Power Control for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
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1 Power Control for a Polymer lectrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Donald J. Chmielewski Kevin Lauzze Department of Chemical and nvironmental ngineering Illinois Institute of Technology Presented at the Annual Meeting of the AICh: November 005
2 Outline PMFC Model Mat. & nergy Balances and lectrochemistry Operating Characteristics Controller Design Power Set-Point Tracking Temperature / Humidity Regulation Oxygen Regulation
3 What is a Fuel Cell? H Air Answer: Fuel Cell lectric Power H O A device that converts fuel directly into electrical power
4 Polymer lectrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PMFC) H H H H e - e - O H + N H H + O O H + H O N O O N H O H O N N H O H O Generated power due to enthalpy released by the reaction: H + ½ O H O H Anode H + lectrolyte O Cathode H O (H ~ 58 kcal/mole H )
5 The Fuel Cell Stack Stack Current Flow Fuel Flow Air Flow
6 Dynamic Model of PMFC Cooling Air In Anode H In Solid Material H H + H + H + H + H + Insulator Current Collector O N Jacket xhaust Cathode Air in Parameters based on 50 kw scale. Pure hydrogen feed H + H + H + H O Cathode xhaust Air cooling is assumed. MA cell
7 Material Balances in the Cathode V V V F cat cat cat cat dc H dt dc O dt dc C dt N O F in cat F F C F in cat in cat in cat C C 1 C in O in N in H O r H O F F A F cat cat mem cat C C O C N H O 1 r H r H O O A A mem mem
8 Cathode Chamber Gas Cooling Jacket Gas dt V jac dt Solid Material nergy Balances sol C V UA ( T T ) UA p sol V sol cat dt dt dt dt cat cat F F in cat in jac T T cat in cat in jac UA ( Tamb Tsol ) QgenAmem eff cat F F cat jac T T cat sol jac UA C p UA C p jac cat jac ( T ( Tsol Tcat jac T sol ) ) ( T T ) jac sol
9 Rates Rate of Reaction: (production of water per area of membrane) r H O j F Heat Generation Rate: (per area of membrane) Q gen ( H f, H O) r HO P e Power Generation: (electrical energy generation rate per area of membrane) Pe j cell
10 Load Current Density Depends on the Load Fuel Cell R int I=j*A cell cell The fuel cell looks like a battery to the DC o electrical world.
11 Changing the Reaction Rate load load = o - R int *I r H O I / n A F mem o Battery I -R int R int load R load load = R load *I I DC o
12 lectrochemistry cell ner act ohm mt
13 lectrochemistry cell ner act ohm mt Nernst Potential: ner o RT sol F ln P H P H P 1/ O O
14 lectrochemistry cell ner act ohm mt Ohmic Loss: ohm IR ja mem t A mem mem ~ ionic conductivity of the membrane depends on humidification levels
15 Ohmic Resistance Ionic conductivity,, increases with humidity RH x H P O sat P ( T) x HO = 0.35
16 Partial PMFC Polarization Curve cell ner act ohm mt 0 000
17 PMFC Polarization Curve cell ner act ohm mt 0 000
18 PMFC Polarization Curve cell ner act ohm mt Activation Loss: act 1 RT F sol ln Mass Transfer Loss: mt RT F o ( s) o j / j j j ( C / C ) o 1 ln sol ( s) CO / C O o o O O
19 Surface Concentrations Mass Transfer Rate : (assuming O is the rate limiting species) ( 1/ ) r K C ( s) C H O O O Mass Transfer Coefficient : K K 1e o ( RH 1)/ ~ porosity coefficient
20 Mass Transfer Coefficient Flooding Resistance via the MTC x Relative Humidity (%)
21 fficient Operation Ionic conductivity,, increases with humidity x w = 0.35
22 Outline PMFC Model Mat. & nergy Balances and lectrochemistry Operating Characteristics Controller Design Power Set-Point Tracking Temperature / Humidity Regulation Oxygen Regulation
23 Power Set-Point Tracking Transportation Applications (sp) Power Controller MV PMFC
24 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Selecting the Power Output P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
25 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Selecting the Power Output P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
26 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Selecting the Power Output P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
27 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Selecting the Power Output P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
28 + - Power Controller PI j (sp) + - PI cell PMFC j (sp)
29 + - Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller PI j (sp) + - PI cell PMFC j (sp) P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
30 + - Power Controller j (sp) + - PI cell PMFC j PI (sp) Cooling Air In Anode H In Solid Material H H + H + Insulator Current Collector O Jacket xhaust Cathode Air in H + H + H + H + H + H + MA cell N H O Cathode xhaust
31 Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller P P e (sp) e Time (seconds)
32 Current Density (ma/cm ) Cell Voltage (V) Power Controller 30 0 j cell Time (seconds)
33 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Current Density (ma/cm ) Cell Voltage (V) Power Controller 30 0 j P e cell Time (seconds) cell Current Density (ma/cm )
34 Temperature (Celsius) Relative Humidity (%) Power Controller Flooding T cat RH Time (seconds)
35 Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller (sp) Time (seconds)
36 Current Density (ma/cm ) Cell Voltage (V) Power Controller Failure 400 cell j Time (seconds)
37 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller Failure P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
38 Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller (sp) Time (seconds)
39 Temperature (Celsius) Relative Humidity (%) Power Controller Failure RH T cat Time (seconds)
40 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) Power Controller Failure P e cell Current Density (ma/cm )
41 Temperature / RH Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC T cat (sp) PI + - PI F jac T cat RH + - RH (sp)
42 Temperature / RH Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC T cat (sp) PI + - PI F jac T cat RH + - RH (sp)
43 Temperature / RH Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC T cat (sp) PI + - PI F jac T cat RH + - RH (sp)
44 Temperature / RH Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC T cat (sp) PI + - PI F jac T cat RH Cooling Air In Insulator Jacket xhaust + - RH (sp) Anode H In Solid Material H H + H + H + H + H + Current Collector O N Cathode Air in H + H + H + H O Cathode xhaust MA cell
45 Power Density (watts/cm ) Temperature / RH Controller P (sp) e Time (seconds)
46 Temperature (Celsius) Relative Humidity (%) Temperature / RH Controller T cat RH (sp) T cat Time (seconds) 85 80
47 Oxygen Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC F jac RH, T cat RH (sp) RH Controller PI F cat (sp) x O x O + -
48 Oxygen Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC F jac RH, T cat RH (sp) RH Controller PI F cat (sp) x O x O + -
49 Oxygen Controller (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC F jac RH, T cat RH (sp) RH Controller PI F cat Cooling Air In Insulator Jacket xhaust (sp) x O + - x O Anode H In Solid Material H H + H + Current Collector O Cathode Air in H + H + H + N H + H + H + H O Cathode xhaust MA cell
50 Power Density (watts/cm ) Oxygen Controller P (sp) e Time (seconds)
51 Mole fraction of oxygen Oxygen Controller Time (seconds)
52 Oxygen Controller Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (Celsius) Time (seconds)
53 Cell Voltage (V) Power Density (watts/cm ) fficient Operation Definition of fficiency: P e cell eq Current Density (ma/cm ) cell where eq H f, H F O
54 fficiency (%) + - Available Power and fficiency 75 PI j (sp) + - PI cell PMFC j 70 Power Control (sp) Power Density (watts/cm )
55 fficiency (%) Available Power and fficiency Power Control T cat (sp) PI (sp) Power Controller + - PI cell, j F jac PMFC T cat RH + - RH (sp) Power & Humidity Control Power Density (watts/cm )
56 fficiency (%) Available Power and fficiency 75 Power, Humidity & Oxygen Control (sp) Power Controller cell, j PMFC F jac RH, T cat RH (sp) RH Controller PI F cat 70 Power Control (sp) x O + - x O Power & Humidity Control Power Density (watts/cm )
57 Acknowledgements Students: Ayman Al-Qattan Janet Ruettiger Collaborators: Said Al-Hallaj Vijay Ramani Jai Prakash Yongyou Hu J. Robert Selman Satish Parulekar Funding: Argonne National Laboratory Graduate College, IIT Armour College of ngineering, IIT Department of Chemical & nvironmental ngineering, IIT
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