BEHAVIOR OF HIGH SEISMIC PERFORMANCE WALLS

Transcription

1 13 th World Conerene on Earthquake Engneerng Vanouver, B.C., Canada Augut 1-6, 2004 Paper No BEHAVIOR OF HIGH SEISMIC PERFORMANCE WALLS Y. J. CHIOU 1, Y. L. MO 2, F. P. HSIAO 3, Y. W. LIOU 4, and M. S. SHEU 5 SUMMARY The trutural behavor o hgh em perormane wall ubjeted to revered l lateral loadng were tuded b tetng large-ale ramed hear wall pemen and numeral modelng. The l onttutve relaton o renored onrete and OpenSEES nte element ode were adopted n numeral model. The wall were degned wth 45 renorement. The numeral oluton agree well wth the expermental reult. The reult how that the pnhng eet, whh requentl exted n the onventonal hear wall, remarkabl mproved n the new degn hgh em perormane wall. The larger teel rato n the hear wall wth 45 renorement ndue le pnhng eet. In addton, mot o the maxmum load, ultmate dplaement, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton apat o thee new degn ramed hear wall are hgher than the onventonal one. The new degn hear wall poee hgh potental to mprove the em perormane o buldng. Keword: onrete, element, trutural repone, expermental tetng, hgh em perormane wall INTRODUCTION Framed hear wall are extenvel ued a the omponent o earthquake retane buldng. However, the onventonal hear wall, whh the renorement are n vertal and horzontal dreton, requentl poe pnhng eet n the load-dplaement urve. The pnhng eet wll redue the energ dpaton apablt o wall. The mprovement o onventonal hear wall to redue the pnhng eet ound an eental reearh. 1 Proeor, Department o Cvl Engneerng, Natonal Cheng Kung Unvert, Tanan, Tawan. E- mal: ej@mal.nku.edu.tw 2 Proeor, Department o Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng, Unvert o Houton, Houton, Texa, U.S.A. E-mal: lungmo@egr.uh.edu 3 Graduate tudent, Department o Cvl Engneerng, Natonal Cheng Kung Unvert, Tanan, Tawan. E-mal: n @de4000..nku.edu.tw 4. Proeor, Department o Indutral Saet and Hgene, Cha-Nan Unvert o Pharma and Sene, Tanan, Tawan. E-mal: wlou@mal.hna.edu. 5 Proeor, Department o Arhteture, Natonal Cheng Kung Unvert, Tanan, Tawan. E-mal: mheu@mal.nku.edu.tw

2 Benjamn and Wllam [2] perormed a ere o tet on low-re ramed hear wall (Heght/Wdth = 0.57) ubjeted to monoton loadng. The propoed a ormula to predt the elat-plat loaddplaement urve, and obtaned the trutural tne at varou load. Yamada et al. [13] teted a low-re ramed hear wall (Heght/Wdth =0.44) b monoton loadng. The propoed a dplaement model, and tuded the parameter o wall thkne and teel rato o wall. Barda et al. [1] preented tet on low-re wall wth boundar element. The tuded the parameter o vertal teel o boundar element, horzontal and vertal teel o wall, and heght to wdth rato. Mau and Hu [10] nvetgated the hear behavor o ramed wall and propoed a ormula to predt the trength o wall. Mo and Kuo [11] preented a dplaement ontrol tet on mall-ale ramed hear wall ubjeted to revered l lateral loadng. The tuded the parameter o trutural dmenon and onrete trength. The expermental reult were ompared wth oluton obtaned b tru model and IDARC otware, and a large devaton wa ound between tet and analtal reult. Thee aorementoned hear wall are onventonal wall. Reentl, Manour and Hu [9] preented the expermental reult o renored onrete element under l hear. The ound that when the renorement are parallel to the prnpal dreton o the element, there almot no pnhng eet n the load-dplaement urve. Thee expermental reult how that the orentaton o renorement wll aet the trutural behavor o wall element. Th tud nvetgate the trutural behavor o hgh em perormane wall ubjeted to revered l lateral loadng b tetng large-ale ramed hear wall pemen and numeral modelng. The l onttutve relaton o renored onrete [8] and OpenSEES nte element ode [4] were adopted n numeral model. The wall were degned wth 45 renorement. Four large-ale pemen, nludng md-, and low-re hgh em perormane ramed hear wall were preented. The expermental reult were ompared wth thoe o our orrepondng onventonal pemen worked b the author prevoul [3]. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Expermental Setup Fg. 1 how the hemat onguraton o the tet etup. Eah pemen wa bolted at the teel oundaton, whh wa then onneted to the trong loor. A manuall operated hdraul jak wth a loadng apat o ± 1500kN and a troke o ± 200mm uppled the lateral ore. A revered l loadng htor wa adopted, a hown n Fg. 2. The experment wa rt load-ontrolled when the appled lateral ore wa maller than the eld load or three tme o the rak load. Aterward, the experment wa tranormed to dplaement-ontrol. The lateral dplaement were meaured b lnear varable derental tranormer (LVDT) and the ore wa meaured b load ell. The meaured ore and dplaement were olleted b TDS-302 data logger. The experment wa montored b the loaddplaement urve. Degn o Spemen Fg. 3 how a prmar tre anal o md- and low-re homogeneou element ubjeted to horzontal ore. A rghtward horzontal ore appled at the upper rght orner o the element. It ound that the prnpal dreton are not xed. The angle o prnpal dreton hange moothl rom let de to rght de. Around the entral regon, the prnpal dreton are 34.1 to 55.9 or md-re element, and 38.7 to 51.3 or low-re element. Reerrng to Fg. 3a and 3b, there are nearl parallel pattern o prnpal dreton or both md-re and low-re element. Mot o the prnpal dreton n the entral regon are approxmatel 45. At the rt attempt, the hgh em perormane wall are degned b adoptng 45 renorement n th tud.

3 Four hgh em perormane pemen nludng md-, and low-re hear wall ubjeted to revered l lateral loadng were preented. Thee pemen were two md-re ramed wall wth 45 renorement (MWFD1, MWFD2), two low-re ramed wall wth 45 renorement (LWFD1, LWFD2). The dmenon o all olumn and beam were 250mm 250mm and 300mm 400mm, repetvel. The #5 teel bar (dameter o 16 mm) were adopted or both beam and olumn. The heght and wdth o md-re hear wall were 2000mm. The heght and wdth o low-re hear wall were 2000mm and 2700mm, repetvel. The wall thkne o all pemen wa 120mm. Table 1 ummarze the properte o all pemen. The renorement laout o repreentatve pemen are preented n Fg. 4. LVDT Spemen Load Cell LVDT Hdraul Jak Reaton Wall 3Pr or P 2Pr 1.5Pr Pr Fore or Dplaement 1.5D 2D 3D or Pu Strong Floor -Pr -1.5Pr -2Pr -3Pr or -P -1.5D Tme -2D -3D or -Pu Fg. 1 Shemat onguraton o expermental etup Fg. 2 Loadng htor (a) Prnpal dreton o md-re element (b)prnpal dreton o low-re element Fg. 3 Fundamental anal o prnpal dreton

4 (a)spemen MWF1 [3] (b)spemen MWFD1 Spemen ()Spemen LWF1 [3] (d)spemen LWFD1 Fg.4 Renorement laout o repreentatve pemen Dmenon o pemen H Table 1 Spemen ro-eton and renorement properte Dmenon o wall a Column ρ (mm mm) W H w W w Vertal teel Bar Horzontal teel Bar MWF1[3] D16 #3@170 #3@230 MWFD D16 13-D10, pang 200mm, wth 45 MWF2[3] D16 #3@230 #3@230 MWFD D16 11-D10, pang 218mm, wth 45 LWF1[3] D16 #3@170 #3@230 LWFD D16 16-D10, pang 204mm, wth 45 LWF2[3] D16 #3@230 #3@230 LWFD D16 14-D10, pang 258mm, wth 45 a Thkne o all wall 120 mm.

5 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Conttutve Relaton o Renored Conrete Element Reerrng to Fg. 5, the moded Kent & Park model or tre-tran urve o onrete onned b retangular hoop [12] adopted or beam-olumn element. The loadng and unloadng path ollowed the model o Karan and Jra [7]. A b-lnear onttutve relaton (Fg. 6) hoen or the renorement o beam-olumn element. K Conned Stage 2T Conned Unonned Stage 1 Stage 3 Unonned 0.2K K Stage 2C Fg. 5 Moded Kent & Park model or tretran urve o onrete onned b retangular hoop Fg. 6 B-lnear tre-tran urve or teel wth revered loadng A l tre-tran urve o onrete and teel bar (Fg. 7 and 8) propoed b Manour and Hu [8] ued to model the hear wall. Reerrng to Fg. 8, the prototpe l tre-tran urve o embedded teel bar repreented b Ramber-Ogood model. A lnear approxmaton propoed n th tud. The moded equaton are a ollow. Stage 1 where = ( B) n = E ( n n 1.5 ) (1) the ntal eld tran o embedded teel, the ntal eld tran o 1 r teel, B =, ρ the ntal eld tre o teel, r = 0.31 ( MPa) the rak tre o onrete, the ompreve trength o onrete, and ρ 0.25%. Stage 2T = ( ) B B ( > n) (2) Stage 2C ( B) B = + + < ) (3) ( n

6 Stage 3 Three lnear lne approxmate the Ramber-Ogood urve. The ntereton tree are m1 = 0 and m2 = The ntereton tran m1 and m2 are R 1 R m 1 = 1 + A (4) E R R m2 = 1 + A (5) E where and are tre and tran o teel at load reveral pont, = R k p, A= 1.9k p, p n k p = =, p the plat tran o teel, and n the ntal eld tran o embedded teel. n n Stage 4 Smlar to Stage 3, three lnear lne approxmate the Ramber-Ogood urve. However, the ntereton tree are m1 = 0 and = m The ntereton tran m1 and m2 are m1 = 1 + A E R R 1 (6) R m2 = A E R 1 (7) Compreve tran C2 CG CB Tenle tre TA Not to Sale + T1 T 2 TB C5 CD CE C4 TD TC T 3 Tenle tran C 6 T 4 CC + C6 CA :( 0, ζ ) CF CF C3 CB :( C2, C2) CC : (,0.2 ); = C2 C 7 C2 C2 C2 E C2 CD :( C2 2 C2,0) C7 CE :( C5,0) 2( C2 C2) + C5 CF : (,0.2 ); C5 0 3 C1 CG :(0.98 C2,0.85 ) C2 TA:( r, r ) TB :( T2, T2) T 2 TC :(, 0.2 r ) Compreve tre 3 CA TD :(0, ) r T 2 Stage 2C n ( + 1, + 1) n Stage 1 n n Stage 2T p Stage 3 Stage 4 ( m1, m1) (, ) m 2 m2 (, ) m1 m1 ( m2, m 2) (, ) u Fg. 7 Manour and Hu model or l meared tre-tran urve o onrete Fg. 8 Manour and Hu model or l meared tre-tran urve o mld teel bar embedded n onrete

7 Element Stne o Renored Conrete Shear Wall Reerrng to Fg. 9, the rak dreton o a onrete element aumed to onde wth the prnpal dreton. The materal tne matrx o a plane onrete element (Hu and Zhu [6]) E 1 ν12e ν12ν21 1 ν12ν 21 21E2 E2 [ E ] ν = 0 (8) 1 ν12ν21 1 ν12ν G where E 1 and E 2 are tangent modul, G hear modulu, σ 1 σ2 G = 2( ) 1 2 σ 1 and σ 2 are average tre, 1 and 2 are average tran, ν 12 and ν 21 are Hu/Zhu rato, ν12 = ( ) (10) ν 12 = 1.9 ( > ) (11) average tenle tre o elded teel, ν 21 hoen to be 0 n th tud. The materal tne matrx o renorement ρ E 0 0 [ E ] = (12) where ρ renorement rato, and renorement omponent n the global reerene tem are wrtten a [ E ] [ ] T T [ E] [ T] [ E ] [ T ] T [ E ] [ T ] E tangent modulu. The materal tne or onrete and = (13) = (14) where [T] tranormaton matrx, 2 2 o ψ n ψ nψ oψ 2 2 [ T ] = n ψ o ψ oψ nψ (15) 2 2 2oψ nψ 2oψ nψ ( o ψ n ψ) ψ = φ+ β = π θ + β or onrete omponent, and ψ = α + β or renorement omponent. The total materal tne matrx or renored onrete element evaluated a [ E] [ E ] [ E ] 2 = + (16) = 1 The element tne matrx an be derved a T [ ] [ ] [ ][ ] k = B E B dv (17) e e (9)

8 where [ B e ] hape unton matrx. Y 2 1 x β x X θ τ 12 φ σ 1 σ 2 rak ( a ) ( b ) ( ) x α x Fg. 9 Coordnate tem or renored onrete element: (a) global tem o renored onrete element; (b) loal tem o onrete omponent; and () loal tem o renorement omponent Implementaton o Nonlnear Anal The objet orent program OpenSEES nte element ode [4] adopted n th tud. The aorementoned l onttutve relaton o renored onrete element developed to be a module o OpenSEES. Reerrng to Fg. 10, the olumn are modeled to be nonlnear beam-olumn element, the beam aumed to be rgd, and the hear wall modeled b our-node oparametr element. The wall dvded nto 25 element, and eah olumn repreented b 5 element. The nonlnear anal mplemented b dplaement ontrol and nremental anal. P Rgd Beam Tpal Element Nonlnear Beam Column Element Fg. 10 Fnte element meh o renored onrete ramed-hear wall pemen RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 ummarze the expermental reult. The energ aborpton dened to be the area bounded b the envelope o potve load-dplaement urve. The ultmate dplaement u dened to be the dplaement orrepondng the load deended teepl. Th denton derent rom the prevou tud [3], whh dened to be the dplaement orrepondng to the maxmum load. u The rak pattern and load-dplaement urve o teted pemen are hown n Fg. 12 and 13, repetvel. Fg. 13 how that the numeral oluton agree well wth the expermental reult. The propoed numeral model demontrated to be apable o analzng l trutural behavor o ramed hear wall.

9 Spemen (MPa) Steel n olumn (MPa) Steel n wall (MPa) Table 2 Summar o expermental reult P r (kn) r P (kn) P u (kn) u Dutlt ator ( u ) Energ aborpton (kn-mm) MWF MWFD MWF MWFD LWF LWFD LWF LWFD (a)spemen MWF1[3] (b)spemen MWFD1 ()Spemen MWF2 [3] (d)spemen MWFD2

10 (e)spemen LWF1 [3] ()Spemen LWFD1 (g)spemen LWF2 [3] (h)spemen LWFD2 Fg.12 Crak pattern o teted pemen MWFD1 Expermental data Analtal reult Lateral Load (KN) MWFD2 Expermental data Analtal reult Lateral Load (KN) Dplaement (a)spemen MWFD Dplaement (b)spemen MWFD2

11 LWFD1 Expermental data Analtal reult Lateral Load (KN) LWFD2 Expermental data Analtal reult Lateral Load (KN) Dplaement -300 Dplaement ()Spemen LWFD1-900 (d)spemen LWFD2 Fg.13 Comparon o numeral reult wth expermental load-dplaement urve Reerrng to Fg. 12, the rak pattern o all hgh em perormane pemen how no gnant derene wth the orrepondng onventonal pemen. However, Table 2 how that mot o the maxmum load P u, ultmate dplaement u, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton o hgh em perormane pemen are ound to be larger than thoe o the orrepondng onventonal pemen. The ultmate dplaement, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton o two md-re ramed wall wth 45 renorement (MWFD1, MWFD2) are maller than the orrepondng onventonal pemen (MWF1, MWF2). However, reerrng to Fg. 13a and 13b, the pnhng eet remarkabl mproved. Durng tet, both MWFD1 and MWFD2 were lexural alure and ruhed at the bottom o boundar olumn (Fg. 12b, 12d). It wa juted that beaue the vertal omponent o 45 renorement are le than the onventonal one, the lexural retane o MWFD1 and MWFD2 are nuent. The maxmum load, ultmate dplaement, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton o two low-re ramed wall wth 45 renorement (LWFD1, LWFD2) are larger than the orrepondng onventonal pemen (LWF1, LWF2). Reerrng to Fg. 13 and 13d, the pnhng eet remarkabl mproved. Beaue thee two pemen were adopted a ubequentl repared experment pemen, the were not teted to omplete alure. There no load deended teepl n the load-dplaement urve (Fg. 13, 13d). The urrent ultmate dplaement, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton are uppoed to be lower than the expeted exat one. CONCLUSIONS Th tud preent the expermental and numeral anal on trutural behavor o hgh em perormane wall ubjeted to revered l lateral loadng. Baed on the prmar anal o prnpal dreton, the renorement o wall were degned wth 45 renorement. Four large-ale pemen, nludng md-, and low-re ramed hear wall were preented. The expermental reult were ompared wth thoe o our orrepondng onventonal pemen worked b the author prevoul [3]. The numeral oluton agree well wth the expermental reult. The propoed numeral model demontrated to be apable o analzng l trutural behavor o ramed hear wall. The reult how that the pnhng eet, whh requentl exted n the onventonal hear wall, remarkabl mproved n the new degn one. The new degn hear wall poe more perentage o dutle trutural

12 behavor. The larger teel rato n the hear wall wth 45 renorement ndue le pnhng eet. In addton, mot o the maxmum load, ultmate dplaement, dutlt ator, and energ aborpton apat o thee new degn ramed hear wall are hgher than the onventonal one. The new degn hear wall poe hgh potental to mprove the em perormane o buldng. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th tud wa upported b the Natonal Sene Counl, Tawan under grant NSC E , and NSC Z REFERENCES 1. Barda, F., J. M. Hanon, and W. G. Corle, Shear Strength o Low-Re Wall wth Boundar Element, Porland Cement Aoaton publaton RD043D, Benjamn, J. R., and H. A. Wllam, The Behavor o One-Stor Renored Shear Wall, Journal o the Strutural Dvon, ASCE, 1957; Ma, 1254: Chou, Y. J., Y. L. Mo, F. P. Hao, Y. W. Lou, and M. S. Sheu, Expermental and Analtal Stude on Large-Sale Renored Conrete Framed Shear Wall, ACI SP-211, Large-Sale Strutural Tetng, Ameran Conrete Inttute, 2003: Fenve, G. L., F. MKenna, and M. H. Sott, OpenSee Uer and Developer Workhop, Workhop Handout, Pa Earthquake Engneerng Reearh Developer Center, Unvert o Calorna, Berkele, U.S.A Fntel, M., Shear wall An Anwer or Sem Retane, Conrete Internatonal, 1991; Jul: 48-53,. 6. Hu, T. T. C. and R. R. H. Zhu, Sotened Membrane Model or Renored Conrete Element n Shear, Strutural Journal o the Ameran Conrete Inttute, 2002; 99(4): Karan, I. D. and J. O. Jra, Behavor o Conrete under Compreve Loadng, Journal o the Strutural Dvon, ASCE, 1969; 95(ST12): Manour, M., J. Y. Lee, and T. T. C. Hu, Cl Stre-Stran Curve o Conrete and Steel Bar n Membrane Element, Journal o the Strutural Dvon, ASCE, 2001; 127, (12): Manour, M. and Hu, T. T. C., "Behavor o Renored Conrete Element Under Cl Shear: Part I - Experment," Journal o Strutural Engneerng, ASCE, (aepted or publaton n 2003). 10. Mau, S. T. and T. T. C. Hu, Shear Behavor o Renored Conrete Framed Wall Panel wth Vertal Load, ACI Strutural Journal, 1987; 84(2): Mo, Y. L. and C. J. Kuo, Strutural Behavor o Renored Conrete Frame-Wall Component, Materal and Struture, 1998; 31: Shekh, S. A. and S. M. Uzumer, Analtal Model or Conrete Connement n Ted Column, Journal o the Strutural Dvon, ASCE, 1982; 108(12): Yamada, M., H. Kawamura, and K. Kataghara, Renored Conrete Shear Wall wthout Openng, Tet and Anal, ACI SP-42, Shear n Renored Conrete, Vol. 1&2, Ameran Conrete Inttute, 1974: