Is red shift an index of galactic atomic light emission mechanism?

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1 Inrnaional Journal of Phyi,, Vol., No., 9-6 Availabl onlin a hp://pub.ipub.o/ijp/// Sin and Eduaion Publihing DOI:.69/ijp--- I rd hif an indx of galai aoi ligh iion hani? U. V.S. Shavahara, S. Lakhinarayana and B.V.S.T. Sai Honorary fauly, I-SERVE, Alakapuri, Hydrabad-5, AP, India. Eail: havahara.uv@gail.o Dp. of Nular Phyi, Andhra Univriy, Viakhapana-, AP, India. Eail:lnriraa@yahoo.o Dp. of ahai and Cop. Sin & Engg, unur Engg. Collg, unur-9, AP, India. Eail:bvai@yahoo.o Abra: By highlighing h ajor horoing of odrn oology, in hi papr, an ap i ad o vrify h oi alraion in a quanu hanial approah. Wih rfrn o h valuabl opinion of Edwin Hubbl, rdhif an b rlad o a nw aoi phnonon. If ligh i oing fro h aoi ar of h galaxy, hn h obrvd rdhif an b inrprd a an indx of h galai aoi ligh iion hani. Clarly paking, rdhif ay no b onnd wih galaxy rding. Th auhor propo h following: During oi voluion, an agd hydrogn ao i an nrgi phoon. A h ag of h hydrogn ao inra, i i phoon wih inrad quana of nrgy and hu pa ligh quana id fro an old galaxy will hav l nrgy and how a rd hif wih rfrn o our galaxy. During i journy ligh quana will no lo nrgy and hr will b no hang in h ligh wavlngh. If o urrn oologial hang ay b rfld in any xiing ao. Th poibl aupion ar : ) A any givn oi i, Hubbl lngh an b onidrd a h graviaional or lroagni inraion rang. ) Bing a priordial volving blak hol and Hubbl onan bing h angular vloiy, univr i alway roaing wih ligh pd. ) In aoi and A nular phyi, aoi graviaional onan i quard Avogadro nubr i h Nwon graviaional onan n. N and i dir a whr n =,,.. ) Ky onpual link ha onn h graviaional for and non-, graviaional for i - h laial for lii, F C for agniud i. Raio of laial for lii and h iaginary lrowak FC FI N. 5) Avogadro nubr i dir and hu h iaginary lrowak for i dir and an b xprd a FI n and i o b or fundanal han h lroagni and rong nular for. 6) Dir iaginary lrowak for ay b h rponibl for for rvolving lron dir oal nrgy in hydrogn ao. 7) Chararii nular radiu and Rdud Plank onan inra wih oi i. 8) I an b uggd ha, frion and i orrponding boon a raio i no uniy bu a valu lo o.6. Thi ida an b applid o quark, lpon, proon and h hargd Higg frion. On an upr yry in low nrgi a wll a high nrgi. Kyword: Rdud Plank onan; Hubbl lngh; Hubbl a; Hubbl volu; Hubbl dniy; Coi rd hif; CBR praur; Claial for lii; Avogadro nubr; Iaginary lrowak for agniud; Aoi graviaional onan;. INTRODUCTION Thi papr i an updad vrion and a rviw of h auhor rnly publihd work Unifid Conp in Coi, Aoi and Nular Phyi []. In phyi hiory, for any nw ida or obrvaion or nw odl - a h vry bginning hir xin wa vry doubful. Th b xapl wr : ) Exin of ao ) Exin of quanu of nrgy ) Exin of ingral naur of angular onu ) Exin of wav hani 5) Six quark having fraional harg 6) Confuion in onfiring h xin of uon/pion 7) Exin of Blak hol 8) Blak hol radiaion 9) Einin oologial Labda r ) Coi rd hif ) Diovry of CBR and ) Alraing univr and o on [-6]. I i apd ha a opl hory of h voluion of h univr will no b poibl unil h dvlopn of a uful quanu hory of graviy. In hi rp, oology rbl anohr branh of phyi, h udy of h lnary paril. By onidring h obrvd oi rdhif a a rul of galai aoi ligh iion hani h wo nral branh of phyi i.. oology and quanu hani an b udid in a unifid annr. Th ouanding probl in paril phyi oday i h inluion of graviy in a ingl, unifid quanu hory of all h fundanal inraion. Paril

2 phyii hav long uggd ha h four fundanal for of naur (viz. h graviaional, lroagni, wak nular and rong nular for) ar para, lownrgy anifaion of wha wa on a ingl for a i lo o h Big Bang. I i poulad ha a h univr xpandd and oold, hi ingl for gradually brok down ino h four para inraion obrvd oday (by h pro of ponanou yry braking). A daild quanu hory ha drib h lroagni and wak nular for in r of a ingl for (h lrowak inraion) wa dvlopd in h 97 and draaially vrifid by high-nrgy xprin in paril alraor a dad lar. or abiiou quanu hori ha inorpora h rong nular for (rand Unifid Thori) hav bn dvlopd, and o xprinal uppor for h odl ha rgd. Howvr, unifiaion hori ha k o unify h for of graviy wih all h ohr for (Thori of Evryhing) rain luiv, a h graviaional inraion lak a quanu forulaion. To unify oology, quanu hani and h four obrvd fundanal oologial inraion rainly a unifid for i rquird. In hi onnion an b onidrd a a fundanal unifid for. Pla no ha, in any bound y, opraing for only play ajor rol in ainaining h xin of h bound y and angular onu i on of h rul. By any raon and wih any larg proporionaliy raio, if on i abl o bring down i agniud o h obrvd for agniud a in aoi y and ak i dir, hn auoaially on an a dir ruur or arrangn in h aoi y. Thn h obrvd dir radii, dir angular onu and dir nrgy lvl an b aily undrood. Now h fundanal quion o b anwrd i - How o l a dir and larg proporionaliy raio? Anwr i vry ipl. Ipln h xiing larg nubr and h onqun. any phyii hink abou h poibl variaion of h fin ruur raio and xprin ar in progr. In a horial approah, a varying ha bn propod a a hararii and unifid way of olving probl in oology and arophyi. or rnly, horial inr in varying onan (no ju ) ha bn oivad by ring hory and ohr uh propoal for going byond h Sandard odl of paril phyi. In Oobr Wbb. al. [7] rpord a variaion in dpndn on boh rdhif and paial dirion. Hr i hould b nod ha, h onp - variaion of alpha dirly and indirly i giving a lu o hink abou h poibl variaion of h rdud Plank onan or Plank onan. Thi i a vry niiv poin and nd rong xprinal vidn and vigorou horial analyi. Bu ill oday fro ground bad laboraory xprin no variaion wa noid in h agniud of h fin ruur raio. In hi papr auhor ad an ap o udy hi opliad iu in a horial way. In undranding h bai onp of unifiaion or TOE, rol of dark nrgy and dark ar i inignifian. Evn hough hr wr a nubr of papr/book publihd on oology, h ap for a oprhniv udy on hi ubj, oupld wih oparaiv udi wih h odrn oology on on hand and wih h odrn aoi phyi on h ohr, wa no ad by anybody o far. Th prn udy an b onidrd a a bginning proj in hi fild. Coologial obrvaion hrough ground lop or alli lop i a noral prai. In hi papr undr onidraion, i an b uggd ha: urrn oologial hang an b undrood by udying h ao and aoi nulu hrough ground bad xprin. I i an inring par of h udy of oology and fundanal inraion. So far no Iniu ha akn hi ubj for R&D. Thi ida i qui uniqu, naural and h opnn in h ubj of oology and fundanal inraion an b liinad. Th fuur in gnraion an adop hi propod onp a a hararii rfrn for h fuur inifi obrvaion, analyi and xprin. I i an inring ida and yar of aoi, nular and oi phyi an b rfind and unifid. W oninu hi ion wih h ajor horoing of odrn oology.. ajor horoing of odrn oology A) If ligh i oing fro h aoi ar of h galaxy, hn rdhif an b inrprd a an indx of h galai aoi ar ligh iion hani. In no way i o b onnd wih galaxy rding. B) If oi xpanion i oninuou and alraing and rdhif i a aur of oi xpanion, ra of inra in rdhif an b onidrd a a aur of oi ra of xpanion. Thn hr i no poibiliy o obrv a onan rd hif. rly by iaing galaxy dian (inad of iaing galaxy rding pd) on anno vrify h oi alraion. C) Drop in oi praur an b onidrd a a aur of oi xpanion and ra of dra in oi praur an b onidrd a a aur of oi ra of xpanion. Bu if ra of dra in praur i vry all and i byond h op of urrn xprinal vrifiaion, hn h wo poibl a ar: a) oi praur i draing a a vry low ra and univr i xpanding a a vry low ra and b) hr i no obrvabl hral xpanion and hr i no obrvabl oi xpanion. D) If Dark nrgy i h ajor ouo of h alraing univr, i i vry iporan o no ha - in undranding h bai onp of unifiaion or ohr fundanal ara of phyi, rol of dark nrgy i vry inignifian. So far no

3 ground bad xprin onfird h xin of dark nrgy. Thr i no ingl lu or dfiniion or vidn o any of h naural phyial propri of (h aud) dark nrgy. E) Dinionally i i poibl o how ha, h dinion of Hubbl onan and angular vloiy ar a. If o onidring Hubbl onan rly a an xpanion parar ay no b orr.. Ioropy ay b b poibl in a lod xpanding univr If univr i rally alraing, bad on h Hubbl law [], for h obrvr - h rding or alraing galaxy u how a oninuou inra in i rd hif! So ay: inananouly rd hif anno inra du o h liid phoon pd. If oi alraion bgan 5 billion yar ago, hn during i alrad rding journy, h galaxy u how a oninuou inra in rd hif - whhr h hang i du o pa alrad rding or prn alrad rding. Thr i no uh vidn. In hi onnion - h appropria ida an b ad a follow: ) Rdhif i a aur of xpanion and ) Ra of inra in rd hif i a aur of oi ra of xpanion. Thi ida an b uppord by anohr ipl onp: ) Drop in oi praur i a aur of oi xpanion and ) Ra of dra in oi praur i a aur of oi ra of xpanion. I an b uggd ha, A) In a lod xpanding univr, in and wih xpanion ra, inananouly hral wav undrgo oninuou rhing in all dirion wih rp o h nr of h lod univr and h lod boundary. B) Whn h xpanion ra i vry low. i., praially zro xpanion ra, rhing in hral wav i alo zro and on an obrv unifor hral wavlngh in all dirion. C) In a fla univr, whr hr i no boundary and no nr, i ay no b poibl.. Edwin Hubbl opinion on Coi rdhif In 97 Hubbl [] uggd ha Th rd hif ar or aily inrprd a vidn of oion in h lin of igh away fro h arh a vidn ha h nbula in all dirion ar ruhing away fro u and ha h farhr away hy ar, h far hy ar rding. Thi inrpraion lnd ilf dirly o hori of xpanding univr. Th inrpraion i no univrally apd, bu vn h o auiou of u adi ha rd hif ar vidn of ihr an xpanding univr or of o hihro unknown prinipl of naur. Ap hav bn ad o aain h nary priion wih h inh, and h rul appar o b ignifian. If hy ar valid, i likly ha h rdhif ay no b du o an xpanding univr, and uh of h urrn pulaion on h ruur of h univr ay rquir r-xainaion. Th ignifian daa, howvr, wr narily obaind a h vry lii of a ingl inrun, and hr wr no poibl an of hking h rul by indpndn vidn. Thrfor h rul u b apd for h prn a uggiv rahr han dfiniiv. W ay prdi wih onfidn ha h inh will ll u whhr h rd hif u b apd a vidn of a rapidly xpanding univr, or aribud o o nw prinipl in naur. Whavr ay b h anwr, h rul ay b wlod a anohr ajor onribuion o h xploraion of h univr.. Albr Einin opinion on unifiaion of lroagni and graviaional inraion No ha, Einin, or han any ohr phyii, unroubld by ihr quanu unrainy or laial oplxiy, blivd in h poibiliy of a opl, prhap final, hory of vryhing. [,]. H alo blivd ha h fundanal law and prinipl ha would body uh a hory would b ipl, powrful and bauiful. Phyii ar an abiiou lo, bu Einin wa h o abiiou of all. Hi dand of a fundanal hory wr xrly rong. If a hory onaind any arbirary faur or undrind parar hn i wa dfiin, and h dfiiny poind h way o a dpr and or profound and or prdiiv hory. Thr hould b no fr parar no arbirarin. Aording o hi philoophy, lroagni u b unifid wih gnral rlaiviy, o ha on ould no iply iagin ha i did no xi. Furhror, h xin of ar, h a and h harg of h lron and h proon (h only lnary paril rognizd bak in h 9 ), wr arbirary faur. On of h ain goal of a unifid hory hould b o xplain h xin and alula h propri of ar. In hi papr auhor ad an ap o undrand h bai onp of unifiaion via paril oology [5,6]..5 Currn au of ah prinipl - Hubbl volu In horial phyi, pariularly in diuion of graviaion hori, ah prinipl [] i h na givn by Einin o an inring hypohi ofn rdid o h phyii and philoophr Ern ah. Th ida i ha h loal oion of a roaing rfrn fra i drind by h larg al diribuion of ar. Thr ar a nubr of rival forulaion of h prinipl. A vry gnral an of ah prinipl i loal phyial law ar drind by h larg-al ruur of h univr. Thi onp wa a guiding faor in Einin dvlopn of h gnral hory of rlaiviy. Einin ralizd ha h ovrall diribuion of ar would drin h ri nor, whih ll h obrvr whih fra i roaionally aionary.

4 On of h ain oivaion bhind forulaing h gnral hory of rlaiviy wa o provid a ahaial dripion o h ah prinipl. Howvr, oon afr i forulaion, i wa ralizd ha h hory do no follow ah prinipl. A h horial prdiion wr ahing wih h obrvaion, Einin blivd ha h hory wa orr and did no ak any farhr ap o rforula h hory o xplain ah prinipl. Lar on, vral ap wr ad by diffrn rarhr o forula h hory of graviy bad on ah prinipl. Howvr o of h hori rain unuful o xplain diffrn phyial phnona. In h andard oology, Hubbl volu or Hubbl phr i a phrial rgion of h Univr urrounding an obrvr byond whih obj rd fro ha obrvr a a ra grar han h pd of ligh du o h xpanion of h Univr. Th o-oving radiu of a Hubbl phr (known a h Hubbl radiu or h Hubbl lngh) i, ( / H), whr i h pd of ligh and H i h Hubbl onan. or gnrally, h r Hubbl volu an b applid o any rgion of pa wih a volu of h ordr of / H. Hubbl volu an b onidrd a a ky ool in oology and unifiaion. So oologi u h r Hubbl volu o rfr o h volu of h obrvabl univr. Wih rfrn o h ah prinipl and h Hubbl volu, a any oi i, if Hubbl a i h produ of oi riial dniy and h Hubbl volu, hn i an b uggd ha, ) Eah and vry poin in h fr pa i inflund by h Hubbl a, ) Hubbl volu and Hubbl a play a vial rol in undranding h propri of lroagni and nular inraion and ) Hubbl volu and Hubbl a play a ky rol in undranding h gory of h univr. Thu, in hi papr, an ap i ad o undrand h bai unifid onp of lroagni, graviy and rong inraion rang via h Hubbl lngh, Hubbl volu and Hubbl a. Th bai ida of unifiaion i ) To iniiz h nubr of phyial onan and ) To rg a group of diffrn fundanal onan ino on opound phyial onan wih appropria inrpraion. In hi journy, h fir p i o h nurial oinidn or diovri, ond p i o inrpr h nurial oinidn and h hird p i o ynhroniz h urrn inrpraion and nw inrpraion. Whn h nw inrpraion diagr wih h urrn inrpraion, gnrally wih h hlp of rging in and hnology, dirpani an b rolvd wih fuur obrvaion and xprin. an whil ahaial phyi play a ky rol in undranding and analyzing h nw and old inrpraion. Whn h ubj undr onidraion i vry niiv o huan hough, obrvaion and inrpraion and whn h ubj undr onidraion i alo rlad wih larg nubr, propod aura nurial oinidn and nw inrpraion ay b givn o onidraion..6 ajor rol of ah prinipl in undranding h univr and h ao In bwn h fla univr and h lod univr, hr i on oproi. Tha i Hubbl volu. Wihou onidring h ah prinipl, phyial aning anno b aahd o Hubbl volu. No ha ill oday quaniaivly ah prinipl wa no iplnd ufully in oi and nular phyi. If w do no y know whhr h univr i paially lod or opn, hn h ida of Hubbl volu an b ud a a ool in oology and unifiaion. So oologi u h r Hubbl volu o rfr o h volu of h obrvabl univr. A any oi i, if Hubbl a i h produ of oi riial dniy and h Hubbl volu, hn i an b uggd ha, wihin h Hubbl volu, ah and vry poin in fr pa i inflund by h Hubbl a. I o b a quaniaiv dripion o h ah prinipl. In h univr, if h urrn riial dniy i H / 8 Hubbl radiu i R H Hubbl volu i /, and h urrn hararii urrn a of h oi and i Shwarzhild H radiu rbl h Hubbl lngh. For h i bing l u all hi a a Hubbl a. Wih hi dfiniion, apar fro oology, ah prinipl an b givn a fundanal and unifid ignifian in aoi, nular and paril phyi! Hr, a a poin of urioiy, if on i willing o onidr hi a a a hararii urrn a of h univr, vry aily, Plank al, oology and paril phyi an b udid in a unifid annr. I dpnd only on our hoi of inifi inr..7 Th oi riial dniy and i dinional analyi Rn finding fro h Univriy of ihigan ugg ha h hap of h Big Bang igh b or opliad han prviouly hough, and ha h arly univr pun on an axi. A lf-handd and righ-handd iprin on h ky a rpordly rvald by galaxy roaion would iply h univr wa roaing fro h vry bginning and raind an ovrwhlingly rong angular onu [8]. alaxi pin, ar pin, and plan pin. So, why no h whol univr? Th onqun of a pinning univr o b profound [9-], naural and oi ollap an b prvnd. Thu oi (ligh pd) roaion an b onidrd a an alrnaiv o h faou rpuliv graviy onp. Wih a ipl drivaion i i poibl o how ha, Hubbl onan H rprn oologial angular vloiy. Au ha, a plan of a and radiu R roa wih angular vloiy and linar vloiy v in uh a way ha, fr or looly bound paril of a lying on i quaor gain a kini nrgy qual o ponial nrgy a,

5 v () R v and = R v () R R R i. linar vloiy of plan roaion i qual o fr paril ap vloiy. Wihou any xrnal powr or nrgy, paril gain ap vloiy by viru of plan roaion. Uing hi ida, Blak hol radiaion and origin of oi ray an b undrood. No ha if Earh opl on roaion in on hour hn fr paril lying on h quaor will g ap vloiy. Now wriing, R, v 8 8 = Or () R Dniy, = 8 In ral i, hi obaind dniy ay or ay no b qual 8 ral o h aual dniy. Bu h raio, ay hav ral o phyial aning. Th o iporan poin o b nod hr, i ha, a far a dinion and uni ar onidrd, fro quaion (), i i vry lar ha, proporionaliy onan bing, 8 angular vloiy () dniy (5) Equaion () i iilar o fla odl onp of oi riial dniy H 8 (6) Coparing quaion () and (6) dinionally and onpually, i.. H wih = 8 8 (7) and H H (8) I i vry lar ha, dinion of Hubbl onan u b radian/ond. In any phyial y undr udy, for any on ipl phyial parar hr will no b wo diffrn uni and hr will no b wo diffrn phyial aning. Thi i a ipl lu and bring oi roaion ino piur. Thi i poibl in a lod univr only. Coi odl ha dpnd on hi riial dniy ay onidr angular vloiy of h univr in h pla of Hubbl onan. In h n, oi roaion an b inludd in h xiing odl of oology. Thn h r riial dniy iply appar a h phrial volu dniy of h lod and xpanding univr.. POSSIBLE ASSUPTIONS IN UNIFIED COSIC PHYSICS Th poibl aupion in unifid oi phyi an b xprd in h following way [-],[-5]: H an b onidrd a h / A) Hubbl lngh graviaional or lroagni inraion rang. B) Bing a priordial volving blak hol and angular vloiy bing H, univr i alway roaing wih ligh pd [-]. C) Aoi graviaional onan [8-5] i quard Avogadro nubr i h laial graviaional onan. Thu, A N (9) whr A i h Aoi graviaional onan, N i h Avogadro nubr and i h laial graviaional onan. D) Th ky onpual link ha onn h graviaional and non-graviaional for i - h laial for lii FC.6 nwon () I an b onidrd a h unifid oi for agniud or h uppr lii of h ring nion. In i invr for i 8 appar in Einin' hory of graviaion [6] a. I ha ulipl appliaion in Blak hol phyi and Plank al phyi []. I ha o b aurd ihr fro h xprin or fro h oi and aronoial obrvaion. E) Raio of laial for lii F C and iaginary lrowak for agniud F i N whr N i a larg nubr lo o h Avogadro nubr. FC Uppr lii of laial for N F Iaginary lrowak for agniud () I Thu h propod iaginary lrowak for agniud i F I.75 nwon. I o b or fundanal han h lrowak and rong nular for. I play a vry inring rol in undranding h aring dian bwn lron and h hargd nulu. Along wih h hararii nular iz, hi for play a vial rol in undranding h rvolving lron dian fro h nulu in h hydrogn ao. Conidring hi F I hargd, Higg frion and boon a an b fid. uon and au a an b fid auraly. In hi onnion pla rfr our arlir publihd papr [-]. I 5

6 FC Wih ln ln N, proon-lron a raio an b FI fid. raviaional onan or h Avogadro nubr an alo b fid. F) Avogadro nubr i dir and hu h iaginary lrowak for i dir. Th dir iaginary lrowak for an b xprd a FI n. A n () n. N n. N whr n,,,.. Thi dir iaginary lrowak for ay b h rponibl for for rvolving lron dir oal nrgy in hydrogn ao. ) Rdud Plank onan inra wih oi i []. A prn if w rprn, in h pa h opraing rdud Plank onan wa agniud wa l han. H) In odifid quark SUSY [,], if f and i i h a of frion and b i h a of boon, hn f.6 () b and f rprn h ffiv frion a. Wih hi ida upr yry an b obrvd in h low and high nrgy rong inraion and an alo b obrvd in h lrowak inraion. Wih hi ida, Avogadro nubr an b fid fro paril phyi. In our arlir in i h publihd papr auhor uggd ha, if wak oupling angl, frion of pin half ak jup (wih a juping angl of in 7.67 dgr) in on rvoluion and o o i aring poiion. Siilarly boon of pin ak 78 jup (wih a juping angl of 55.5 dgr) in rvoluion and o o i aring poiion. Thu h frion - boon a raio an approxialy b fid wih h following xprion: ln 6.6. Hr, in hi xprion, h nubr 6 rprn h raio of nubr of jup ad by boon in rvoluion and nubr of jup ad by frion in rvoluion. For h i bing hi nubr an b approxialy fid wih h paril daa. Thu a any givn oi i, ) d( ) i a aur of oi ra of xpanion. A i d d( ) i paing, on an xp a vry all hang in d and i ay b byond h op of xprinal auray. Bu o hav a rapid (dabl) hang in W W d( ) prn oi i hould run fa or hould d alra. I i poibl o how ha, ponial nrgy of lron in hydrogn ao i dirly proporional o. Bohr ond poula whih ugg ha ponial nrgy of lron in hydrogn ao i invrly proporional o o b a oinidn [5,5]. ) During oi voluion agd Hydrogn ao i nrgi phoon. Clarly paking, a ag of h hydrogn ao inra, i i phoon wih inrad quanu of nrgy. Thu pa ligh quana id fro old galaxy will hav l nrgy and how a rd hif wih rfrn o our galaxy. During journy ligh quana will no lo nrgy and hr will b no hang in ligh wavlngh. ) Th bai or original dfiniion of prn/urrn rdhif z o b: E E z bu no z. E () h Hr E i h nrgy of phoon a our galaxy and E h i h nrgy of phoon a h obrvd galaxy whn i wa id. Siilarly i h wav lngh of ligh rivd fro obrvd galaxy and i h wav lngh of ligh in laboraory. No ha, bad on h inraing valu of h Plank onan, prn rd hif z will b dirly proporional o ag diffrn bwn our galaxy and obrvd galaxy or i akn by ligh o rah our galaxy fro h old galaxy. Thu z and z H. (5) Hr H i h proporionaliy onan. In hi way H an b inorporad dirly. Ti akn by ligh o rah our galaxy or h ag diffrn of our galaxy and obrvd galaxy an b xprd a, z. (6) H z. (7) H In hi way, h bai and original dfiniion of galaxy rding and alraing univr onp an b liinad and a dlraing or xpandd univr onp an b oninud wihou any diffiuly. Now h fundanal quion o b anwrd i: If, how o dfin h rd hif?. In ak h rol of ion.7, onidring E E E w propod a ipl, 6

7 oluion o hi probl. Wih diffrn galaxi and wih diffrn, H z z z (8) whr, and,.. rprn diffrn galaxi. In an alrnaiv way h auhor propo h following onp: during oi voluion agd Hydrogn ao i nrgi phoon. Clarly paking, a ag of h hydrogn ao inra, i i phoon wih inrad quanu of nrgy. Thu pa ligh quana id fro old galaxy will hav l nrgy and how a rd hif wih rfrn o our galaxy. During journy ligh quana will no lo nrgy and hr will b no hang in ligh wavlngh. ) A any givn oi i, h Shwarzhild radiu of univr i (9) H whr i h oi a a ha i. Wih hi ida, a any givn oi i, oi iz an b onraind o a axiu inad of infiniy. Th oi a an b xprd a. () H I an b alld a h Hubbl a'. Thu h oi volu dniy ak h following wll known riial dniy for, H v. H H 8 I an b alld a h oi Hubbl dniy.. APPLICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED ASSUPTIONS () Siilar o and lo o h Plank al and wih rfrn and, a o h fundanal phyial onan fundanal a uni an b onrud a kg. I an b onidrd a a hararii fundanal unifid hargd a uni. I i noid ha, h raio play a vry inring rol in fiing h oi ar dniy and hral nrgy dniy.. Coi ar Dniy Approxialy rlaion bwn oi volu dniy and ar dniy an b xprd a v H ln 8 - () No ha, a prn obaind ar dniy an b opard wih h llipial and piral galaxy ar dniy. Bad on h avrag a-o-ligh raio for any galaxy [5].5 h gra/ () whr for any galaxy, /L alaxy = /L Sun and h H 7 nubr: h.7. No ha K//p llipial galaxi probably opri abou 6% of h galaxi in h univr and piral galaxi ar hough o ak up abou % of h galaxi in h univr. Alo 8% of h galaxi ar in h for of llipial and piral galaxi. For piral galaxi, h 9 and for llipial h galaxi,. For our galaxy innr par, h h 6. Thu h avrag i vry lo o 8 o 9 and i orrponding ar dniy i (5.96 o 6.7) - gra/... Coi Thral Enrgy Dniy A any givn oi i, if ` a ' i h radiaion nrgy onan and ` b ' i h Win diplan onan, raio of oi volu nrgy dniy and oi hral nrgy dniy an b xprd a v ln at () k B 8 kb Hr, a 5 h b kb kb.997. b b Thu, in a laial approah, indpndn of h Plank onan, radiaion onan an b xprd a abov. Evn wih rfrn o quanu hani alo, Win onan i a oologial onan. Thi i a vry niiv poin o b diud. Win law i bad on h laial approah [55,56]. Wih rfrn o Win diplan law, i an b undrood ha, for any blak body, o rongly id hral wav lngh i invrly proporional o i abolu praur. Wih rfrn o h urrn agniud of h Plank onan, aura valu of h Win onan an b iad and ha obaind agniud an b onidrd a a onan hroughou h oi i. If o, a any givn oi i, hral nrgy dniy an b xprd a ln H at (5) 8 If H i lo o 7 k//p, obaind CBR praur [57,58] i.7 K. Thu i an b uggd ha, a any givn oi i, ar nrgy dniy an b 7

8 onidrd a h gori an of hral-nrgy dniy and volu-nrgy dniy. H at at v 8.. Wavlngh of h CB radiaion (6) Auhor noid wo approxia hod for iaing h CB radiaion. ori an of h hod i fiing wih h obrvaional daa auraly. hod-: Wih rfrn o h Win diplan law, wav lngh of h o rongly id CB radiaion an b xprd a v ln (7) No ha hi xprion i fr fro h radiaion onan. If H i lo o 7 k//p, obaind (o rongly id) wavlngh of h CB radiaion i.7. hod-: Pair paril raion and annihilaion in fr pa - i an inring ida. In h xpanding univr, by onidring h propod hargd and i pair annihilaion a a hararii oi phnona, origin of h ioropi CB radiaion an b addrd. Thral nrgy an b xprd a k T B Bad on Win diplan law, B (8) b bk (9) T If H i lo o 7 k//p, obaind (o rongly id) wavlngh of h CB radiaion i.8. hod-: Conidring h gori an wav lngh of wavlngh obaind fro hod- and, wav lngh of h o rongly id CB radiaion an b xprd a bkb ln () bkb ln () If H i lo o 7 k//p, obaind (o rongly id) wavlngh of h CB radiaion i.6. In hi way, in a i pirial approah, h obrvd CB radiaion praur an b undrood. Clarly paking, v ln () () bkb 5 and.856 o b a laial onan and an b onidrd a a hararii laial hral wav lngh. Th o iporan poin i ha, a h blak hol univr i xpanding, i xpanion ra an d b vrifid wih. A i i paing, on an d d xp a vry all hang in and i ay b d byond h op of xprinal auray. Bu o hav a d rapid (dabl) hang in, prn oi i d hould run fa or hould alra. Prn obrvaion india ha, CB radiaion i ooh and unifor. Thi niiv probl an b rolvd only wih furhr rarh and analyi... Th Coologial Fin Sruur Raio In phyi, h fin-ruur raio ` ' i a fundanal phyial onan, naly h oupling onan hararizing h rngh of h lroagni inraion. Bing a dinionl quaniy, i ha onan nurial valu in all y of uni. If v i h prn oi volu nrgy dniy and at i h prn oi hral nrgy dniy, i i noid ha, at ln. () v No ha, fro unifiaion poin of viw, ill oday rol of dark nrgy or dark ar i unlar and undidd. Thir laboraory or phyial xin i alo no y onfird. In hi riial iuaion hi appliaion an b onidrd a a ky ool in paril oology. No ha larg dinionl onan and opound phyial onan rfl an inrini propry of naur. A prn abov rlaion ak h following for. ln at (5) H A prn if obrvd CBR praur i T.75 K, obaind H 7.5 K//p. Afr iplifiaion, i an b inrprd a follow. Toal hral nrgy in h prn Hubbl volu an b xprd a, E T at H (6) 8

9 If i h prn lroagni inraion rang, H h prn lroagni ponial an b xprd a E H (7) Now invr of h prn fin ruur raio an b xprd a E E T ln (8) Hr, in RHS, dnoinaor ay b a rprnaion of oal hral nrgy in half of h oi phr or hral nrgy of any on pol of h oi phr. Thu a any oi i, ET ln E Whn, at (9) H and,. 8 In hi way, in a unifid annr, h prn fin ruur raio an b fid. In hi rgard, on an rfr h nw varying pd of ligh hori[59]. Fro hi rlaion i i poibl o ay ha, d oologial ra of hang in fin ruur raio, d ay b onidrd a an indx of h fuur oi alraion. A i i paing, on an xp a vry d all hang in and i ay b byond h op of d xprinal auray. Bu o hav a rapid (dabl) d hang in, prn oi i hould run fa or d hould alra. any phyii hink abou ' poibl variaion and xprin ar in progr. Spifially, a varying ha bn propod a a way of olving probl in oology and arophyi. or rnly, horial inr in varying onan (no ju ) ha bn oivad by ring hory and ohr uh propoal for going byond h Sandard odl of paril phyi. In Oobr Wbb al. rpord a variaion in dpndn on boh rdhif and paial dirion [7]. Till oday fro ground bad laboraory xprin no variaion wa noid in h agniud of h fin ruur raio..5. Currn or prn hararii nular iz Th probl of dfining a radiu for h aoi nulu i iilar o h probl of aoi radiu, in ha nihr ao nor hir nuli hav dfini boundari. Howvr, h nulu an b odld a a phr of poiiv harg for h inrpraion of lron aring xprin: bau hr i no dfini boundary o h nulu, h lron a rang of ro-ion, for whih a an an b akn. Th qualifiaion of "r" (for "roo an quar") ari bau i i h nular ro-ion, proporional o h quar of h radiu, whih i drining for lron aring. Th fir ia of a nular harg radiu wa ad by Han igr and Ern ardn in 99, undr h dirion of Ern Ruhrford a h Phyial Laboraori of h Univriy of anhr, UK [6]. odrn dir aurn ar bad on h aring of lron by nuli [6-6]. Wih rfrn o h urrn a H of h xpanding blak hol univr, w diovrd a vry rang rlaion and i an b xprd in h following way. p p RN.7 f () FC Thi lngh an b onidrd a h urrn hararii nular iz in h urrn xpanding univr. Thi i a rarkabl oinidn and o opn a nw window in oology and nular phyi. No ha,. f i nohing bu h obrvd and wll undrood rong inraion rang [6]. Th o iporan poin i ha, a h blak hol univr i xpanding, fro nular phyi poin of viw, i xpanion ra an b vrifid wih d RN d. hang in A i i paing, on an xp a vry all d RN and i ay b byond h op of d xprinal auray. Bu o hav a rapid (dabl) d RN prn oi i hould run fa or d hould alra. In hi rgard h propod bai ida i ha, h hararii nular iz ha i aurd in lron aring xprin inra wih inraing oi iz. W propo h following (anohr) diovrd rlaion and i ha o b drivd wih a uiabl odl. hang in R FI p A x FC H A. o. f () Anohr inring obrvaion i x.6 f Ry an b onidrd a h hararii iaginary lrowak for rang and R R x.86 f an b opard wih h r radiu of proon [6-6]. A uo fundanal lvl, i ay no b poibl o giv a proof or drivaion for any nw diovrd rlaion. In du our, i an b applid in diffrn way and i validiy an b vrifid. Fro on poin of viw, i i vry puliar and 9

10 fro anohr poin of viw i i vry opliad o inrpr. Why bau ill oday no odl (inluding h faou ring hory) ould xplain h origin of h rong inraion rang! Whhr o onidr hi rlaion or diard hi rlaion, dpnd only on our hoi of inifi inr. Auhor noid inring appliaion of hi hararii nular iz in aoi phyi and lrowak inraion..6. Th Coologial Rdud Plank Conan Fro abov rlaion i an b gud ha, hr xi a rong inronnion in bwn univr and h Hydrogn ao. I hould b nod ha, in Bohr hory of hydrogn ao, nihr h nular a nor h nular iz ha bn onidrd for undranding h nrgy pra of h xid hydrogn ao. No only ha, ill oday no on know h origin of h wll undrood Plank onan. In hi onnion h following xprion an b onidrd a a diovry. Hr y Ry n. () FI Ry n R an b onidrd a h iaginary on of inria of lron abou i axi of roaion, whr h FI radial dian i Ry.6 f. Ry an b n onidrd a h hararii work don rlad wih h dir iaginary lrowak for and n,,,.. Abov xprion ipl for i:. A y n n R () Fro rlaion (), hi rlaion ak h for. n. p n. p n. () Hr an b onidrd a h nubr of lron in h prn univr of a, H. So ay ay ha hi i iply a play wih h fundanal phyial onan. o odrn phyii and oologi ay no b inrd in aping hi bau i onqun o onradi h xiing onp of quanu hani. Hr, h auhor rqu h valuabl viw of Einin on unifiaion of graviy, lroagni and quanu hani [6] b ronidrd. If an lron rvolv around a proon of iz lo o i r radiu and (lron & proon) ar h aiv lnary aoi paril of h obrvabl xpanding univr, hn h abov rlaion ay b givn o onidraion in h unifiaion progra. If o, prn Hubbl onan an b xprd a p H 7.7 k//p (5) Thu i i poibl o gu ha, p H H onan (6) Now hr w ar prning h following inring rlaion. FI Ry (7) A Subiuing h propod xprion for ` ' fro rlaion (), in hi rlaion RHS an b obaind..7. Elron Chararii Ponial Enrgy and h oi rd hif Wih rfrn o h propod ` F I ' and R y prn Bohr radiu an b xprd a a F I R (8) y p Thi i on inring obrvaion or diovry and i a rarkabl oinidn. Clarly paking, a h univr i xpanding or volving, wihin h ao, hararii nular iz i inraing and dian bwn lron and h nulu i draing. Now h dir Bohr radii an b xprd a n n a F I R (9) y p Now i an b n ha, FI R y p a (5) Thu in hydrogn ao, dir ponial nrgy of lron an b xprd a F R I y p E po (5) n Th ajor advanag of hi rlaion i ha, i oniu h proon a and h hararii nular iz. If on i willing o ap hi rlaion a a fundanal rlaion in aoi phyi, fro rlaion (7)- in r of, lron ponial nrgy an b xprd a p po A n E Now wih rfrn o Bohr fir poula, (5)

11 a prn, wih in h Bohr radiu vr n. (5) v a (5) Thu prn pd of lron in h Bohr radiu an b xprd a v a Ry p Ry F I (55) If oal nrgy i half of h ponial nrgy, a prn, in hydrogn ao, lron hararii dir oal nrgy an b xprd a E R F I y p oal n whr n =,,,.. In r of p oal A n (56) E (57) Pla no ha, fro Bohr hory of hydrogn ao, id phoon nrgy i invrly proporional o Fro quanu hory of ligh, phoon nrgy i dirly proporional o. Thi i a vry niiv poin o b diud in dph. A any givn oi i, E oal E R F I y p n oal p A n Thu i an b uggd ha, E R. oal y H Or (58) (59) Auhor ar working on hi onpual varian. Soluion ainly dpnd upon h origin of and i ak o i o rolv h iu. Now wih rfrn o Bohr ond poula, in h pa, a any galaxy, id phoon nrgy an b xprd a p EPho (6) A n n whr n n. Now for any quanu jup, in h pa i an b hown ha, A n n p (6) Corrponding o hi obaind, fro h rlaion H H i orrponding H an b iad. Fro H and fro rlaion (5) or () orrponding CBR praur an b iad. Thu for any galaxy, whr wa playing a ky rol, orrponding prn oi rd hif an b xprd a E E E Pho Pho z (6) Pho Now, approxialy fro rlaion (6), i akn by ligh o ravl fro obrvd galaxy o our galaxy or h ag diffrn of our galaxy and h obrvd galaxy an b xprd a z (6) H H Obaind ha o b vrifid wih ohr dvlopd abolu hod of galaxy ag iaion..8 To Fi h R a of uon and Tau uon and au r a an b fid in h following way [6,65]. whr l n n N x FI (6) FI and n =, and. A n =, l and i dfind. Pla abl-. Tabl : To Fi h uon and Tau R a n Obaind Lpon Exprinal Lpon R Enrgy (V) R Enrgy (V) Dfind.59989() (8) (9) (6) To b diovrd Abov rlaion an alo b approxialy xprd a x l a x a n a (65) whr a.767 V and aa.87 V ar h propod oulobi and ayry nrgy onan of h i pirial a forula rpivly. Pla h following ion..9 Chargd Higg frion and h Z boon

12 L hf b h frinoi for of h hargd Higg frion [-]. hf (66) F R I x hf 5.6 V FI Rx (67) Thu wih hi nw a uni i i noid ha, a prn R x.86 f. hf Thi lngh i vry lo o h prnly ablihd proon r radiu [6-6]. Bad on h propod SUSY frion boon a raio, i orrponding hargd Higg boon i hf hb 558. V (68) (69) Thi propod hargd paril an b onidrd a h fir kind of Higg boon. Rarhr ay hr' or o larn abou h Higg, inluding whhr i i h only on. I i poibl ha whn h Larg Hadron Collidr ropn up again in 5 wih or powr, ini ay b abl o d havir variaion of h Higg boon. A ondary pik in Higg daa prnd in Dbr ld o pulaion ha phyii had prhap found a ond Higg boon of a diffrn a. Th nural Z nrgy an b xprd a Z hb hb hb boon r (7) V Thi an b opard wih h PD rondd valu [66]. Bad on ingral harg quark SUSY [-] auhor uggd ha W boon ay b onidrd a h SUSY boon of h op quark. Clo o h prdid r nrgy of Higg boon, rnly a nw boon of r nrgy o 6 V wa rpord [66]. I an b uggd ha, propod hargd Higg boon and h hargd W boon join oghr o for a nural boon of r nrgy 6 V. Hb W 6. V. (7) Thi i an aura and inring fi and an b givn a han in undranding h lrowak phyi. Th Higg hargd frion and hargd boon play a vial rol in iaing h quark baryon and quark on a [-]. W boon pair gnra a nural boon of r nrgy 6 V. W W 6. V.. Nular Binding Enrgy Conan (7) Th i-pirial a forula (SEF) i ud o approxia h a and variou ohr propri of an aoi nulu [67,68]. A h na ugg, i i bad parly on hory and parly on pirial aurn. Th hory i bad on h liquid drop odl propod by org aow and wa fir forulad in 95 by h ran phyii Carl Fridrih von Wizäkr. Bad on h la quar fi, volu nrgy offiin i a 5.78 V, urfa nrgy offiin i a 8. v V, oulobi nrgy offiin i a.7v, ayri nrgy offiin i a a =. V and pairing nrgy offiin i ap V. Th i pirial a forula i Z Z A Z v a p A A BE Aa A a a a a A (7) In a unifid approah i i noid ha, h nrgy offiin ar having rong inr-rlaion wih h abov nubr A k 65. FI R y. Th inring i pirial obrvaion an b xprd in h following way. Nuron and proon a diffrn an b xprd a

13 a a ln n p p av a aa ap aa 5.85 V k (7) (75) Ayri nrgy onan b p aa..87 V (76) k Pairing nrgy onan b a p a ap..95 V (77) k axiu nular binding nrgy pr nulon b B p V (78) k Coulobi nrgy onan b a. B.767 V (79) Surfa nrgy onan b a a B 9.5 a a V (8) Volu nrgy onan b In abl- wihin h rang of Z 6; A 56 o Z 9; A 8 nular binding nrgy i alulad and opard wih h aurd binding nrgy [69]. Colun- rprn h alulad binding nrgy and olun- rprn h aurd binding nrgy. Proon-nulon abiliy rlaion an b xprd a whr A a Z Z a (8) A i h abl a nubr of Z. Thi i a dir rlaion. Auing h proon nubr Z, in gnral, for all ao, lowr abiliy an b fid dirly wih h following rlaion [66]. Sabl upr havy ln an alo b prdid wih hi rlaion. if Z, a A Z Z Z Z *.65 a A.7; if Z 9, A 6.7; if Z 7, A 7.58; if Z 5, A.7 if Z 6, A.; if Z 79, A 96.7; if Z 8, A 8.6; if Z 9, A 6.; (8) a v a B 6. V (8) a a Tabl : SEF Binding Enrgy wih h Propod Enrgy Coffiin al BE in BE in Z A V V a In bwn Z o Z 6 obaind A i lowr opard o h aual A. I i noid ha, uppr abiliy in ligh and diu ao up o Z 56 an b fid wih h following rlaion. a A Z Z a Z Z *.8 a B (8) Fro hi rlaion for Z 56, obaind uppr A 7.. No ha, for Z 56, aual abl A 7 whr i h fin ruur raio. Thi o b a ni and inring oinidn. In bwn.65 and.8,

14 for ligh and diu ao up o Z 56 or A 7, an abiliy an b fid wih h following rlaion. A Z Z *.76 (85) Surpriingly i i noid ha, in hi rlaion,.7. Thu, up o Z 56 xprd a or A 7, an abiliy an b (86) A Z Z. To fi h r a of proon or h graviaional onan or h Avogadro nubr Si pirially i i alo noid ha whr ln p p i h proon r a and p ln N (87) i h lron r and RHS.5589 a. Hr, LHS.5595 Thi i anohr inring diovry. Conidring hi a a hararii rlaion, and by onidring h lron r a a a fundanal inpu, proon r a and proonlron a raio an b iad iulanouly in h following way. p ln N p (88) Inring hing i ha, hi rlaion i fr fro. raviaional onan an b xprd a p ln N - - p (89) Kg. Old rondd valu [6] of Kg - - rvid valu i and i Kg. Fiing h graviaional onan wih h aoi and nular phyial onan i a hallnging ak. Th auray of h aurd valu of ` ' ha inrad only odly in h original Cavndih xprin. No ha, wih rfrn o h xiing unifid phyi onp, i i qui diffiul o aur ` ', a graviy i uh wakr han ohr fundanal for, and an xprinal apparau anno b parad fro h graviaional influn of ohr bodi. Furhror, graviy ha no ablihd rlaion o ohr fundanal for, o i do no appar poibl o alula i indirly fro ohr onan ha an b aurd or auraly, a i don in o ohr ara of phyi. Now Avogadro nubr an b xprd a p N xp ln p To fi h gra ol and h unifid aoi a uni (9) Unifid aoi a-nrgy uni u an b xprd a [59] whr p n u BA (9) B i h an binding nrgy pr nulon. A Auray dpnd on BA 8. V. Th hararii rlaion ha onn gra ol and h unifid aoi a uni an b xprd in h following way. A u x. (9) whr x. kg gra and i h gra ol. Thu gra ol [59] an b xprd a A FC x. u. u N. u (9) F. Th hargd pion, i ground a boon and h nural Z boon Wih h ida i i noid ha, h hargd pion i a upr yri boon of proon and uon. I an b xprd a p 9.8 V (9) Thi an b opard wih h xprinal r nrgy of hargd pion = 9.57 V [66]. Wih hi oinidn i i vry naural o apply hi ida o lron and proon y. Whn uon i h xid for of lron and if pion i h SUSY boon of uon, hn i i naural o hink ha hr xi a SUSY boon of lron-proon y. I an b alld a EPION. I r nrgy an b obaind a p V (95) Conidring h nuron r a and wih hi nw pion, h nural lrowak boon r a an b fid a n 96. V (96) Z Rally hi i a vry urpriing oinidn [8]. In a ipl for, n Z (97) LHS of hi rlaion rprn a frion whr a RHS rprn a boon. Fro SUSY poin of viw, hi oinidn anno b ignord. Lif i of Z boon i lo o I

15 Z Z 5.5 (98) Fro h oinidn i an b uggd ha: ) Pion i h xid a of Epion. ) Epion an b onidrd a h bai nular for arrir. If o Epion u hav o rol in bai nular ruur and nular binding nrgy [5]. In h following ion an ap i ad o ipln and undrand h appliaion of Epion.. To fi h nuron an lif i Si pirially i i noid ha, Hr n n N (99) n i h xprinal nuron an lif i, FC 88.. [65] and N i h Avogadro F nubr. Thu, hi rlaion india h obind rol of N, and. Thi i on vry ipl rlaion uing whih Avogadro nubr an b iad dirly fro nular and paril phyi. Clarly paking, hr i no nd o onidr h laial graviaional onan. Thu Avogadro nubr an b xprd a whr F C N FI n Z n n and I p. 5 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS 5. Abou h propod blak hol univr () Fro oi voluion poin of viw, a any givn oi i, produ of Hubbl volu and riial dniy rprn h hararii Hubbl a and i Shwarzhild radiu rbl h Hubbl lngh. Fro hi i i poibl o onidr h volving univr a a blak hol. Thn auoaially oi roaion o ino piur and Hubbl onan H an b onidrd a h oi d H angular vloiy. Fro i o i an b d onidrd a a aur of oi ra of xpanion. A d H prn, o hav a rapid dabl hang in, prn d oi i hould run fa or hould alra. Rriing h pd of roaion o ligh pd a any givn i, oi radiu an b onraind o Hubbl lngh and galai ordrd arrangn and abiliy an b undrood. Thu h xiing onp of rpuliv graviy an b liinad. A hral wav rhing i aking pla inananouly in all dirion in and wih h oi ra of xpanion, in a lod xpanding univr, ra of drop in oi praur o b dirly proporional o h ra of xpanion. If xpanion ra i fa, hr will b no han o hral ioropy. If xpanion ra i vry low, on an only hral ioropy i. ra of drop in oi praur o b praially zro. 5. Abou h propod iaginary dir lrowak for In undranding h bai onp of unifiaion or TOE, rol of dark nrgy and dark ar i inignifian. Fro fundanal inraion poin of viw - a unifid for i rquird and fro quanu graviy poin of viw- a hararii dir phyial parar i rquird. By onidring a uiabl dir for agniud abov wo probl an b udid in a unifid annr. Th propod FI N o b or fundanal han h lroagni and rong nular for. Fro h abov diovrd rlaion and ohr propod rlaion on an h variou appliaion of h propod dir F I in aoi, nular and paril phyi. Wih furhr rarh and analyi i ignifian, xin and h yry of unifiaion an b undrood. 5. To vrify h oi alraion fro aoi and nular inpu Fro oi voluion poin of viw- by onidring ah prinipl, Hubbl lngh and Hubbl a and onidring oi rdhif a a oologial aoi phnonon, all obrvd inraion rang and inraion phnonon an b udid in a unifid annr. Wih rfrn o h urrn onp of oi alraion and wih urrn laboraory xprin on ay no b abl o did whhr univr i alraing or dlraing. any xprin ar undr progr o d and onfir h xin of dark ar and dark nrgy. Along wih h xprin if on i willing o hink in hi nw dirion, fro aoi and nular inpu, i ay b poibl o vrify h fuur oi alraion. Wih h propod onp and wih h advaning in and hnology, fro h ground bad laboraory d R xprin, fro i o i h wo onp x d d and an b pu for xprinal. Wll d ablihd xprin ar availabl by whih hararii nular iz and Plank onan an b 5

16 d R iad. Thinking poiivly, x d( ) or an b d d onidrd a a aur of oi ra of xpanion. A i i paing, on an xp a vry all hang in d R x d( ) or and i ay b byond h op of d d xprinal auray. Bu o hav a rapid (dabl) d R hang in x d( ) or, prn oi i hould run d d fa or hould alra. Alrnaivly in a horial way, h propod appliaion or i pirial rlaion an b givn a han and h ubj of lnary paril phyi and oology an b udid in a unifid annr. I i ru ha h propod rlaion ar pulaiv and puliar alo. By uing h propod rlaion and applying h in fundanal phyi, in du our hir rol or xin an b vrifid. Wih h rlaion, Hubbl onan an b iad fro aoi and nular phyial onan. If on i abl o driv h wih a uiabl ahaial odl, indpndn of h oi rdhif and CBR obrvaion, h fuur oi alraion an b vrifid fro aoi and nular phyial onan. Bad on h propod rlaion and appliaion, Hubbl volu or Hubbl a, an b onidrd a a ky ool in unifiaion a wll a oology. Conidring h propod rlaion and onp i i poibl o ay ha hr xi a rong rlaion bwn oi Hubbl a, Avogadro nubr and unifiaion. Now h nw of propod rlaion ar opn o h in ouniy. Whhr o onidr h or diard h dpnd on h phyial inrpraion, logi, xprin and obrvaion. Th yry an b rolvd only wih furhr rarh, analyi, diuion and nouragn. ACKNOWLEDEENTS Th fir auhor i indbd o profor K. V. Krihna urhy, Chairan, Iniu of Sinifi Rarh on Vda (I-SERVE), Hydrabad, India and Shri K. V. R. S. urhy, forr ini IICT (CSIR) ov. of India, Diror, Rarh and Dvlopn, I-SERVE, for hir valuabl guidan and gra uppor in dvloping hi ubj. REFERENCES [] U. V. S. Shavahara, S. Lakhinarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai. Unifid Conp in Coi, Aoi and Nular Phyi. lobal Journal of Sin Fronir Rarh (A) Vol. Iu, p.57-65, (). [] Hubbl E. P, A rlaion bwn dian and radial vloiy aong xra-galai nbula, PNAS, 99, vol. 5, 99, pp [] Hubbl, E.P, Th -inh lop and o probl i ay olv. PASP, 59, pp5-67, 97. [] Bruno Libundgu and Jpr Sollran. A oologial urpri: h univr alra. Europhyi Nw () Vol. No. [5] P. J. E. Pbl and Bhara Rara (). Th oologial onan and dark nrgy. Rviw of odrn Phyi 75 (): [6] Saul Prlur, Suprnova, Dark Enrgy and h Alraing Univr, Arian Iniu of Phyi, Phyi Today, pp5-6, April. [7] Johua Frian, ihal Turnr and Dragan Hurr, Dark Enrgy and h Alraing Univr. Ann. Rv. Aron. Arophy.6: pp85-, 8. [8] uapha Ihak, Rark on h Forulaion of h Coologial Conan/Dark Enrgy Probl, Found Phy, 7,pp7 98, 7. [9] J. W. offa, odifid raviy Or Dark ar? Onlin Availabl: hp://arxiv.org/ab/.95v [] Narlikar, J.V, Vihwakara,R.. and Burbidg.., Inrpraion of h Alraing Univr, Th Publiaion of h Aronoial Soiy of h Paifi, Volu, Iu 8, pp. 9-96,. [] Aran Shafilooa, Varun Sahnib and Alxi A. Sarobinky, I oi alraion lowing down? Phy. Rv. D 8, pp, 9. [] Narlikar J.V. Dir Paril Forulaion of ah' Prinipl. Einin Sudi, vol. 6: ah' Prinipl: Fro Nwon' Buk o Quanu raviy, pp Birkhaur Boon, In. Prind in h Unid Sa [] Hawking S.W. A brif hiory of i. Bana Dll publihing group.998. [] David ro, Einin and h arh for Unifiaion. Currn in, Vol. 89, No., 5 D 5. [5] P. A.. Dira. Th oologial onan. Naur, 9,, 97. [6] P. A.. Dira. A nw bai for oology. Pro. Roy. So. A 65, 99, 98 [7] J.K. Wbb al. Indiaion of a paial variaion of h fin ruur onan. Phyial Rviw lr, 7 (9) [8] ihal J. Longo, Dion of a Dipol in h Handdn of Spiral alaxi wih Rdhif z ~., Phy. L. B 699, -9. [9] S.-C. Su and.-c. Chu. I h univr roaing? Arophyial Journal, 7 5. doi:.88/- 67X/7//5. [] Sidharh,B... I h Univr Roaing? Prpai Journal. Oobr, Vol., Iu 7, pp [] E. Kajari al. Roaion in rlaiviy and h propagaion of ligh. Proding of h Inrnaional Shool of Phyi "Enrio Fri", Cour CLXVIII, pp. 5-8 (9) [] Ivan Ni al. Viualizing ida abou odl-yp roaing univr. odl-yp Spai: Hiory and Nw Dvlopn. (9) [] arlo Saul Bran. A nral Rlaivii Roaing Evoluionary Univr. Arophy. Spa Si.:9-,8 6

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