Development of active inks for organic photovoltaics: state-of-the-art and perspectives
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1 Development of active inks for organic photovoltaics: state-of-the-art and perspectives Jörg Ackermann Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM) CNRS - UPR 3118, MARSEILLE - France Genes Ink, avenue Gaston Imbert, ROUSSET Cedex, France 1
2 Outline Overview on important parameters for large scale robust printed OPV production Inorganic nanoparticle inks for ITO replacement Electron transport layer Active layer: fullerene replacement Conclusion 2
3 Printed plastic solar cells: low cost production and new features Flexible substrates Roll-to-roll or sheet to sheet 3
4 Printed Plastic Photovoltaics New features: Flexibility Light weight Transparency and color in combination with low cost production Strong progress in OPV, now over 10% efficiences 4
5 Challenges for printed large areas low cost efficient OPV What s still to do? Solar energy conversion efficiency? 10% is already high but on small areas under N2 atmosphere, not printed Low cost, robust and stable materials compatible with low temperature processing in air Printing = robust, reliable deposition technology need of materials for thick layers processing ( 200 nm or better more) ITO replacement important for flexibility and price reduction 5
6 Device structure of an inverted solar cell Electrode (A) Hole transport layer (HTL) Active layer Electron transport layer (ETL) _ _ Electrode (transparent) Substrate (PET) 6
7 Inorganic nanoparticles for printed polymer solar cells Electrode (A) Hole transport layer (HTL) Active layer Electron transport layer (ETL) Electrode (transparent) Substrate (PET) 7
8 Challenges for ITO replacement Electrode (A) Hole transport layer (HTL) Active layer Electron transport layer (ETL) Electrode (transparent) Substrate (PET) 8
9 Economic assessment of ITO-free electrodes for organic solar cells Emmott C. J. M, et al Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 97 (2012)
10 Ag Nanowires for ITO replacement Challenges: roughness of layers, conductivity, printing limited by size 10
11 Ag Nanowires for ITO replacement at CINaM. Drop casting Variation of length and diameter Spin-coating Diameter down to 30 nm Length 3-5 μm 11
12 Optical properties of Ag NW films Conductivity measurements under work 12
13 Electron Transport Layer (ETL) Example inverted structure Electrode (A) Hole transport layer (HTL) Active layer Electron transport layer ETL Electrode (transparent) Substrate (PET) 13
14 Electron Transport Layer (ETL)
15 Solution processed Al doped ZnO (AZO) films for robust thick ETL layer processing T. Stubhan et al. / Organic Electronics 12 (2011) AZO film need processing at 260 C for 10 min Doped ZnO nanoparticles needed for low temperature processing 15
16 Al doped ZnO nanoparticles for low temperature processing AZO nanoparticle up to 1.4% Al doping, Size nm 16
17 Hybrid bulk heterojunctions Electrode (A) Hole transporting layer (HTL) Active layer Electron transporting layer ETL Electrode (transparent) Substrate (PET) 17
18 Standard solution processed OPV P3HT PCBM + + TEM 500 nm Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15,
19 Standard solution processed OPV P3HT PCBM + + TEM Thermal instability 500 nm Still challenges for industrial use: Thermal and electronic stability in air, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15,
20 Hybrid BHJ based OPV Hybrid Standard BHJ BHJ based based OPV OPV * Zhou et al Inorganic acceptors: - Nanocrystals; - Nanorods; - Tetrapods; - Nanoparticles as fullerenes substitutes; Expected advantages: improved air stability; Improved morphology stability; Improved e- mobility 20
21 Hybrid CdSe-P3HT solar cells Alivisatos et col. Science 295 (2002) CdSe Nanorods lead to additional light absorption, CdSe tetrapods result in better charge transport best efficiency of 2.8 % with P3HT. WR at 3.2 % with low band polymer PCP-DBTBT and CdSe* Alivisatos et col. Nanoletters 7 (2007),409 *Smita Dayal, et al Nano Lett. 2010, 10,
22 Hybrid solar cells using metal oxide nanoparticle as acceptor: ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles R. Janssen et al. Adv. Mater 16 (2004), 1009 High band gap semiconductors, thus no light absorption in the visible, but non toxic, cheap abundant materials = 0.8% % using P3HT 22
23 Morphological stability under temperature stress ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:ZnO P3HT:ZnO better thermal stability compared to P3HT:PCBM 23
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27 Organic solar cells using inorganic acceptors : where are we now? Efficiency of hybrid approaches still lower than all organic PV, But have potential for better morphological and electronic stability Interface control is important J. of Colloid and Interface Science 369 (2012) 1 15 How to increase efficiency of HPV: use of new low bandgap polymers, interface and morphology control 27
28 Synthesis of 3D metal oxide nanoparticles Improved charge transport, reduced number of nanoparticle interfaces 28
29 Synthesis of 3D metal oxyde nanoparticles Core 15 nm Branches 20 nm ZnO tetrapods 2,0 ex 310nm nm Absorbance (a.u.) 1,5 1,0 0,5 500 nm 4 2 PL intensity (a.u.) 0, Wavelength (nm) Residual Ligands (C18 : isolant) SFUMATO - 28/09/2012 (Marseille) 29
30 Conclusions ITO replacement has many alternatives, Ag nanowires may be most suitable Cheap, stable and efficient conductive and hole and electron extracting inks based on inorganic (hybrid) nanoparticles are ready for production of OPV. Use of inorganic acceptors to replace 30
31 Thank you for your attention
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