Converting of Matter to Nuclear Energy by AB-Generator

Transcription

1 Ameian J. of Engineeing and Applied Sienes (4): 68-69, 9 ISSN Siene Publiations Conveting of Matte to Nulea Enegy by AB-Geneato Alexande Bolonkin C and R, 11 Avenue R, No. F-6, Booklyn, NY 119, USA Abstat: Poblem statement: Reseahe offeed a new nulea geneato whih allowed to onvet any matte to nulea enegy in aodane with Einstein equation E = m. The method was based upon tapping the enegy potential of a Mio Blak Hole (MBH) and Hawking adiation eated by this MBH. Reseahe did not meet the idea and its eseah in liteatue to develop the method fo getting a heap enegy. Appoah: As is well-known, vauum ontinuously podued vitual pais of patiles and antipatiles, in patiula, photons and anti-photons. MBH event hoizon allowed sepaating them. Anti-photons an be moved to MBH and be annihilated, deeasing mass of MBH, esulting photons leave the MBH neighbohood as Hawking adiation. The offeed nulea geneato (named by Reseahe as AB-geneato) utilized Hawking adiation and injeted the matte into MBH and kept MBH in a stable state with nea-onstant mass. Results: AB-geneato an be podued giganti enegy outputs and should be heape than a onventional eleti station by a fato of hundeds of times. One also may be used in aeospae as a photon oket o as a powe soue fo many vehiles. Conlusion: Many sientists expet Lage Hadon Collide at CERN may be podued one MBH evey seond. A tehnology to aptue them may be developed; than they may be used fo the AB-geneato. Key wods: Podution of nulea enegy, mio blak hole, enegy AB-geneato, photon oket INTRODUCTION Blak hole: In geneal elativity, a blak hole (Fig. 1-4) is a egion of spae in whih the gavitational field is so poweful that nothing, inluding light, an esape its pull. The blak hole has a one-way sufae, alled the event hoizon, into whih objets an fall, but out of whih nothing an ome out. It is alled "blak" beause it absobs all the light that hits it, efleting nothing, just like a pefet blakbody in themodynamis. Despite its invisible inteio, a blak hole an eveal its pesene though inteation with othe matte. A blak hole an be infeed by taking the movement of a goup of stas that obit a egion in spae whih looks empty. Altenatively, one an see gas falling into a elatively small blak hole, fom a ompanion sta. This gas spials inwad, heating up to vey high tempeatue and emitting lage amounts of adiation that an be deteted fom eathbound and eath-obiting telesopes. Suh obsevations have esulted in the geneal sientifi onsensus that, baing a beakdown in ou undestanding of natue, blak holes do exist in ou univese. Fig. 1: Atist s oneption of a stella mass blak hole. Cedit NASA 68 Fig. : Atist's impession of a binay system onsisting of a blak hole and a main sequene sta. The blak hole is dawing matte fom the main sequene sta via an aetion disk aound it and some of this matte foms a gas jet

2 Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 Intemediate-ontain thousands of sola masses Mio (also mini blak holes)-have masses muh less than that of a sta. At these sizes, quantum mehanis is expeted to take effet. Thee is no known mehanism fo them to fom via nomal poesses of stella evolution, but etain inflationay senaios pedit thei podution duing the ealy stages of the evolution of the univese Fig. : Ring aound a suspeted blak hole in galaxy NGC 461. Date: Nov.199. Coutesy of spae telesope siene Fig. 4: Atist s endeing showing the spae-time ontous aound a blak hole. Cedit NASA It is impossible to dietly obseve a blak hole. Howeve, it is possible to infe its pesene by its gavitational ation on the suounding envionment, patiulaly with mio-quasas and ative galati nulei, whee mateial falling into a neaby blak hole is signifiantly heated and emits a lage amount of X-ay adiation. This obsevation method allows astonomes to detet thei existene. The only objets that agee with these obsevations and ae onsistent within the famewok of geneal elativity ae blak holes. A blak hole has only thee independent physial popeties: mass, hage and angula momentum. In astonomy blak holes ae lassed as: Supemassive-ontain hundeds of thousands to billions of sola masses and ae thought to exist in the ente of most galaxies, inluding the Milky Way Aoding to some theoies of quantum gavity they may also be podued in the highly enegeti eation podued by osmi ays hitting the atmosphee o even in patile aeleatos suh as the Lage Hadon Collide. The theoy of Hawking adiation pedits that suh blak holes will evapoate in bight flashes of gamma adiation. NASA's Femi Gamma-ay Spae Telesope satellite (fomely GLAST) launhed in 8 is seahing fo suh flashes. The defining featue of a blak hole is the appeaane of an event hoizon; a bounday in spaetime beyond whih events annot affet an outside obseve. Sine the event hoizon is not a mateial sufae but athe meely a mathematially defined demaation bounday, nothing pevents matte o adiation fom enteing a blak hole, only fom exiting one. Fo a non otating (stati) blak hole, the Shwazshild adius delimits a spheial event hoizon. The Shwazshild adius of an objet is popotional to the mass. Rotating blak holes have distoted, non-spheial event hoizons. The desiption of blak holes given by geneal elativity is known to be an appoximation and it is expeted that quantum gavity effets beome signifiant nea the viinity of the event hoizon. This allows obsevations of matte in the viinity of a blak hole's event hoizon to be used to indietly study geneal elativity and poposed extensions to it. Though blak holes themselves may not adiate enegy, eletomagneti adiation and matte patiles may be adiated fom just outside the event hoizon via Hawking adiation. At the ente of a blak hole lies the singulaity, whee matte is ushed to infinite density, the pull of gavity is infinitely stong and spae-time has infinite uvatue. This means that a blak hole's mass beomes entiely ompessed into a egion with zeo volume. This zeo-volume, infinitely dense egion at the ente of a blak hole is alled a gavitational singulaity. The singulaity of a non-otating blak hole has zeo length, width and height; a otating blak hole's is smeaed out to fom a ing shape lying in the plane of 684

3 otation. The ing still has no thikness and hene no volume. The photon sphee is a spheial bounday of zeo thikness suh that photons moving along tangents to the sphee will be tapped in a iula obit. Fo nonotating blak holes, the photon sphee has a adius 1.5 times the Shwazshild adius. The obits ae dynamially unstable, hene any small petubation (suh as a patile of in-falling matte) will gow ove time, eithe setting it on an outwad tajetoy esaping the blak hole o on an inwad spial eventually ossing the event hoizon. Rotating blak holes ae suounded by a egion of spae-time in whih it is impossible to stand still, alled the ego-sphee. Objets and adiation (inluding light) an stay in obit within the ego-sphee without falling to the ente. One a blak hole has fomed, it an ontinue to gow by absobing additional matte. Any blak hole will ontinually absob intestella dust fom its diet suoundings and omnipesent osmi bakgound adiation. Muh lage ontibutions an be obtained when a blak hole meges with othe stas o ompat objets. Hawking adiation: In 1974, Stephen Hawking showed that blak holes ae not entiely blak but emit small amounts of themal adiation [1]. He got this esult by applying quantum field theoy in a stati blak hole bakgound. The esult of his alulations is that a blak hole should emit patiles in a pefet blak body spetum. This effet has beome known as Hawking adiation. Sine Hawking's esult many othes have veified the effet though vaious methods. If his theoy of blak hole adiation is oet then blak holes ae expeted to emit a themal spetum of adiation and theeby lose mass, beause aoding to the theoy of elativity mass is just highly ondensed enegy (E = m ). Blak holes will shink and evapoate ove time. The tempeatue of this spetum (Hawking tempeatue) is popotional to the sufae gavity of the blak hole, whih in tun is invesely popotional to the mass. Lage blak holes, theefoe, emit less adiation than small blak holes. On the othe hand if a blak hole is vey small, the adiation effets ae expeted to beome vey stong. Even a blak hole that is heavy ompaed to a human would evapoate in an instant. A blak hole the weight of a a (~1 4 m) would only take a nanoseond to evapoate, duing whih time it would biefly have a luminosity moe than times that of the sun. Lighte blak holes ae expeted to evapoate even faste, fo example a blak hole of mass 1 TeV/ would take less Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, than 1 88 se to evapoate ompletely. Of ouse, fo suh a small blak hole quantum gavitation effets ae expeted to play an impotant ole and ould evenalthough uent developments in quantum gavity do not indiate so-hypothetially make suh a small blak hole stable. Mio blak holes: Gavitational ollapse is not the only poess that ould eate blak holes. In piniple, blak holes ould also be eated in high enegy ollisions that eate suffiient density. Sine lassially blak holes an take any mass, one would expet mio blak holes to be eated in any suh poess no matte how low the enegy. Howeve, to date, no suh events have eve been deteted eithe dietly o indietly as a defiieny of the mass balane in patile aeleato expeiments. This suggests that thee must be a lowe limit fo the mass of blak holes. Theoetially this bounday is expeted to lie aound the Plank mass (~1 19 GeV/, m p = kg), whee quantum effets ae expeted to make the theoy of geneal elativity beak down ompletely. This would put the eation of blak holes fimly out of eah of any high enegy poess ouing on o nea the Eath. Cetain developments in quantum gavity howeve suggest that this bound ould be muh lowe. Some banewold senaios fo example put the Plank mass muh lowe, maybe even as low as 1 TeV. This would make it possible fo mio blak holes to be eated in the high enegy ollisions ouing when osmi ays hit the Eath's atmosphee, o possibly in the new Lage Hadon Collide at CERN. These theoies ae howeve vey speulative and the eation of blak holes in these poesses is deemed unlikely by many speialists. Smallest possible blak hole: To make a blak hole one must onentate mass o enegy suffiiently that the esape veloity fom the egion in whih it is onentated exeeds the speed of light. This ondition gives the Shwazshild adius, o = GM/, whee G is Newton's onstant and is the speed of light, as the size of a blak hole of mass M. On the othe hand, the Compton wavelength, λ = h/m, whee h is Plank's onstant, epesents a limit on the minimum size of the egion in whih a mass M at est an be loalized. Fo suffiiently small M, the Compton wavelength exeeds the Shwazshild adius and no blak hole desiption exists. This smallest mass fo a blak hole is thus appoximately the Plank mass, whih is about 1 8 kg o GeV/.

4 Any pimodial blak holes of suffiiently low mass will Hawking evapoate to nea the Plank mass within the lifetime of the univese. In this poess, these small blak holes adiate away matte. A ough pitue of this is that pais of vitual patiles emege fom the vauum nea the event hoizon, with one membe of a pai being aptued and the othe esaping the viinity of the blak hole. The net esult is the blak hole loses mass (due to onsevation of enegy). Aoding to the fomulae of blak hole themodynamis, the moe the blak hole loses mass the hotte it beomes and the faste it evapoates, until it appoahes the Plank mass. At this stage a blak hole would have a Hawking tempeatue of T P /8π (5.6 1 K), whih means an emitted Hawking patile would have an enegy ompaable to the mass of the blak hole. Thus a themodynami desiption beaks down. Suh a miniblak hole would also have an entopy of only 4π nats, appoximately the minimum possible value. At this point then, the objet an no longe be desibed as a lassial blak hole and Hawking's alulations also beak down. Conjetues fo the final fate of the blak hole inlude total evapoation and podution of a Plank mass-sized blak hole emnant. If intuitions about quantum blak holes ae oet, then lose to the Plank mass the numbe of possible quantum states of the blak hole is expeted to beome so few and so quantized that its inteations ae likely to be quenhed out. It is possible that suh Plank-mass blak holes, no longe able eithe to absob enegy gavitationally like a lassial blak hole beause of the quantized gaps between thei allowed enegy levels, no to emit Hawking patiles fo the same eason, may in effet be stable objets. They would in effet be WIMPs, weakly inteating massive patiles; this ould explain dak matte. Ceation of mio blak holes: Podution of a blak hole equies onentation of mass o enegy within the oesponding Shwazshild adius. In familia thee-dimensional gavity, the minimum suh enegy is 1 19 GeV, whih would have to be ondensed into a egion of appoximate size 1 m. This is fa beyond the limits of any uent tehnology; the Lage Hadon Collide (LHC) has a design enegy of 14 TeV. This is also beyond the ange of known ollisions of osmi ays with Eath's atmosphee, whih eah ente of mass enegies in the ange of hundeds of TeV. It is estimated that to ollide two patiles to within a distane of a Plank length with uently ahievable magneti field stengths would equie a ing aeleato about 1 light yeas in diamete to keep the patiles on tak. Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 Some extensions of pesent physis posit the existene of exta dimensions of spae. In highedimensional spaetime, the stength of gavity ineases moe apidly with deeasing distane than in thee dimensions. With etain speial onfiguations of the exta dimensions, this effet an lowe the Plank sale to the TeV ange. Examples of suh extensions inlude lage exta dimensions, speial ases of the Randall- Sundum model and Sting theoy onfiguations. In suh senaios, blak hole podution ould possibly be an impotant and obsevable effet at the LHC. Vitual patiles: In physis, a vitual patile is a patile that exists fo a limited time and spae, intoduing unetainty in thei enegy and momentum due to the Heisenbeg Unetainty Piniple. Vauum enegy an also be thought of in tems of vitual patiles (also known as vauum flutuations) whih ae eated and destoyed out of the vauum. These patiles ae always eated out of the vauum in patile-antipatile pais, whih shotly annihilate eah othe and disappea. Howeve, these patiles and antipatiles may inteat with othes befoe disappeaing. The net enegy of the Univese emains zeo so long as the patile pais annihilate eah othe within Plank time. Vitual patiles ae also exitations of the undelying fields, but ae detetable only as foes. The eation of these vitual patiles nea the event hoizon of a blak hole has been hypothesized by physiist Stephen Hawking to be a mehanism fo the eventual "evapoation" of blak holes. Sine these patiles do not have a pemanent existene, they ae alled vitual patiles o vauum flutuations of vauum enegy. An impotant example of the "pesene" of vitual patiles in a vauum is the Casimi effet. Hee, the explanation of the effet equies that the total enegy of all of the vitual patiles in a vauum an be added togethe. Thus, although the vitual patiles themselves ae not dietly obsevable in the laboatoy, they do leave an obsevable effet: thei zeo-point enegy esults in foes ating on suitably aanged metal plates o dieletis. Thus, vitual patiles ae often populaly desibed as oming in pais, a patile and antipatile, whih an be of any kind. The evapoation of a blak hole is a poess dominated by photons, whih ae thei own antipatiles and ae unhaged. The unetainty piniple in the fom E t ħ implies that in the vauum one o moe patiles with enegy E above the vauum may be eated fo a shot time t. These vitual patiles ae inluded in the definition of the vauum. 686

5 Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 Fig. 5: Hawking adiation. (a): Vitual patiles at even hoizon. (b): Vitual patiles out even hoizon (in onventional spae) Vauum enegy is an undelying bakgound enegy that exists in spae even when devoid of matte (known as fee spae). The vauum enegy is dedued fom the onept of vitual patiles, whih ae themselves deived fom the enegy-time unetainty piniple. Its effets an be obseved in vaious phenomena (suh as spontaneous emission, the Casimi effet, the van de Waals bonds, o the Lamb shift) and it is thought to have onsequenes fo the behavio of the Univese on osmologial sales. AB-geneato of nulea enegy and some innovations: Simplified explanation of MBH adiation and wok of AB-geneato (Fig. 5): As known, the vauum ontinuously podues, vitual pais of patiles and antipatiles, in patiula, photons and anti-photons. In onventional spae they exist only fo a vey shot time, then annihilate and etun bak to nothingness. The MBH event hoizon, having vey stong supe-gavity, allows sepaation of the patiles and anti patiles, in patiula, photons and anti-photons. Pat of the antiphotons move into the MBH and annihilate with photons deeasing the mass of the MBH and etun bak a boow enegy to vauum. The fee photons leave fom the MBH neighbohood as Hawking adiation. That way the MBH onvets any onventional matte to Hawking adiation whih may be onveted to heat o eleti enegy by the AB- Geneato. This AB-Geneato utilizes the podued Hawking adiation and injets the matte into the MBH while maintaining the MBH in stable suspended state. Fig. 6: Offeed nulea-vauum enegy AB- Geneato. Notations: (1): Mio Blak Hole (MBH), (): Event hoizon (Shwazshild adius), (): Photon sphee, (4): Blak hole adiation, (5): Radiation efleto, antenna and heate (ove sphee), (6): Bak (efleted) adiation fom adiation efleto 5, (7): Fuel (plasma, potons, eletons, ions, matte) gun (fousing aeleato), (8): Matte injeted to MBH (fuel fo Mio Blak hole), (9): Heat engine (fo example, gas, vapo tubine), (1): Eleti geneato onneted to heat engine 9, (11): Coolant (heat tansfe agent to the heat mahine 9), (1): Eleti line, (1): Intenal vauum, (14): Custome of eletiity fom antenna 5, (15): Singulaity Note: The photon does NOT have est mass. Theefoe a photon an leave the MBH s neighbohood (if it is loated beyond the event hoizon). All othe patiles having a est mass and speed less than light speed annot leave the Blak Hole. They annot ahieve light speed beause thei mass at light speed equals infinity and equests infinite enegy fo it s esape-an impossibility. Desiption of AB-geneato: The offeed nulea enegy AB-Geneato is shown in Fig. 6. That inludes the Mio Blak Hole (MBH) 1 suspended within a spheial adiation efleto and heate 5. The MBH is suppoted (and ontolled) at the ente of sphee by a fuel (plasma, poton, eleton, matte) gun 7. This AB- Geneato also ontains the 9-heat engine (fo example, gas, vapo tubine), 1-eleti geneato, 11-oolant (heat tansfe agent), an oute eleti line 1, intenal eleti geneato (5 as antenna) with ustome

6 Wok: The geneato woks the following way. MBH, by seletive dietional input of matte, is levitated in aptivity and podues adiation enegy 4. That adiation heats the spheial efleto-heate 5. The oolant (heat tansfe agent) 11 delives the heat to a heat mahine 9 (fo example, gas, vapo tubine). The heat mahine otates an eleti geneato 1 that podues the eletiity to the oute eleti line 1. Pat of MBH adiation may aept by sphee 5 (as antenna) in fom of eletiity. The ontol fuel guns injet the matte into MBH and do not allow busting of the MBH. This ation also suppots the MBH in isolation, suspended fom dangeous ontat with onventional matte. They also ontol the MBH size and the enegy output. Any matte may be used as the fuel, fo example, aeleated plasma, ions, potons, eletons, mio patiles, et. The MBH may be haged and otated. In this ase the MBH may has an additional suspension by ontol hages loated at the ends of fuel guns o (in ase of the otating haged MBH) may have an additional suspension by the ontol eleti magnets loated on the ends of fuel guns o at points along the efleto-heate sphee. Innovations, featues, advantages and same eseah esults: Some poblems and solutions offeed by the autho inlude the following: Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 A patial (the MBH being obtained and levitated, details of whih ae beyond the sope of this study) method and installation fo onveting any onventional matte to enegy in aodane with Einstein s equation E = m MBHs may podue giganti enegy and this enegy is in the fom of dangeous gamma adiation. The autho shows how this dangeous gamma adiation Dopple shifts when it moves against the MBH gavity and onvets to safely tapped shot adio waves The MBH of maginal mass has a tendeny to explode (though quantum evapoation, vey quikly adiating its mass in enegy). The AB- Geneato automatially injets meteed amounts of matte into the MBH and keeps the MGH in a stable state o gows the MBH to a needed size, o deeases that size, o tempoaily tuns off the AB-geneato (deeases the MBH to a Plank blak hole) Autho shows the adiation flux exposue of ABgeneato (as esult of MBH exposue) is not dangeous beause the geneato ove sphee has a vauum and the MBH gavity gadient deeases the adiation enegy 688 The MBH may be suppoted in a levitated (nonontat) state by geneato fuel injetos Theoy of AB-geneato: Below thee ae main equations fo omputation the onventional Blak Hole (BH) and AB-geneato. Geneal theoy of blak hole: Powe podued by BH is: 6 ħ 1 1 P =.56 1, W 156πG M M (1) 4 1 whee, h / ħ = π = J s is edued 8 1 Plank onstant, = 1 m se -light speed, G = m /kg.s is gavitation onstant, M-mass of BH, kg Tempeatue of blak body oesponding to this adiation is: ħ 1 1 T = 1. 1, K 8πGk M M b () whee, k b = J/k is Boltzmann onstant Enegy E p [J] and fequeny ν o of photon at event hoizon ae: h 1 E p =, 16πG M Ep 1 1 ν = = = 8.7 1, h 16πG M M λ = = ν M () Whee: =. 1 8 m s 1 is light speed λ o = Wavelength of photon at even adius, m h = Plank onstant Radius of BH event hoizon (Shwazshild adius) is: G = = (4) 7 M M, m Relative density (atio of mass M to volume V of BH) is: M , kg m ρ = = V πg M M (5)

7 Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 Maximal hage of BH is: 9 1 Qmax 5 1 em 8 1 M, C = (6) whee, e = is hage of eleton, C Life time of BH is: 51πG 8 4 M.57 1 M,s τ = = ħ (7) Gavitation aound BH ( is distane fom ente) and on event hoizon: 4 GM g =, g = = 1, m s (8) 4G M M Developed theoy of AB-geneato: Below ae eseah and the theoy developed by autho fo estimation and omputation of faets of the AB- Geneato. Loss of enegy of Hawking photon in BH gavitational field: It is known the theoy of a edshift allows estimating the fequeny of photon in ental gavitational field when it moves TO the gavity ente. In this ase the photon ineases its fequeny beause photon is aeleated the gavitational field (wavelength deeases). But in ou ase the photon moves FROM the gavitational ente, the gavitational field bakes it and the photon loses its enegy. That means its fequeny deeases and the wavelength ineases. Ou photon gets double enegy beause the blak hole annihilates two photons (photon and anti-photon). That way the equation fo photon fequeny at distane > o fom ente we an wite in fom: ν ϕ 1+ ν (9) whee, ϕ = ϕ-ϕ o is diffeene of the gavity potential. The gavity potential is: GM GM GM ϕ = ϕ ϕ, ϕ =, ϕ =, = (1) E = ħ γ, E = m, m = E / (1) f f f f f The enegy of photon linea depends fom its fequeny. Reminde: The photon does not have a est mass. The elative loss of the photon adiation enegy ξ at distane fom BH and the powe P of Hawking adiation at adius fom the BH ente is:,, P P ξ = ν = ξν = ξ (1) The o is vey small and ξ is also vey small and ν << ν o. The esult of an enegy loss by Hawking photon in the BH gavitational field is vey impotant fo AB- Geneato. The enegy of Hawking adiation is vey big; we vey need to deease it in many odes. The initial Hawking photon is gamma adiation that is dangeous fo people and matte. In distane the gamma adiation may be onveted in the onventional light o adio adiation, whih ae not dangeous and may be efleted, foused o a staightfowad way onveted into eletiity by antenna. Refletion hawking adiation bak to MBH: Fo futhe deeasing the MBH podued enegy the pat of this enegy may be efleted to bak in MBH. A onventional mio may eflet up.9.99 of adiation (ξ =.1.1, ξ is a loss of enegy in efleting), the multi layes mio an eflet up.9999 of the monohomati light adiation (ξ = ) and AB-mio fom ubi one ells offeed by autho in [], allows to eflet non-monohomati light adiation with effiieny up ξ = 1-1 stong bak to soue. In the last ase, the loss of efleted enegy is [] : ξ =.al, l = m λ, m 1 (14) Whee: l = Size of ube one ell, m m = Numbe of adiation waves in one sell λ = Wavelength, m a = Chaateisti of sell mateial []. Minimal value a = 1 - fo glass and a = 1-4 fo KCl ystal Let us substitute (1) in (9), we get: ν 1 +, o ν = λ ν ν λ It is known, the enegy and mass of photon is: (11) The efletion of adiation to bak in MBH is may be impotant fo MBH stabilization, MBH stoage and MBH swith off. Useful enegy of AB-geneato: The useful enegy P u [J] is taken fom AB-Geneato is: 689

8 Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 P u = ξξ P (15) Fuel onsumption is: ɺ (16) M = Pu, kg The fuel onsumption is vey small. AB-geneato is the single method in the Wold now known whih allows full onveting easonably patial onvesion of (any!) matte into enegy aoding the Einstein equation E = m. Speifi pessue on AB-Geneato ove sphee p [N m ] and on the sufae of MBH p o is: kp kp 1 kp p = = =.65 1, S 4π 8 P ħ = = = S π G M M p (17) Whee: k = 1 if the ove sphee absobs the adiation and k if the ove sphee high eflets the adiation S = The intenal aea of ove sphee, m S = Sufae of event hoizon sphee, m p o = Speifi pessue of Hawking adiation on the event hoizon sufae Note, the pessue p on ove sphee is small (see pojet), but pessue p o on event hoizon sufae is vey high. heat flow fom BH to ove sphee. That is in the majoity of ases. Explosion of MBH: The MBH explosion podues the adiation enegy: Ee = M (19) MBH has a small mass. The explosion of MBH having M = 1 5 kg podues J. That is enegy of about 1 tons of good onventional explosive (1 7 J kg 1 ). But thee is a vauum into the ove sphee and this enegy is pesented in adiation fom. But in eality only vey small pat of explosion enegy eahes the ove sphee, beause the vey stong MBH gavitation field bakes the photons and any mass patiles. Find the enegy whih eahes the ove sphee via: G G E G 11 M = M = 6,674 1 de = ξ dm, ξ =, = M, de = MdM, () The speifi exposue adiation pessue of MBH pessue p e [N m ] on the ove sphee of adius < o may be omputed by the way: E G M M p 1.6 1, V 4π 11 e = = = > (1) Mass patiles podued on event sufae: On event hoizon sufae may be also podued the mass patiles with speed V <. Let us take the best ase (fo leaving the BH) when thei speed is adially vetial. They annot leave the BH beause thei speed V is less than light speed. The maximal adius of lifting m [m] is: g GM d dv = gdt, dv = d =, V V GM = = m V 1 V ( ) Whee: g = Gavitational aeleation of BH, m se t = Time, se o = BH adius, m V = Patile speed on event sufae, m se (18) whee, V = /4 π is volume of the ove sphee. That way the exposue adiation pessue on sphee has vey small value and pesses vey shot time. Conventional gas balloon keeps pessue up 1 7 N m (1 atm). Howeve, the heat impat may be high and AB-Geneato design may have the efletivity ove and automatially open windows fo adiation. You attention is equested towad the next impotant esult following fom Eq. and 1. Many astonomes ty to find (detet) the MBH by a MBH exposue adiation. But this adiation is small, may be deteted but fo a shot distane, does not have a speifi fequeny and has a vaiably long wavelength. This may be why duing moe than yeas nobody has suessfully obseved MBH events in Eath envionment though the theoetial estimation pedits about 1 of MBH events annually. Obseves take note!. Suppoting the MBH in suspended (levitated) state: If the m is less than adius of the ove sphee, the The fuel injeto an suppot the MBH in suspended mass patiles etun to BH and do not influene the state (no ontat the MBH with any mateial sufae). 69

9 Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 The maximal suspended foe equals: P u Pu Vf F = qv f, q =, F = () Whee: q = Fuel onsumption, kg V f = A fuel speed, m se 1 The fuel (plasma) speed.1 is onventionally enough fo suppoting the MBH in suspended state. AB-geneato as eleti geneato: When the Hawking adiation eahes the ove as adio miowaves they may be staightfowadly onveted to eletiity beause they eate a diffeent voltage between diffeent isolated pats of the ove sphee as in an antenna. Maximal voltage whih an podues the adiation wave is: εε E µµ H P w = +, w = () Whee: w = Density of adiation enegy, J m E = Eleti intensity, V m 1 H = Magneti intensity, T ε o = F m 1 is the oeffiient of the eleti pemeability µ o = 4π 1-7 N/A is the oeffiient of the magneti pemeability; ε = µ = 1 fo vauum Let us take moment when H =, then: w P D E = = =.7 P U bde, b = 1, ε ε λ 1 Pe bp, λ = λ = 16, b = = 16 8 (4) Whee: E = Eleti intensity, V m 1 U = Voltage of AB-geneato, V B = Relative size of antenna D = Diamete of the ove sphee if the ove sphee is used as a full antenna, m P e = Powe of the eleti station, W As you see about 1/8 of total enegy podued by AB-Geneato we an eeive in the fom of eletiity and 7/8ths eflets bak to MBH; we may tap heat enegy whih onvet to any fom of enegy by onventional (heat engine) methods. If we eflet the most pat of the heat enegy bak into the MBH, we an have only eletiity and do not have heat flux. If we will use the supe stong and supe high tempeatue mateial AB-mateial offeed in [] the onvesion oeffiient of heat mahine may be vey high. Citial mass of MBH loated in matte envionment: Many people ae afaid the MBH expeiments beause BH an absob the Eath. Let us find the itial mass of MBH whih an begin unontollably to gow into the Eath envionment. That will happen when BH begins to have moe mass than mass of Hawking adiation. Below is the equation fo the itial mass of initial BH. The eduated eade will undestand the equations below without detailed explanations: GM d dv = gdt, g =, dt =, VdV = gd, V o GM G VdV = d, V = M, V =, d 1 o V =, dt =, dt d, t = / / / / t = ( ), = t, 1/ 4 1/ 1/ / P 1 = 1.65G M t, Mɺ ħ = = 156 G M π ɺ = M 4 / 4 Me = π γ = 6πγG M 1 γm, M = M e M e,, fo t = 1 s, / 4 6πγG t 1 γt 4 1 M 1 M / 6πγG M γ M t = ln ln (5) Whee: V = Speed of envionment matte absobed by MBH, m se 1 g = Gavity aeleation of MBH, m se 1 = Distane envionment matte to MBH ente, m t = Time, se M ɺ = Mass loss by MBH, kg M ɺ = Mass taken fom Eath envionment by MBH, kg e γ = Density of Eath envionment, kg m M = Citial mass of MBH when one begin unontollable gows, kg t = Time, se 691

10 Let us to equate the mass M ɺ adiated by MBH to mass M ɺ e absobed by MBH fom Eath envionment, we obtain the itial mass M of MBH fo any envionment: 4 ħ M = =.17 1, o 916π G γ γ M γ = Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 (6) If MBH having mass M = 1 7 kg (1 thousands tons) is put in wate (γ = 1 kg m ), this MBH an begin unontollable unaway gowth and in shot time (Eath ~74 se) an onsume the Eath into a blak hole having diamete ~9 mm. If this MBH is loated in the sea level atmosphee (γ = 1.9 kg m ), the initial MBH must has itial mass M = 1 8 kg (1 thousand tons). The itial adius of MBH is vey small. In the fist ase (M = 1 7 kg) o = m, in the seond ase (M = 1 8 kg) o = m. That is less in 1 1 thousands times them an atom nulei. Ou MBH into AB-Geneato is not dangeous fo Eath beause it is loated in vauum and has mass thousands to millions times less than the itial mass. Howeve, in a moment of exteme speulation, if fa futue atifiial intelligene (o supe-small easoning) beings will be eated fom nulea matte [] they an onvet the Eath into a blak hole to attempt to aess quik tavel to othe stas (Sola systems), past and futue Univeses and even possibly past and futue times. Geneal note: We got ou equations in assumption λ/λ o = / o. If λ/λ o = (/ o ).5 o othe elation, the all above equations may be easy modified. Pojet of AB-geneato: Let us to estimate the possible enegy podution of an AB-Geneato. That is not optimal, that is example of omputation and possible paametes. Let us take the MBH mass M = 1 5 kg and adius of the ove sphee = 5 m. No efletion. Using the Eq. 1-4 we eeive: 4 P =.56 1 / M =,56 1 W, 7 = M = m, ξ = = /.96 1, P = ξ P = 1.5 1, P = ξξ P = P, W, ξ = 1. 1 u λ = = 1 6,7 1 M.7 1 m. λ = 16 = 8 m. P N 4π m 8 1 p = =.111, = 1 m se, 7 Mɺ 1 = P u / = kg se, M p N m 11 e = = (7) Remain the main notations in Eq. 7: P = P u = W is the useful enegy (1/8 of this enegy may be taken as eleti enegy by ove antenna, 7/8 is taken as heat); λ = 8 m is wavelength of adiation at ove sphee (that is not dangeous fo people); M ɺ = kg se 1 is fuel onsumption; o = m is adius of MBH; p e = N m is explosion pessue of MBH. Look you attention-the explode pessue is vey small. That is less in billions of time then adiation pessue on the ove sufae p =.111 N m. That is no wonde beause BH takes bak the enegy with that spent fo aeleation the matte in eating the matte. No dangeous fom explosion of MBH. Heat tansfe and intenal eleti powe ae: P P W S 4π m u u 7 q = = =.4 1, Fo δ = 1 m, λ h = 1, δ λ = o T q / h 668 K, 5 E =.7 P =.8 1 V/m, 6 U = E =.8 1 V, 9 Pe = P / 8 = W (8) Whee: q = Speifi heat tansfe though the ove sphee S = Intenal sufae of the ove sphee, m = Thikness of the ove sphee wall, m λ h = Heat tansfe oeffiient fo steel T = Diffeene tempeatue between intenal and extenal walls of the ove sphee E = Eleti intensity fom adiation on ove sphee sufae, V m 1 U = Maximal eleti voltage, V = Eleti powe, W P e We get the powe heat and eleti output of a ABgeneato as simila to a vey lage omplex of pesent day Eath s eleti powe stations (P = 1 1 W, ten billion of watts). The AB-Geneato is heape by a hunded times than a onventional eleti station, espeially sine, we may eflet a heat enegy bak to the MBH and not built a heat engine with all the poblems of onventional powe onvesion equipment (using only eletiity fom spheial ove as antenna). We hope the Lage Hadon Collide at CERN an get the initial MBH needed fo AB-Geneato. The othe way to obtain one is to find the Plank MBH (emaining fom the time of the Big Bang and fome MBH) and gow them to taget MBH size. 69

11 RESULTS Autho has offeed the method and installation fo onveting any onventional matte to enegy aoding the Einstein s equation E = m, whee m is mass of matte, kg; = 1 8 is light speed, m se 1 The Mio Blak Hole (MBH) is offeed fo this onvesion Also is offeed the ontol fuel guns and adiation efleto fo explosion pevention of MBH Also is offeed the ontol fuel guns and adiation efleto fo the MBH ontol Also is offeed the ontol fuel guns and adiation efleto fo non-ontat suspension (levitation) of the MBH Fo non ontat levitation of MBH the autho also offes: Contolled haging of MBH and of ends of the fuel guns Contol haging of otating MBH and ontol of eleti magnets loated on the ends of the fuel guns o out of the efleto-heate sphee The autho eseahes show the vey impotant fat: A stong gamma adiation podued by Hawking adiation loses enegy afte passing though the vey stong gavitational MBH field. The MBH adiation an eah the efleto-heate as the light o shot-wave adio adiation. That is vey impotant fo safety of the opeating ew of the AB-Geneato The autho eseahes show: The matte patiles podued by the MBH annot esape fom MBH and an not influene the Hawking adiation The autho eseahes show anothe vey impotant fat: The MBH explosion (hundeds and thousands of TNT tons) in adiation fom podues a small pessue on the efleto-heate (ove sphee) and does not destoys the AB-geneato (in a oet design of AB-geneato!). That is vey impotant fo safety of the opeating ew of the AB-geneato The autho eseahes show anothe vey impotant fat: The MBH annot aptue by oneself the suounding matte and annot automatially gow to onsume the planet As the initial MBH an be used the Plank s (quantum) MBH whih may be eveywhee. The offeed fuel gun may to gow them (o deease them) to needed size o the initial MBH may be used the MBH podue Lage Hadon Collide (LHC) at CERN. Some sientists assume LHC will podue one MBH evey seond (86,4 MBH in day). The osmi adiation also podues about 1 MBH evey yea Am. J. Engg. & Applied Si., (4): 68-69, 9 69 The spheial dome of MBH may onvet pat of the adiation enegy to eletiity A oet design of MBH geneato does not podue the adioative waste of envionment The attempts of many astonomes find (detet) the MBH by a MBH exposue adiation will not be suessful without knowing the following: The MBH adiation is small, may be deteted only ove a shot distane, does not have speifi fequeny and has a vaiable long wavelength DISCUSSION We got ou equations in assumption λ/λ o = / o. If λ/λ o = (/ o ).5 o othe elation, the all above equations may be easy modified. The Hawking atile was published 4 yeas ago [1]. Afte this time the hundeds of sientifi woks based in Hawking wok appeas. No fats ae known whih eates doubts in the possibility of Hawking adiation but it is not poven eithe. The Hawking adiation may not exist. The Lage Hadon Collide has the main pupose to eate the MBHs and detet the Hawking adiation. CONCLUSION The AB-geneato ould eate a evolution in many industies (eletiity, a, ship and tanspotation). That allows designing photon okets and flight to othe sta systems. The maximum possible effiieny is obtained and a full solution possible fo the enegy poblem of humanity. These ovewhelming pospets uge us to eseah and develop this ahievement of siene. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The eseahe wishes to aknowledge Joseph Fiedlande (of Shave Shomon, Isael) fo oeting the English and offeing useful advie and suggestions. REFERENCES 1. Hawking, S.W., Blak hole explosions? Natue, 48: -1. DOI: 1.18/48a. Bolonkin, A.A., 6. Non-Roket Spae Launh and Flight. Elsevie, ISBN: , pp: Bolonkin, A.A., 9. Femtotehnology: Nulea AB-matte with fantasti popeties. Am. J. Eng. Applied Si., : Wikipedia, Some bakgound mateial in this atile is gatheed fom Wikipedia unde the eative ommons liense.