Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry p. 1 Electromagnetic Radiation p. 1 Terminology Conventions p. 3 Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle p.

Transcription

1 Preface p. xiii Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry p. 1 Electromagnetic Radiation p. 1 Terminology Conventions p. 3 Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle p. 4 Fundamental Definitions p. 7 Lambertian Radiators and Lambert's Cosine Law p. 13 Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships p. 15 Connection with Electromagnetic Theory p. 20 Polarization p. 22 Photon Flux p. 25 Example Problem 1.1 p. 28 Example Problem 1.2 p. 30 References p. 32 Fundamental Concepts of Photometry p. 33 Light p. 33 Photometric Definitions p. 37 Radiation Luminous Efficacy, K[superscript r], and the V-lambda Function p. 41 Lighting System Luminous Efficacy, K[superscript s] p. 43 Luminance and Brightness p. 45 Luminance and Vision p. 47 Disability Glare p. 50 Discomfort Glare p. 52 Illumination p. 54 Illuminance Selection p. 55 Example Problem 2.1 p. 57 Example Problem 2.2 p. 59 Example Problem 2.3 p. 61 References p. 61 Blackbodies and Other Sources p. 63 Blackbody Radiation p. 63 Planck's Law p. 64 Wien Displacement Law p. 68 Luminous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation p. 69 Color and Distribution Temperatures p. 71 Emission into an Imperfect Vacuum p. 72 Radiation Exchange p. 73 Experimental Approximation of a Blackbody p. 73 Other Real Sources p. 74 Example Problem 3.1 p. 82 Example Problem 3.2 p. 82

2 Example Problem 3.3 p. 83 Example Problem 3.4 p. 83 Example Problem 3.5 p. 84 References p. 84 Source/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations p. 87 Introduction p. 87 Geometry and Definitions p. 87 Case 1 p. 90 Case 2 p. 91 Case 3 p. 92 Case 4 p. 93 Case 5 p. 95 Case 6 p. 96 Case 7 p. 98 Monte Carlo Method p. 99 Configuration Factor p. 100 Net Exchange of Radiation p. 102 Summary p. 103 Example Problem 4.1 p. 104 References p. 105 The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of Optical Concentration p. 107 Introduction p. 107 Radiance is a Field Quantity p. 107 Pencils of Rays p. 108 Elementary Beam of Radiation p. 109 Radiance Invariance p. 111 Radiance Invariance at an Interface p. 112 Radiance Through a Lens p. 114 Radiance in Absorbing and Scattering Media p. 115 Concentrating Radiance Meter p. 116 The Limits of Optical Concentration p. 120 Example Problem 5.1 p. 123 Example Problem 5.2 p. 124 References p. 125 Optical Properties of Materials p. 127 Introduction p. 127 Terminology p. 128 Surface and Interface Optical Properties p. 130 Conductor Optical Properties p. 130 Nonconductor Optical Properties p. 131 Surface Emission Properties p. 132

3 Angular Dependence of Dielectric Optical Properties p. 136 Rough Surfaces p. 141 Bulk Medium Optical Properties p. 142 Properties of Plane Parallel Plates p. 148 Nonscattering Media p. 148 Scattering Media p. 154 Angular Dependence p. 156 Broadband Angle Properties p. 160 Transmittance and Reflectance Equations p. 160 Specular and Diffuse Optical Properties p. 162 Spectral Dependence p. 164 Broadband Spectral Properties p. 165 Spectral Selectivity p. 167 Example Problem 6.1 p. 174 Example Problem 6.2 p. 175 References p. 175 The Detection of Radiation p. 179 Introduction p. 179 Basic Concepts p. 180 Classification of Detectors p. 187 Thermal Detectors p. 187 Photemissive Detectors p. 191 Semiconductor Devices p. 197 Multi-element Detectors, Charge Transfer Devices, and Imagers p. 205 Detector Noise p. 209 Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping p. 211 Characterization of Detector Performance p. 215 Responsivity, R p. 216 Quantum Efficiency, [eta] p. 216 Noise Equivalent Power, NEP p. 217 Detectivity, D p. 218 Photon Noise-Limited Performance p. 219 Flux Conditioning Prior to the Detector p. 220 Cosine Response Correction p. 221 Photopic Correction p. 224 Spectral Filtering p. 224 Signal Conditioning After the Detector p. 227 Detector Calibration p. 227 Example Detectors and Their Characteristics p. 229 Example Problem 7.1 p. 234 References p. 237

4 Appendix 7A p. 240 Optical Systems p. 243 Introduction p. 243 Optical Axis p. 244 Idealized (Thin) Lens Theory p. 245 Radiance and Irradiance of Images p. 250 Vignetting p. 253 Aberrations p. 254 Spherical Aberration p. 254 Chromatic Aberration p. 257 Distortion p. 258 Coma p. 258 Astigmatism p. 259 Field Curvature p. 261 Correcting Aberrations p. 261 The Diffraction Limit p. 261 Image Quality p. 263 Flux Distribution p. 265 Nonimaging Optical Systems p. 266 Throughput p. 269 Integrating Spheres p. 271 Cosine Correction p. 274 Transmissometers and Reflectometers p. 274 Monochromators p. 280 Spectral Filters p. 280 Scanning Monochromators p. 287 Windows p. 293 Sources p. 294 Goniometers p. 295 Transmissometers/Reflectometers p. 296 Scattering Meters, Nephelometers, Turbidimeters, and Haze Meters p. 296 Example Problem 8.1 p. 297 References p. 300 Radiometers and Photometers p. 303 Introduction p. 303 General Design Factors p. 305 Broadband Irradiance and Radiance Meters p. 306 Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the Ultraviolet Through the Infrared p. 310 Illuminance and Luminance Meters p. 311 Spectroradiometers p. 312 Calibration of Radiometers and Photometers p. 314

5 Transfer Standards p. 316 Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources p. 318 Standard Sources for Spectral Irradiance and Spectral Radiance p. 319 Absolute Radiometry p. 322 Standard Illuminance and Luminance Sources p. 326 Radiometer/Photometer Calibration Using Standard Sources p. 327 Spectroradiometer Calibration p. 328 National Standards Laboratories p. 329 Example Problem 9.1 p. 329 Example Problem 9.2 p. 330 References p. 330 Metric Primer and Additional Radiometric and Photometric Quantities and Units p. 333 Introduction p. 333 The SI System of Units p. 334 Basic Metric Principles p. 334 Metric Units for Radiometry and Photometry p. 336 The I-P System of Units p. 336 Photon Flux Units p. 336 Other Quantities and Units p. 338 References p. 340 Basic Concepts of Color Science p. 343 Introduction p. 343 Basic Concepts and Definitions p. 344 Systems of Color Specification p. 349 Munsell Color System p. 349 CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) Color Space p. 352 Tristimulus Colorimetry p. 352 CIE 1931 Color System p. 354 CIE 1964 Supplementary Observer Color System p. 359 CIE 1976 Uniform Color Space p. 359 Color Temperature p. 364 Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry p. 366 Blackbody Illuminants p. 367 Daylight Illuminants p. 369 Reflection Colorimetry p. 371 Color Rendering Index p. 372 References p. 375 Correspondence Between Finite Elements and the Calculus p. 377 Introduction p. 377 Definition of the Derivative p. 378 Definition of the Integral p. 380

6 Integrals as Sums p. 382 Sums Over Solid Angles p. 383 References p. 387 About the Author p. 389 Index p. 391 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.