FÁZOVÉ ZLOŽENIE A MORFOLÓGIA SODÍKOM DOTOVANÝCH PMN POVLAKOV PRIPRAVENÝCH SOL-GEL METÓDOU

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1 FÁZOVÉ ZLOŽENIE A MORFOLÓGIA SODÍKOM DOTOVANÝCH PMN POVLAKOV PRIPRAVENÝCH SOL-GEL METÓDOU RNDr. Helena Bruncková, PhD. Ústav materiálového výskumu, SAV Watsonova 47, Košice hbrunckova@imr.saske.sk Ing. Ľubomír Medvecký, PhD. Ústav materiálového výskumu, SAV Watsonova 47, Košice lmedvecky@imr.saske.sk Abstract Na doped lead magnesium niobate Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (Na-PMN) thin coatings were prepared using sol-gel synthesis by mixing of Na, Pb and Mg acetates with polymeric Nb-tartarate complex at 80 C with molar ratio of Na:Pb:Mg:Nb = 1/2:1:1/3:2/3 and using spin-coating method on Pt/Al 2 O 3 or Pt/SiO 2 /Si substrates. In Na doped PMN coatings the desired perovskite Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 phase (65 vol.%) and a small amount of metastable pyrochlore Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 phase were revealed after sintering at 650 C. In the SEM microstructure of 2-layered Na-PMN coatings with 100 nm of thickness, the bimodal particle distribution was observed with small spherical particles of pyrochlore phase and larger sponge-like particles of the perovskite phase. The smallest visible spherical particles (~30 nm) and larger mutually interconected particles (~125 nm) were found in TEM and AFM micrographs. Key words: sol-gel, PMN coating, pyrochlore, perovskite phase, morphology ÚVOD Perovskitové relaxátory na báze Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN) tenkých povlakov sú dôležitou súčasťou v rôznych dielektrických, optických a mikro-elektro-mechanických systémoch (MEMS) [1]. PMN povlaky (filmy) s hrúbkou < 1 µm sa dopujú a miešajú s ďalšími feroelektrikami PbTiO 3 (PT), PbZrO 3 (PZ) alebo oxidmi PbO, ZrO 2 a TiO 2 s cieľom dosiahnúť lepšie fyzikálne vlastnosti [2]. PMN-PT (70/30) tenké povlaky sú vyvíjané a pripravované rôznymi modernými technológiami tvorby tenkých povlakov ako PLD metóda [3], RF magnetron sputtering [4,5], Sodíkom dotované PMN-Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (PIN) (70/30) tenké filmy boli syntetizované kolumbitovou metódou miešaním oxidov s prídavkom 5 hm.% Na a nanesené na oceľový substrát pri 650 C PLD metódou [6]. Sol-gel proces predstavuje atraktívny spôsob prípravy tenkých oxidických vrstiev umožňujúcich ich nanesenie spin-coating metódou z prekurzorov (sólov) na rôzne substráty [7]. Ti a Nb prekurzory na báze citrátov a oxalátov sú vysoko stabilné polymérne (Pechini) komplexy, syntetizované Pechini polymerizačnou komplexnou (PC) metódou. Kyselinou vínnou modifikovaná PC metóda je vhodná aj na prípravu PMN tenkých povlakov [8,9]. Dôležitým poznatkom uvedeným v práci [10] je, že v (1-x)PMN-(x)Pt povlakoch, s x = 0, 0.1, 0.35 a 0.5, na Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substráte pri PC metóde súčasne vzniká parazitická metastabilná pyrochlórová (py) fáza a požadovaná perovskitová (pv) fáza (66 obj.%) pre x = 0 a čistá pv fáza pre x = 0.5 po spekaní pri 600 C. V tomto príspevku bol študovaný vplyv prídavku sodíka na fázové zloženie a morfológiu častíc PMN povlakov, pripravených sol-gel metódou pri mólovom pomere Na:Pb:Mg:Nb = 1/2:1:1/3:2/3 nanesených spin-coating metódou na Pt/Al 2 O 3 a Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substráty a spekaním pri 650 C. EXPERIMENTÁLNA ČASŤ Nb-vínny polymérny komplex pre Na- PMN syntézu tenkých povlakov bol pripravený modifikovanou Pechini PC metódou [7]. Na-PMN precursor (sol) bol syntetizovaný sol-gel metódou zmiešaním Na, Pb a Mg octanov s Nb-vínnym polymérnym komplexom a mólovým pomerom Na:Pb:Mg:Nb = 1/2:1:1/3:2/3). Základný sól bol zriedený so stabilizačným roztokom (n-propanol / 1,2-propandiol v mólovom pomere 10:1) na 1.0 M koncentráciu [11,12]. Oxidované Si [100] monokryštálové podložky p-typu boli použité ako substráty s Pt (50 nm) vrstvou. SiO 2 (250 nm) vrstva bola nanesená medzi Pt a Si. Pt/Al 2 O 3 a Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substráty boli povlakované s Na-PMN sólom pri 2000 ot./min. počas 30s a následnou kalcináciou pri 400 C/5 min. Tento proces bol opakovaný dva krát. Finálne 1 a 2-vrstvové Na- PMN tenké povlaky boli spekané pri 650 C/1hod na vzduchu. Fázové zloženie Na-PMN tenkých povlakov bolo určené RTG difrakčnou analýzou (Philips X Pert Pro). Objemová frakcia perovskitovej (pv) fázy v tenkých povlakoch (pv [obj.%]) bola vypočítaná ako pomer intenzít RTG difrakčných píkov z reflexie (110) roviny pv fázy (I pv ) a reflexie (222) roviny pyrochlórovej (py) fázy (I py ) podľa rovnice (1) [13]. I pv pv % = 100 (1) I + I pv py 18

2 Morfológie povrchov a rezov Na-PMN tenkých povlakov boli charakterizované REM/EDX analýzami (Jeol-JSM-7000F) a energiovodisperzným (EDX) analyzátorom, atómovou silovou mikroskópiou AFM (Aicon) a TEM analýzami (TESLA BS 500). VÝSLEDKY EXPERIMENTOV A DISKUSIA Na obr. 1 je RTG difraktogram 2- vrstvových Na-PMN tenkých povlakov na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte pripravených pri 650 C. Z RTG difrakčných čiar difraktogramu Na-PMN povlakov (Obr. 1a) bola identifikovaná prítomnosť perovskitovej (pv) Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 fázy (JCPDS ) s malým obsahom pyrochlórovej (py) Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 (JCPDS ) fázy. Objemová frakcia perovskitovej fázy v 2-vrstvových Na-PMN tenkých povlakoch bola 65 obj. %. Začlenenie Na do PMN pravdepodobne závisí od celkovej stechiometrie a schopnosti Na + katiónu substituovať na pozície olova, prípadne horčíka. Veľkosť kryštalitov (podľa Sherrerovej rovnice) v povlakoch bola približne ~30 nm, pričom pv fáza mala romboedrickú symetriu. Obr. 1 RTG difraktogram Na-PMN tenkých povlakov nanesených na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte a spekaných pri 650 C (ο - perovskitová (pv) Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 fáza, - pyrochlórová (py) Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fáza - Al 2 O 3 substrát a - Pt) Obr. 2 EDX analýza Na-PMN tenkých povlakov nanesených na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte spekaných pri 650 C PMN filmu sa formuje výsledná perovskitová fáza z pyrochlórovej a následne kryštalizáciou perovskitovej fázy. Mikroštruktúry povrchu a rezu Na-PMN tenkých povlakov nanesených na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte a spekaných pri 650 C je vidieť na obr. 3. V 1- vrstvovom povlaku sú mikrónové častice roztrúsené vo forme klastrov (obr. 3a). S rastom počtu nanesenej vrstvy sa klastre častíc navzájom spájajú. Morfológia častíc na povrchu 2 vrstiev (Obr. 3b,c) je charakterizovaná bimodálnou veľkosťou distribúcie častíc, obsahujúcej menšie sférické častice pravdepodobne pyrochlórovej Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fázy (~20-30 nm) a väčšie piškótovité navzájom prepojené častice perovskitovej Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 fázy (~ nm). REM pozorovanie povrchu vrstiev ukázalo, že väčšie častice reprezentujú aglomeráty menších častíc. Morfológia povrchu Na-PMN povlaku na priereze 2 vrstiev s hrúbkou 100 nm je ukázaná na obr. 3d. Povlak dokonale kopíruje neúplne vyhladený pórovitý povrch Al 2 O 3 substrátu. Bolo potvrdené, že hrúbka tenkých vrstiev rastie s ich počtom. Morfológia 1 a 2-vrstvových Na-PMN povlakov nanesených na Pt/SiO 2 /Si substráte je zobrazená na obr vrstvový povlak sa skladal z perovskitových častíc s veľkosťou ~500 nm a istej frakcie veľmi malých častíc (obr. 4a). Jemné sférické častice (možná pyrochlórová fáza) majú relatívne nízku kryštalickosť v porovnaní s perovskitovou fázou. 2-vrstvový film bol charakterizovaný veľkostnou distribúciou častíc s dvomi rozdielnými veľkosťami (Obr. 4b,c) - malé sférické (~30 nm) a väčšie (~500 nm) častice, ktoré sú pozostatkom pôvodných perovskitových častíc. Mikroštruktúra rezu 2-vrstvového filmu na Obr. 4d ukazuje, že hrúbka filmu 100 nm je celkom rovnomerná pozdĺž jeho dĺžky. Z mikroštruktúry rezu je vidieť, že Na-PMN film reprezentuje hladší povrch bez trhlín v porovnaní s predchádzajúcim substrátom, zložený z husto rozložených častíc. Morfológia týchto častíc je porovnateľná s morfológiou PMN-PT povlakov s hrúbkou ~800 nm pripravených sol-gel metódou ńa Pt/Si substráte s veľkosťou častíc pyrochlórovej fázy ~50 nm (pv=49%) [14], a PMN-PZN-PT filmov hrúbky ~500 nm na Pt/SiO 2 /Si substráte s dvoma rozdielnými veľkosťami častíc (malé častice okolo ~40 nm a najväčších tvarov ~ nm (pv%=64) [15]. Mikroštruktúra PMN filmov s hrúbkou 200 nm a Na dopovaných PMN-PIN filmov, pripravených PLD metódou s hrúbkou 380 nm [6] bola zložená z trojuholníkových perovskitových častíc s veľkosťou ~150 nm. Na obr. 2 je zobrazená EDX analýza 2-vrstvového Na-PMN tenkého filmu naneseného na Al 2 O 3 /Pt pripraveného pri 650 C. EDX analýza ukazuje prítomnosť prvkov Na, Pb, Mg a Nb v 2-vrstvových povlakoch a Al a Pt zo substrátu. Z amorfného Na- 19

3 Obr. 3 REM mikroštruktúry povrchu Na-PMN tenkých povlakov na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte (a) 1 vrstva, (b, c) 2 vrstvy a (d) rezu 2-vrstvových povlakov na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte. Obr. 4 REM mikroštruktúry povrchu Na-PMN tenkých povlakov na Pt/SiO 2 /Si substráte (a) 1 vrstva, (b, c) 2 vrstvy a (d) rezu 2-vrstvových povlakov na Pt/SiO 2 /Si substráte. 20

4 Na obr. 5 je ukázaná topografia povrchu 2-vrstvových Na-PMN tenkých povlakov, nanesených na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte. Z 3D AFM zobrazenia povlakov a morfológie častíc povlakov je zrejmé, že väčšie piškótovité šastice pozorované REM sú zložené z menších sférických s veľkosťou ~50-80 nm. V Na-PMN povlakoch bola pozorovaná pomocou AFM veľkosť častíc v intervale ~100 nm (Obr. 5), čo je v súhlase s REM pozorovaním. Drsnosť (root mean square roughness) (R rms ) zo snímanej plochy nm 2 bola určená približne na ~10.5 nm. Z literárnych údajov, v PMN-PT (50/50) filmoch, pripravených PC metódou boli pozorované pomocou AFM [5] malé sférické pyrochlórové častice ~8-25 nm. Obr. 6 TEM mikrosnímky častíc Na-PMN tenkých povlakov na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte (a) sférické častice pyrochlórovej Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fázy a (b) piškótovité častice perovskitovej Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 fázy. Obr. 5 AFM 3D topografický mikrosnímok Na- PMN tenkých povlakoch nanesených na Pt/Al 2 O 3 substráte a spekaných pri 650 C. TEM mikrosnímky častíc v Na-PMN tenkých vrstvách sú znázornené na obr. 6. Najmenšie viditeľné sférické častice (~30 nm) zodpovedajú pravdepodobne pyrochlórovej Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fáze (Obr. 6a) a perovskitové sférické Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (Obr. 6b) častice (~125 nm) reprezentujú piškotóvité navzájom prepojené častice ako následok spekania. Priemerná veľkosť častíc je porovnateľná s veľkosťou kryštalitov určenou RTG analýzou Na-PMN tenkých povlakov. ZÁVER Perovskitové Na-PMN tenké povlaky boli pripravené sol-gel syntézou zmiešaním Na, Pb a Mg octanov s Nb-vínnym polymérnym komplexom pri mólovom pomere Na:Pb:Mg:Nb=1/2:1:1/3:2/3 a nanesené spin-coating metódou na Pt/Al 2 O 3 a Pt/Si/SiO 2 substráty a spekané pri 650 C. Z našich experimentov sme zistili tieto skutočnosti: Z RTG difraktogramu bolo potvrdené, že v Na-PMN tenkých povlakoch je prítomná perovskitová Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 fáza (65 obj.%) a malý obah pyrochlórovej Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fázy. Pyrochlórová fáza pravdepodobne vzniká v prvej fáze rozkladu Nb-vínneho komplexu a ovplyvňuje kryštalizáciu perovskitovej fázy v sol-gel procese. V mikroštruktúrach 2-vrstvových Na- PMN/Pt/Al 2 O 3 tenkých povlakov na povrchu boli pozorované častice perovskitovej a pyrochlórovej fázy a v priereze hrúbka vrstiev ~100 nm. Morfológia častíc tenkých povlakov je bimodálna, obsahujúca menšie sférické častice pravdepodobne pyrochlórovej Na 2 Nb 8 O 21 fázy (~20-30 nm) a väčšie piškótovité častice perovskitovej fázy (~ nm) vo forme aglomerátov menších častíc. Z TEM a AFM mikrosnímok vyplýva, že priemerná veľkosť častíc je ~30 nm pre sférické častice a ~125 nm pre navzájom spojené okrúhle častice. V hustej morfológii 2-vrstvových Na- PMN/Pt/Si/SiO 2 tenkých povlakoch boli pozorované malé sférické častice s priemerom ~30 nm a okrúhle častice (~150 nm). Poďakovanie Tento príspevok bol napísaný s podporou Grantovej agentúry SAV prostredníctvom projektu VEGA - 2/0050/08. 21

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