COLOR SCIENCE. Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
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1 COLOR SCIENCE Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd Edition GÜNTER WYSZECKI National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada W. S. STILES Richmond, Surrey, England t^- n M 1982 A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
2 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL DATA 1.1 Basic Radiometrie Quantities and Units Sources of Radiant Energy The Sun and Daylight Thermal Radiators Electric Discharge Lamps Electroluminescent Sources Light-Emitting Diodes Lasers Sources of Ultraviolet Radiant Energy Some Photometrie and Colorimetric Characteristics of Sources of Radiant Energy Optical Filters Absorption Filters Glass Filters Gelatin Filters Liquid Filters Absorption Filters for Special Applications Miscellaneous Absorption Filters Interference Filters Interference-Filter Wedges Beamsplitters Sheet Polarizers Miscellaneous Optical Filters Reflecting Materials Front-Surface Mirrors White Reflectance Standards Colored Reflectance Standards Black Surfaces Building Materials Natural Objects 60 ix
3 x CONTENTS 1.5 Monochromators Basic Designs of Monochromators Resolving Power and Transmitted Radiant Flux Slit-Width Correction Polarization Wavelength Calibration Stray Light Physical Detectors of Radiant Energy Thermal Detectors Photon Detectors 76 CHAPTER 2 THE EYE 2.1 Preamble The Structure of the Human Eye Cornea Lens Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body The Fine-Structure of the Retina Main Topographical Features of the Retina The Fovea The Photoreceptors Specification of the External Stimulus Position in External Field Radiometrie Specification Photometrie Specification Factors in the Eye That Control the Internal Stimulus Image Formation by the Theoretical Eye Eye Axes and Eye Angles Chromatic Aberration of the Eye The Troland Values of Retinal Illuminance Pupil Size Light Losses in the Eye Fluorescent Light in the Eye 116 CHAPTER 3 COLORIMETRY 3.1 Preamble Basic Colorimetric Concepts Trichromatic Generalization Tristimulus Space Basic Colorimetric Equations Imaginary Color Stimuli Colorimetric Transformations 129
4 Contents xi 3.3 The CIE Colorimetric System The CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer The CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer Development of the Two CIE Standard Observers CIE Standard Illuminants CIE Standard Sources Standard of Reflectance Factor Standard Illuminating and Viewing Conditions Calculation of CIE Tristimulus Values and Chromaticity Coordinates CIE Uniform Color Spaces and Color-Difference Formulae CIE Metamerism Index for Change in Illuminant CIE Color-Rendering Index Dominant Wavelength, Excitation Purity, and Colorimetric Purity Complementary Color Stimuli Maximum Attainable Luminous Efficiency of Color Stimuli of Different Chromaticity Optimal Object-Color Stimuli Metameric Color Stimuli Definition of Metamerism Methods of Generating Metamers Intersections of Spectral Reflectance Curves of Metamers Counting Metamers Boundaries of Mismatches of Metamers Application of Linear Programming to Miscellaneous Colorimetric Problems Colorant Formulation Specification of Color Tolerances Distribution Temperature, Color Temperature, and Correlated Color Temperature Colorimetric Instrumentation Spectroradiometers Spectrophotometers Spectrophotometry of Fluorescent Materials Propagation of Random Spectrophotometric Errors Tristimulus-Filter Colorimeters 243 CHAPTER 4 PHOTOMETRY 4.1 Basic Photometrie Quantities and Units The Photometrie Principle 249
5 CONTENTS 4.3 The Standard Photometrie System Historical Note Standard Photometrie Observers Photometrie Methods Measurement of Total Luminous Flux Measurement of Luminous Intensity and Illuminance Measurement of Luminance Calculation of Illuminance Produced by Lambert Sources of Different Shapes 277 CHAPTER 5 VISUAL EQUIVALENCE AND VISUAL MATCHING 5.1 Preamble Classification of Matching Procedures Visual Equivalence and Visual Match by Strict Substitution Asymmetrie Comparison and Matching; Quasi-symmetric Matching Limited Groups of Asymmetrie Matching Procedures Matching Criteria Some Particular Matching or Equivalence Procedures Maxwell's Method of Color Matching Historical Note Basis of Maxwellian Trichromacy Maxwell Trichromacy and Füll Trichromacy in Quasi-Symmetrie Matching Maxwell's Method in Nontrichromatic Matching Maxwellian Matching as Correlation of Stimulus Spaces Maxwellian Matching in the Weaker Sense Precision of Color Matching for Normal Trichromats MacAdam Ellipses Brown-MacAdam Ellipsoids Wyszecki-Fielder Ellipsoids Repeatability of Color-Matching Ellipsoids for the Same Observer Intercomparison of Color-Matching Ellipses for Different Observers Propagation of Random Errors in Colorimetric Transformations Color-Matching Functions of Normal Trichromats Two-Degree Data of Guild and Wright Judd Modification Stiles Two-Degree Pilot Data Stiles-Burch Ten-Degree Data ETL Ten-Degree Data Variations of Color-Matching Functions of Different Normal Trichromats 346
6 Contents xiii 5.6 Factors Modifying Color Matching Filter Pigments in the Eye Rod Participation Location of Visual Field ' Size of Visual Field Ffigh Luminance Level Maxwell Method versus Maximum-Saturation Method Luminous Efficiency Functions of Normal Trichromats Matching or Equivalence Criteria and Experimental Procedures Experimental Data Heterochromatic Brightness Matching of Complex Stimuli Luminance of Equally Bright Color Stimuli Additivity Failures Abney and Bezold-Brücke Effects Hue Reversais: Brindley Isochromes Stiles-Crawford Effect Chromatic Adaptation Asymmetrie Matching Basic Concepts Experimental Procedures and Data A Comparison of Chromatic-Adaptation Transforms Chromatic-Response Functions Color-Matching Properties of Color-Defective Observers Normal and Anomalous Trichromats Dichromats Monochromats Instrumentation for Color-Vision Research Maxwellian View Measurement of Directional Sensitivity and Increment Thresholds The Staircase Methods 484 CHAPTER 6 UNIFORM COLOR SCALES 6.1 Preamble Types of Scales and Scaling Methods Brightness and Lightness Scales Color Scales of Constant Lightness Three-Dimensional Color Scales 503
7 CONTENTS Principles of Construction Color-Difference Formulae White. Whiteness Formulae Color-Order Systems Munsell Color System DIN Color System Swedish Natural Color System OSA Color System, 512 CHAPTER 7 VISUAL THRESHOLDS 7.1 Preamble General Concepts Basic Terms and Definitions Quantum Fluctuations and Visual Stimuli Dark Adaptation and Absolute Thresholds Recovery of Threshold Sensitivity; Dark-Adaptation Curves Threshold Variation Over the Visual Field Threshold Sensitivity of Fully Dark-Adapted Eye Absolute Threshold Values for Different Conditions of Measurement Chromatic Adaptation and Increment Thresholds Two-Color Threshold Method Basic Formulae Stiles' Mean Data Specific Aspects of -n Mechanisms and Later Developments Rod Saturation Cone Saturation Rod and Cone Interactions Uniform Equivalent Fields Basic Formulae Spatial and Temporal Factors Distinctness of Border Mach Bands Flicker _...!...' Discrimination Thresholds Luminance Differences Wavelength Differences Purity Differences 571
8 Contents Color-Temperature Differences Chromaticity Differences Color-Difference Matches 576 CHAPTER 8 THEORIES AND MODELS OF COLOR VISION 8.1 Preamble Visual Response Functions and the Spectral Properties of Visual Pigments Principle of Univariance The Visual-Pigment Layer Dartnall's Standard Shape of Visual Pigment-Absorption Coefficient Color-Matching Data and the Spectral Absorption Curves of Visual Pigments Dichromatism and the Fundamental Spectral Sensitivities Color-Matching Data and the Pigment-Bleaching Model Neural Models Müller and Judd Adams Hurvich and Jameson Guth Ingling Line Elements of Color Space Basic Concepts Helmholtz Schrödinger Stiles Trabka Vos and Walraven General Construction of Inductive Line Elements 677 APPENDIX OF EXTENDED TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 690 REFERENCES 885 AUTHOR INDEX 925 SUBJECT INDEX 935
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