Appendix. A 1 Properties of areas.* *Symbols used are: A = area I = moment of inertia S = Section modulus
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1 Appendix A 1 Properties of areas.* *Symbols used are: A = area I = moment of inertia S = Section modulus r = radius of gyration = I/A J = polar moment of inertia Z p = polar section modulus Circle R D A = I = πd4 64 S = πd3 32 πd 2 = πr 2 4 D r = = R 4 2 J = πd4 32 Z p = πd3 16 Circumference = πd = 2πR Hollow circle (tube) d D A = π(d2 d 2 ) 4 I = π(d4 d 4 ) 64 S = π(d4 d 4 ) 32D r = D 2 + d 2 4 J = π(d4 d 4 ) 32 Z p = π(d4 d 4 ) 16D Square X X s s/2 s Rectangle Y A = s 2 I x = s4 12 S x = s3 6 r x = s 12 A = bh X C h/2 X h I x = bh3 12 I y = hb3 12 S x = bh2 6 S y = hb2 6 r x = h 12 r y = b 12 Y b b/2 690 Untitled-1.indd 1 05/02/15 6:37 PM
2 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 691 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Appendix 691
3 692 Appendix A 2 Preferred basic sizes. Fractional (in) Metric (mm) Decimal (in) First Second First Second First Second Untitled-1.indd 2 05/02/15 6:37 PM
4 Appendix 693 A 3 Screw threads. (a) American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF Size asic major diameter, D (in) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) (b) American Standard thread dimensions, fractional sizes Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF Size asic major diameter, D (in) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) Untitled-1.indd 3 05/02/15 6:37 PM
5 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 694 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: 694 Appendix
6 A 4 Properties of standard wood beams. Nominal size Actual size in mm X X Y Area of section Moment of inertia, I x Section modulus, S x in 2 mm 2 in 4 mm 4 in 3 mm Y 695 Untitled-1.indd 4 05/02/15 6:37 PM
7 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 696 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: x Y x Y Z Z Centroid Centroid X X X X y y Y α Z Y α Z A 5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Section properties Weight Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z Shape per foot Area, A I x S x y I y S y x r Ref. (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in) (deg.) a L b L c L d L e L f L g L h L i L j L k L l L m L n L o L p L q L r L s L
8 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 697 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: x Y x Y Z Z Centroid Centroid X X X X y y Y α Z Y α Z A 5(SI) Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z Mass Weight Shape per m per m Area, A I x S x y I y S y x r Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm 2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm) (deg.) a L E E E E b L E E E E c L E E E E d L E E E E e L E E E E f L E E E E g L E E E E h L E E E E i L E E E E j L E E E E k L E E E E l L E E E E m L E E E E n L E E E E o L E E E E p L E E E E q L E E E E r L E E E E s L E E E E
9 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 698 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X x Centroid Y A 6 Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y x Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) Average (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) a C b C c C d C e C f C g C h C i C j C k C l C m C n C o C p C q C r C s C t C
10 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 699 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X x Centroid Y A 6 (SI) Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) SI units. Section properties Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Web Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y x Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) a C E E E E b C E E E E c C E E E E d C E E E E e C E E E E f C E E E E g C E E E E h C E E E E i C E E E E j C E E E E k C E E E E l C E E E E m C E E E E n C E E E E o C E E E E p C E E E E q C E E E E r C E E E E s C E E E E t C E E E E
11 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 700 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 7 Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a W b W c W d W e W f W g W h W i W j W k W l W m W n W o W p W q W r W s W t W u W v W w W x W y W z W
12 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 701 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 7(SI) Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) SI units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/M) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a W E E E E 06 b W E E E E 05 c W E E E E 06 d W E E E E 05 e W E E E E 05 f W E E E E 05 g W E E E E 05 h W E E E E 05 i W E E E E 05 j W E E E E 05 k W E E E E 05 l W E E E E 04 m W E E E E 05 n W E E E E 05 o W E E E E 04 p W E E E E 05 q W E E E E 04 r W E E E E 04 s W E E E E 05 t W E E E E 04 u W E E E E 04 v W E E E E 04 w W E E E E 04 x W E E E E 04 y W E E E E 04 z W E E E E
13 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 702 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 8 Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a S b S c S d S e S f S g S h S i S j S k S l S m S n S o S p S q S r S s S t S u S v S
14 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 703 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 8(SI) Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) SI units. Y Section properties Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Web Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a S E E E E 05 b S E E E E 05 c S E E E E 05 d S E E E E 05 e S E E E E 05 f S E E E E 05 g S E E E E 05 h S E E E E 04 i S E E E E 04 j S E E E E 04 k S E E E E 04 l S E E E E 04 m S E E E E 04 n S E E E E 04 o S E E E E 04 p S E E E E 04 q S E E E E 04 r S E E E E 04 s S E E E E 04 t S E E E E 03 u S E E E E 03 v S E E E E
15 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 704 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Y X X X X A 9 Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Y Design wall thickness Weight Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants Shape t w per foot Area, A I x S x r x I y S y r y J C Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a HSS 8 8 1/ b HSS 8 8 1/ c HSS 8 4 1/ d HSS 8 4 1/ e HSS 8 2 1/ f HSS 6 6 1/ g HSS 6 6 1/ h HSS 6 4 1/ i HSS 6 2 1/ j HSS 4 4 1/ k HSS 4 4 1/ l HSS 4 2 1/ m HSS 3 3 1/ n HSS 3 2 1/ o HSS 2 2 1/
16 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 705 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Y X X X X Y Y A 9(SI) Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) SI units. Design wall thickness Mass Weight Area Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants Shape t w per m per m A I x S x r x I y S y r y J C Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a HSS E E E E E E 05 b HSS E E E E E E 05 c HSS E E E E E E 05 d HSS E E E E E E 05 e HSS E E E E E E 05 f HSS E E E E E E 05 g HSS E E E E E E 05 h HSS E E E E E E 05 i HSS E E E E E E 04 j HSS E E E E E E 05 k HSS E E E E E E 05 l HSS E E E E E E 04 m HSS E E E E E E 04 n HSS E E E E E E 04 o HSS E E E E E E
17 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 706 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y X A t R t 1 X Centroid x Y A 10 Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels U.S. Customary units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y x Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in2 ) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in) a C b C c C d C e C f C g C h C i C j C k C l C m C n C o C p C q C r C s C t C
18 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 707 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y X A t R t 1 X Centroid x Y A 10(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Wt/m Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y x Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm) a C E E E E b C E E E E c C E E E E d C E E E E e C E E E E f C E E E E g C E E E E h C E E E E i C E E E E j C E E E E k C E E E E l C E E E E m C E E E E n C E E E E o C E E E E p C E E E E q C E E E E r C E E E E s C E E E E t C E E E E
19 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 708 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y t 1 R X X A t Y A 11 Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes U.S. Customary units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) a I b I c I d I e I f I g I h I i I j I k I l I m I n I o I
20 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 709 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y t 1 R X X A t Y A 11(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Wt/m Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) a I E E E E b I E E E E c I E E E E d I E E E E e I E E E E f I E E E E g I E E E E h I E E E E i I E E E E j I E E E E k I E E E E l I E E E E m I E E E E n I E E E E o I E E E E
21 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 710 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 12 Properties of steel pipe U.S. Customary units. Section properties Wall Outside Inside thickness, Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (in2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) Schedule 40 pipe a 1/8 in E E E E-02 b 1/4 in E E E E-02 c 3/8 in E E E E-02 d PIPE 1/2 STD E E E E-02 e PIPE 3/4 STD E E E f PIPE 1 STD E g PIPE 1-1/4 STD h PIPE 1-1/2 STD i PIPE 2 STD j PIPE 2-1/2 STD k PIPE 3 STD l PIPE 3-1/2 STD m PIPE 4 STD n PIPE 5 STD o PIPE 6 STD p PIPE 8 STD q PIPE 10 STD r 12 in s 16 in t 18 in NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe. Rows d q conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows a c and r t do not. Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual. 710
22 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 711 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 12(SI) Properties of steel pipe SI units. Section properties Wall Outside Inside Thickness, Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) Schedule 40 pipe a 3.2 mm b 6.4 mm c 9.5 mm d PIPE 13 STD e PIPE 19 STD f PIPE 25 STD g PIPE 32 STD E h PIPE 38 STD E E i PIPE 51 STD E E j PIPE 64 STD E E k PIPE 75 STD E E l PIPE 89 STD E E m PIPE 102 STD E E E 05 n PIPE 127 STD E E E 05 o PIPE 152 STD E E E E 05 p PIPE 203 STD E E E E 05 q PIPE 254 STD E E E E 05 r 305 mm E E E E 06 s 406 mm E E E E 06 t 457 mm E E E E 06 NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe, converted to SI units. Rows d q conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows a c and r t do not. Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual. 711
23 Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 6/8/10 7:01 PM Page 712 A 13 Properties of steel mechanical tubing U.S. Customary units. Nominal size Wall Outside Inside thickness, Section properties Torsional constants Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. OD (in) Wall gage (in) (in) (in) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
24 Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 6/8/10 7:01 PM Page 713 A 13(SI) Properties of steel mechanical tubing SI units. Wall Outside Inside thickness, Section properties Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. OD (mm) Wall gage (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a b c E d E E e E E f E E g E E h E E E 04 i E E E 04 j E E E E 04 k E E E E 04 l E E E E 04 m E E E E 04 n E E E E 04 o E E E E 04 p E E E E 04 q E E E E 04 r E E E E 05 s E E E E 05 t E E E E
25 714 Appendix A 14 Typical properties of carbon and alloy steels.* Material AISI no. Condition ksi Ultimate strength, s u MPa ksi Yield strength, s y MPa Percent elongation Annealed Hot-rolled Cold-drawn Annealed Hot-rolled Cold-drawn WQT 700 WQT 900 WQT 1100 WQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed Cold-drawn OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT *Other properties approximately the same for all carbon and alloy steels: Modulus of elasticity in tension = psi (207 GPa) Modulus of elasticity in shear = psi (80 GPa) Density = lb m /in 3 (7680 kg/m 3 ) OQT means oil-quenched and tempered. WQT means water-quenched and tempered. Untitled-1.indd 5 05/02/15 6:37 PM
26 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 715 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 15 Typical properties of stainless steels and nonferrous metals. Ultimate Yield Modulus of strength, s u strength, s y Density elasticity, E Material and Percent condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation lb/in 3 kg/m 3 psi GPa Stainless steels AISI 301 annealed AISI 301 full hard AISI 430 annealed AISI 430 full hard AISI 501 annealed AISI 501OQT PH H PH 13-8 Mo H Copper and its alloys C14500 copper, soft hard C17200 eryllium copper, soft hard C36000 brass, soft hard C54400 bronze, hard Magnesiumcast ASTM AZ 63A-T Zinccast-ZA
27 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 716 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 15 (continued ) Titanium and its alloys Pure alpha Ti-65A Wrought Alpha alloy Ti-0.2Pd Wrought eta alloy Ti-3Al-13V-11Cr Aged Alpha-beta alloy Ti-6A1-4V Aged Nickel-based alloys N06600annealed 70 F (21 C) F (427 C) F (649 C) N % cold worked 70 F (21 C) F (260 C) F (427 C) N04400annealed [At 70 F (21 C] Annealed Cold drawn This can be used as specific weight or mass density in lbm in
28 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 717 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Appendix 717 A 16 Properties of structural steels. Ultimate Yield Percent Material strength, s u * strength, s y * elongation ASTM no. and products ksi MPa ksi MPa in 2 in A36Carbon steel: shapes, plates, and bars A 53grade -pipe A242HSLA corrosion resistants: shapes, plates, and bars 3 4 in thick to in thick to 4 in thick A500Cold-formed structural tubing Round, grade Round grade C Shaped, grade Shaped, grade C A501Hot-formed structural tubing, round or shaped A514Quenched and tempered alloy steel; plate in thick to 6 in thick A572HSLA columbium-vanadium steel: shapes, plates and bars Grade Grade Grade Grade A913HSLA, grade 65: shapes A992HSLA: W-Shapes only *Minimum values; may range higher. HSLA-High strength low-alloy The American Institute of Steel Construction specifies E psi (200 GPa) for structural steel.
29 718 Appendix A17 Typical properties of cast iron.* Material type and grade ksi s u MPa Ultimate strength s uc ksi MPa ksi s us MPa Yield strength ksi s yt MPa Modulus of elasticity, E psi GPa Percent elongation Gray iron ASTM A48 Grade 20 Grade 40 Grade 60 Ductile iron ASTM A Austempered ductile iron (ADI) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Malleable iron ASTM A <1 <0.8 < * The density of cast iron ranges from 0.25 to 0.27 lb m /in 3 (6920 to 7480 kg/m 3 ). Minimum values; may range higher. Approximate values; may range higher or lower by about 15%. A18 Typical properties of aluminum alloys.* Alloy and temper Ultimate strength, s u ksi MPa ksi Yield strength, s y MPa Percent elongation ksi Shear strength, s us MPa 1100-H H T T H H H H T T T Casting alloys (permanent mold castings) T T T * Modulus of elasticity E for most aluminum alloys, including 1100, 3003, 6061, and 6063, is psi (69.0 Gpa). For 2014, E = psi (73.1 GPa). For 5154, E = psi (70.3 GPa). For 7075, E = psi (71.7 GPa). Density of most aluminum alloys is approximately 0.10 lb m /in 3 (2770 kg/m 3 ). Untitled-1.indd 6 05/02/15 6:37 PM
30 A19 Typical properties of wood. Allowable stress ending Tension parallel to grain Horizontal shear Perpendicular to grain Compression Parallel to grain Modulus of elasticity Type and grade psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa ksi GPa Douglas fir2 to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Hemlock2 to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Southern pine 2½ to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No Untitled-1.indd 7 05/02/15 6:37 PM
31 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 720 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 20 Typical properties of selected plastics. Tensile Tensile Flexural Flexural strength IZOD strength modulus strength modulus (ft 1b/in Material Type (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) of notch) Nylon 66 Dry % Glass 50% R.H AS Medium-impact High-impact Polycarbonate General-purpose Acrylic Standard High-impact PVC Rigid (varies widely) Polyimide 25% graphite powder filler Glass-fiber filler Laminate Acetal Copolymer Polyurethane Elastomer No break Phenolic General Polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight) Lay-up, contact mold Cold press molded Compression molded
32 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 721 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Appendix 721 A 21 Design stress guidelines. Direct Normal StressesGeneral machine and structural design Manner of Ductile Materials rittle Materials loading (% Elongation 5%) (% Elongation 5%) Static loads s d s y 2 s d s u 6 Repeated loads s d s u 8 s d s u 10 Impact or shock s d s u 12 s d s u 15 AISC Code: Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on steel members of building-like structures s d s y s y or s d s u s u Whichever is lower. Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on aluminum members of building-like structures Aluminum Association: s d s y s y or s d s u s u Whichever is lower. Design Shear StressesFor direct shear and for torsional shear stresses ased on maximum shear stress theory of failure: t d s ys N 0.5 s y N s y 2N Manner of Design Design loading factor shear stress Static loads Use N 2 t d s y 4 Repeated loads Use N 4 t d s y 8 Shock or impact Use N 6 t d s y 12 Estimates for the Ultimate Strength in Shear Formula s us 0.65 s u s us 0.82 s u s us 0.90 s u s us 1.30 s u Material Aluminum alloys SteelPlain carbon and alloy Malleable iron and copper alloys Gray cast iron Allowable earing Stress SteelFlat surfaces or the projected area of pins in reamed, drilled, or bored holes: s bd 0.90 s y Allowable earing Load, R a,steel roller on flat steel plate U.S. Customary Units SI Metric Units R a (s y 13) (0.03 dl) R a (s y 90) ( dl) Where: R a Allowable bearing load in kips or kn s y Yield strength of steel in ksi or MPa d Roller diameter in inches or mm L Length of roller in inches or mm (continued)
33 Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 722 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: 722 Appendix A 21 (continued)0 Allowable bearing stresses on masonry and soils for use in this book. Allowable bearing stress, bd Material psi MPa Sandstone and limestone rick in cement mortar Solid hard rock Shale or medium rock Soft rock Hard clay or compact gravel Soft clay or loose sand Concrete: s bd = Kf c = A 2 >A 1 2f c (ut maximum s bd = 0.68 f c ) Where: f c Rated strength of concrete A 1 earing area A 2 Full area of the support K = 0.34 A 2 /A A 2 /A 1 F F A 1 = earing area Steel A 2 = Support area Steel Concrete Concrete A 2 /A 1 = 1.0 A 2 /A 1 > 1.0
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