ρ = 0/ 76 0 ρ = = 950kg m = 0/ 95g cm 80 7

29 8m A P B h : PV = PV 0 (A 4) = P (A 6) P = = / 5 0 Pa P = P A = P B = P +ρ gh / 5 0 = h h = 5 m = 8+ 5= m ha = h B, ma = mb ρ AVA = ρbvb ρ AAAhA = ρbabhb ρ AAA = ρbab R A ρa ρaπ R A = ρbπ(r R ) ρ B AR A = ρb(r A ) ρ A = ρb = out Bin 4 4 ρb 4 50 F = F+ F = F F = F 00 q' q' q q 5 5 F = k = k ( 8 8) (q + 8) = 8 q r r q+ = q 6q = q = µ C 8 B A U 8 0 U= 8mJ, U = q V V = = = 000V = kv V 6 B VA = kv q 4 0 A I r = Ω ε = V () R = 6Ω r = Ω ε () V A C = 6µ F R = Ω V = 8V C = 6µ F R = 6Ω C = µ F R = Ω R = 4Ω R = Ω I B A I I V = 8V B R V = R R = Ω C = µ F R = Ω I = A 4 R 4 = 6Ω C : V = V RI = RI 4 I = I = A 4 4 I = I + I = + = A 4 4 ()V A ε ri RI ri + ε = VA ε 4 + = 0 ε = 6V 4 ()V A ε ri = VB VA VB = ε + ri = 6+ = 8V R4, = = Ω 6+ VAB = RI= V+ R, 4I ( 5 I ) = 0+ I I+ I = 5A I = 5 I 0 I = 0 + I I = 5A, I = 0A V = RI 0 = R 5 R = Ω. 4-8 q V = C S : :. C V + V = 8 V + V = 8 V = 6V, V = V S. C C V = RI. :. R R V' + V' = 8 V' + V' = 8 V' = 8 V' = V, V' = 6V q' CV' V' 6 = = = = q CV V

30 9 : 6 :C, = = 4µ F qt = C, VT = 4 8= 7µ C qc = q= q 7 6 T = µ C + q' 6 = = q 7 V 8 :I= = = A V = R I= 6 = 6V q' = CV = 6 6= 6µ C RT : R R, R RR RR R + RR RR R RAB = R = + R R = R = = R + R R + R R + R R + R. -84 q : (V = ) C q = CV = 4 = 48µ C qab = q = q = q, VAB = V+ V+ V q 48 q = CV V = = = 8 V C 6 q 48 q = CV V = = = 4 V C VAB = = 4V. -85 A I D I B C B A I O 90 B T I O B T B B B D I B C I : B= BA = BB = BC = BD BC+ BA = B, BB + BD = B 90 B T = ( B)cos = B U = LI 0/ 07= L ( ) L = 0/ 006H = 6mH L N = = =, ω = π f = π = 40πrad s πr π( 0/ 05) π ε max = NAB ω = π ( 5 0 ) 0/ 40π ε max = π(v) π t = s π 4 t = : t = s π ϕ = rad y 4 sinϕ = = A π ϕ = 4 (. ) π π ϕ = ω.t = ω ω= rad s 4 4 π π ω = = T= 8s T 4

31 7T 5T T T 7π 5π π π...,,,...,,, π π ) π 5π. ( 4 4 5π π π π.( ) ( ) () K > U < t < 4 K = U T t = = s 8 U> K K = U T t = = s 8 K > U K > U 7T t4 = = 7s 8 K = U U> K 5T t = = 5s 8 K = U T : 0/ T π π 5π = 0/ 4 T = 0/ 8s ω= = = rad s T 0/ 8 π K = ma ω cos ( ω t ± ) 5π π K = 0/ 6cos ( t ± ) E= Umax = ma ω = 0/ 6J 5π π t = 0/ s K = 0/ 6cos ( 0/ ± ) = 0/ 8J ( π π ϕ = 40π t+ t = 0 ϕ = rad π t = s ϕ= ( π + )rad 40 5π. x = Vt 0/ 8= V 0/ 0 V = 40m s F π ( 0 ) V = F = ρ AV = ρa 4 π F = 9/ 6N π π π π... (n ). -90 π ).. -9 : 0

32 u y = 0/ 0sin( 0πt 4πx) x = 50cm = 0 / 5m u y = 0 / 0sin( 0πt π ) = 0 / 0sin( 0πt) dy t= s π V = = / πcos( πt) V = 0/ π cos( ) = 0/ πm s V = 0π cm s dt nv ( n' )V ' f = f' = L 4L'. -9 : :. ( ) V = V' = L' = 0/ 75m= 75cm 0/ 6 4 L'. n = :. ( = 5) : V+ V 40 + V f' = f 56 / 5 = 500 V = 0m s V V 40 V. -94 :. -95 λ 0/ 6 6 = (n' ) = ( 5 ) = / 7µ m = / 7 0 m : n'. -97 Kmax = hf W 5 8 hc W = = = / 4eV λ K max = 4 0 7/ 5 0 / 4= 0/ 6eV. 0/6 K max K max = ev = 0 / 6 ev V = 0 / 6 V E E= E R n = n E R / / / / E = / = n 4 n E / 6 n n n = / 4 / 6 n = = = = = n = = =. n = n = 0 7 A = 7 + A A = 4 0n+ 5B Li+ Z X 5 = + Z Z = α Z = A = 4

33 . 4-0 :. (. (. () () ( (4 6 Mg : s s p s. N+ Z= 80 N Z = m =,, 0, +, + d d d 8 Ni N = 90 N = Z = 80 Z = = 4 X: 8 Ard 4s 4p = VIIA 7. 5 :. (Br) 5 (. 7 ( 5. 4s 4p ( (M). (4. MA. -05 :. Al (SO 4) (. NaCl NaF Cl F Cl F (. CuSO 4. 5HO ( : : O C : Cl : : Cl:..... N :O O.... :.. : : O N : O: : Cl: :N N O:..... COCl NOCl 4 8. : NO NO N O

34 H H B H.. BH. 6 BH CH CH CH CH CH C CH CH CH C CH CH CH.. CH CH CH CH CH C CH CH CH C CH CH CH :. (. ( (4 MnO (s) + 4HCl(aq) MnCl (aq) + Cl (g) + HO(l).. - : molcl?mlhcl = 6/ 7LCl 4 mol HCl 6 / 5 g HCl 00 ghcl( ) mlhcl 00mL HCl / 4 LCl mol Cl mol HCl 4 / 6 g HCl( ) ghcl = 0ad 0 4 / 6 CM = = = 4mol.L M 6 / 5 0ad CM = : M.. MnO (s) + 4HCl(aq) MnCl (aq) + Cl (g) + HO(l) mol 4 xl 6/ 7 L 0 ml 4 / 4 x = 0/ L = 00mLHCl L. - : molcu /?molcu = 6 g Cu 64 gcu molcu = 5 / Cu 5 / Cu 0/5 6

35 6gCu xmolcu 64 x = 0/ 5molCu 6gCu x : 64 6/ 0 0 x = 5/ Cu 5 / Cu 0/ Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl (aq) + H (g) 80gMg( ) mol Mg mol H g H L H?LH = 6gMg( ) = 5LH 00gMg( ) 4gMg molmg molh 0 / 08gH Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCL (aq) + H (g) 80 g 6g x L 0/ L 4 x = 5LH : :. -5 HCO HCO H + OH (KOH) + KOH+ HCO K + HO+ CO. CO : 0 kg 0 ghco mol HCO xlkoh= mol kg 6 ghco KOH LKOH mol HCO mol KOH = LKOH : 0. HCO kg 0 ghco 0 + KOH (aq) + HCO (aq) K (aq) + HO(l) + CO (aq) mol xl L g 6 x = LKOH x : x= ghco C (s) + 4F (g) CF 4(g) H = 60kJ CH(g) 4 C(s) + H (g) H = 5kJ H (g) + F (g) 4HF(g) H = 074kJ CH(g) 4 + 6F(g) CF(g) 4 + 4HF(g) H = 486kJ 4

36 HO(g) H =[ ]-[ ] 5 = 4( 9 / 5) + H (HO(g)) ( + 7) + 5( 0) H (HO(g)) = 4 / 5kJ.mol. HO(l) HO(l) HO(g) H = + 44 / kj.mol HO(g). H = H (HO(g)) H (HO(l) + 44 / = 4 / 5 H (HO(l)) H (HO(l)) = 85 / 7kJ.mol. -8 (q p ). H = qp = 0kJ w = 45kJ E= q+ w = 0 45 = 65kJ q q = mc T c = m. T. H ( H). (w). ( E). E. -9 : ( : (. ( H < 0) ( H = [ ] - [ ] : (4. H. -0. : A. : B. : C. - 0/ 5 = = x = 0/ 5L = 500mL x 0/ 5 = = x = 0/ 5kg = 500g x 40gNaOH = 0/ 5 mol NaOH 0gNaOH mol NaOH = = + = = 50g 5. - : : NaOH(aq) + CuSO 4(s) NaSO 4(aq) + Cu(OH) (s) 0 ml NaOH 80 0 gcuso4 mol?molnaoh = L NaOH LNaOH 0 ml NaOH CuSO4 mol NaOH 60 gcuso4 molcuso = 4 0/ molnaoh. /5 NaOH 0/

37 NaOH(aq) + CuSO 4(s) NaSO 4(aq) + Cu(OH) (s) mol X 0/ 0L 80 0 g L : : 60 X = 0/ mol.l ( ). M V = M V M = 0/ 50 M = / 5mol.L. - mol R O = 0/ 005 0L = 0/ 05mol.s L.s RKClO RO R KClO 0/ 05 = = R KClO = 0/ 0mol.s KClO O. molkclo?molkclo = 67 / 5 g KClO = molkclo ( ) / 5 g KClO n mol min R KClO = 0/ 0mol.s = t = 00s = 5min t t 60 s (II) (II). -6 : NOCl NOCl = = mol = / mol NOCl NOCl NO Cl. 0 0 x NOCl x +x +x. NO / = = (/ 0 9) = / 8molNO x = / x = 0/ 9. Cl, NO Cl = x = 0/ 9molCl : V. V / 8 0/ 9 ( ) ( ) NO Cl K = 0/ 675= V V V = L NOCl / ( ) V NH x N (g) + H (g) NH (g) + q H = [ ] - [ ] x. -7. NH : : H (.. H. H (. (K) (. (4 6

38 . -8 : RCOONa + HO RCOOH + NaOH. (. 7 R (. NH HO. 7 ph RCOONa (4. -9 A A ph = pk a + 0g ph pk 0 ( [ ] a = g HA [ HA]. (. NH HO poh = log(c M.n. α ) = log( 0 ) = log log 0 = 0/ + = 0/ 7 ph = 4 0 / 7 = /. 7 ph (4 + (H ). 4-0 (4). -. 0/ ph. poh = log = 0/ ph = 0/ ph = ph + ph = / 0 / = ph = poh = : poh. ph 0/ ph. ph ph poh C M.n. α = 0 CM = 0 C M = 0 / M. :. + MgN Mg. 0/ 0/. - OF O E E = / 0 + V (aq) + e V(s) E = 0/ 76 + Zn (aq) + e Zn(s) E = 0/ 4 + Fe (aq) + e Fe(s) E = 0/ 5 + Ni (aq) + e Ni(s) E Zn(s) V(s). E + + E Fe (aq) Ni (aq) 7. Zn(s) V(s). E + +. Fe (aq) Ni (aq). -4 ( )..

39 Zn. + Zn(s) Zn (aq) + e ( ). Zn + A O (g) + HO(l) + 4e 4OH (aq).. OH C O B 8

! 94

! 94 ! 94 4 : - : : / : : : : ( :) : : : - : / : / : : - 4 : -4 : : : : : -5 () ( ) : -6 : - - : : : () : : : :4 : -7. : : -8. (. : ( : -9 : ( ( ( (5 (4 4 : -0! : ( : ( :. : (. (. (. (4. ( ( ( : ( 4 : - : :