Second Edition. Fundamentals of. Optics. Devraj Singh
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1 Second Edition Fundamentals of Optics Devraj Singh
2 Fundamentals of Optics SECOND EDITION DEVRAJ SINGH Assistant Professor and Head Department of Applied Physics Amity School of Engineering and Technology Bijwasan, New Delhi Delhi
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS, Second Edition Devraj Singh 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Second Printing (Second Edition) August, 2015 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Syndicate Binders, A-20, Hosiery Complex, Noida, Phase-II Extension, Noida (N.C.R. Delhi).
4 ;Ue.Mya nhfirdja fo kkya jruizhka rhozeukfn :iea nkfjnz; nq%[k {k;dkj.ka p iqukrq eka rrlforqozjs.;e~aa &Jh vkfnr; ân; Lrks=e~ yksd 142 The source of light sparkling like a gem, who is eternal and destroyer of poverty; and replica of the Sun, we pray to Him to make us purified.
5
6 Contents Preface...xv Acknowledgements...xvii Part I GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 1. Fermat s Principle Introduction Optical Path Fermat s Principle of Extreme Path Laws of Reflection by Fermat s Principle First Law Second Law Laws of Refraction by Fermat s Principle First Law Second Law Case of Maximum Path or Extremum Time...10 Formulae at a Glance...11 Solved Numerical Problems...11 Conceptual Questions...13 Exercises...13 Theoretical Questions...13 Numerical Problems...14 Multiple Choice Questions...15 v
7 vi Contents 2. Geometrical Optics Introduction Lenses: Thin and Thick Lenses Lens Equation Lens Maker s Formula Lens Maker s Formula for a Double Convex Lens Lens Maker s Formula for a Double Concave Lens Cardinal Points of a Coaxially Optical System Principal Points Focal Points Nodal Points Combination of Two Thin Lenses (Equivalent Lenses): Coaxial Lens System Matrix Method in Paraxial Optical System Translation Matrix The Refraction Matrix The Reflection Matrix...32 Formulae at a Glance...33 Solved Numerical Problems...35 Conceptual Questions...38 Exercises...39 Theoretical Questions...39 Numerical Problems...40 Multiple Choice Questions Dispersion of Light Introduction Newton s Classic Experiment on Dispersion of White Light Cause of Dispersion (Cauchy s Relation) Angular Dispersion and Dispersive Power Combination of Prisms Deviation without Dispersion Dispersion without Deviation Direct Vision Spectroscope Rainbow Primary Rainbow Secondary Rainbow Sundogs and Halos...57 Formulae at a Glance...59 Solved Numerical Problems...60 Conceptual Questions...62
8 Contents vii Exercises...63 Theoretical Questions...63 Numerical Problems...64 Multiple Choice Questions Lens Aberrations Introduction Types of Aberrations Chromatic Aberration Monochromatic Aberration Types of Monochromatic Aberration and their Reduction Spherical Aberration Coma Astigmatism Curvature of Field Distortion Chromatic Aberration Types of Chromatic Aberration Achromatism of Lenses Aplanatism and Aplanatic Points Aplanatic Points for a Spherical Refracting Surface Oil-immersion Objective of High Power Microscope...92 Formulae at a Glance...93 Solved Numerical Problems...95 Conceptual Questions...99 Exercises Theoretical Questions Numerical Problems Multiple Choice Questions Optical Instruments Introduction Microscopes Simple Microscope Compound Microscope Telescopes Astronomical Telescope Terrestrial Telescope Reflecting Telescopes Eyepieces or Oculars Huygen s Eyepiece...119
9 viii Contents Ramsden s Eyepiece Relative Merits and Demerits of Huygen s and Ramsden s Eyepieces Gauss Eyepiece Spectrometer Measurement of Refractive Index by a Spectrometer Electron Microscope Formulae at a Glance Solved Numerical Problems Conceptual Questions Exercises Theoretical Questions Numerical Problems Multiple Choice Questions Part II VIBRATIONS AND WAVES 6. Fundamentals of Vibrations Introduction Simple Harmonic Motion and Harmonic Oscillator Energy of Harmonic Oscillator Average Values of Kinetic and Potential Energy Example of Harmonic Oscillator: Simple Pendulum Damping Force /Damping Motion Damped Harmonic Oscillator Power Dissipation in Damped Harmonic Oscillator Quality Factor (Q) of Damped Harmonic Oscillator Forced Harmonic Oscillator Resonance Amplitude Resonance Sharpness of Resonance Half Width of Resonance Curve Velocity Resonance Power Absorption of Forced Harmonic Oscillator Quality Factor (Q) of Forced Harmonic Oscillator Formulae at a Glance Solved Numerical Problems Conceptual Questions Exercises Theoretical Questions Numerical Problems Multiple Choice Questions...191
10 Contents ix 7. Wave Motion Introduction What Propagates in Wave Motion? Characteristics of Wave Motion Types of Wave Motion Transverse Wave Motion Longitudinal Wave Motion Important Definitions Differential Equation of Wave Motion Plane Progressive Wave in Fluid Media Wave Equation of Propagation of Sound Waves in Fluid Media Pressure Variation in Longitudinal Wave (Acoustic Pressure) Relation between y and ( P) Energy of Plane Progressive Wave Intensity Reflection and Transmission of Transverse Waves in a String Reflection and Transmission of Longitudinal Waves at Discontinuity Superposition of Progressive Waves: Stationary Wave Analytical Treatment of Stationary Waves and their Properties Energy of Stationary Waves Characteristics of Stationary Wave Comparison between Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves Formulae at a Glance Solved Numerical Problems Conceptual Questions Exercises Theoretical Problems Numerical Problems Multiple Choice Questions Part III PHYSICAL OPTICS 8. Interference of Light Waves Introduction Wavefront and Rays Wavefront Ray of Light Huygen s Principle of Secondary Wavelets Principle of Superposition of Light Waves...244
11 Fundamentals Of Optics 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : SINGH, DEVRAJ Type the URL : Get this ebook
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