Math 10 Chapter 6.10: Solving Application Problems Objectives: Exponential growth/growth models Using logarithms to solve
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1 Math 10 Chapter 6.10: Solving Application Problems Objectives: Exponential growth/growth models Using logarithms to solve Exponential Growth Models Steps for Solving Application Problems: 1. Read, throw out nonsense numbers 2. Assign a variable (What is it asking for?) 3. Write an equation 4. Solve the equation 5. Check, does it make sense? An exponential equation or exponential function is of the form y = a x or f(x) = a x, where a > 0, a 1. Exponential Growth or Decay Formula: P( t) Pa, a 0, a 1 P 0 represents the original amount present, P(t) represents the amount present after t years, and a and k are constants. When a > 1, P(t) increases. (Growth) Ex: a = 2 When 0 < a < 1, P(t) decreases. (Decay) Ex: a = ½ Ex: The exponential graph below models the U.S. cellular telephone subscribership, P (t), in thousands, for t years 1989 through The formula a. Use the formula to calculate the number of subscribers in P ) t ( t) 3,500(1.257 models this growth. b. Use the formula to calculate the year it will be when the number of subscribers reaches 500,000 thousand.
2 You try: 1. The exponential graph below models the percentage of surface sunlight, f(x), that reaches a depth of x x feet beneath the surface of the ocean. The formula f ( x) 20(0.975) models this decay. a. Use the formula to calculate the percentage of surface sunlight intensity at a depth of 20 feet. b. Use the formula to calculate the depth needed to only have 1% of surface sunlight intensity. Natural Exponential Growth or Decay Formula: P( t) Pe Ex: The exponential graph below models the risk of having a car accident, R(x) (as a percentage), with respect to a person s blood alcohol concentration, x. The formula R 12.77x ( x) 6e models this growth. a. Use the formula to calculate the percent of risk of getting into a car accident for a person that has a blood alcohol concentration around b. Use the formula to calculate the blood alcohol concentration necessary to have a 100% risk of getting into a car accident.
3 Ex: The exponential graph below shows the number of people, P (t), in millions, in the U.S. age 65 and over, for t years starting in 1900, with projected figures for the year 2010 and beyond. The general formula P ( t) Pe models this growth. a. Use the graph to find the initial population, P 0. b. Substitute a point on the graph into the formula P( t) Pe to find the constant grow rate, k. c. Use P 0 and k to find the general formula P( t) Pe. d. Use the formula found in part c. to calculate the projected number of people in the U.S. age 65 and over in the year e. Use the formula found in part c. to find when the population of people in the U.S. age 65 and over will reach 100 million people.
4 You try: 1. T he exponential graph below shows the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), the market value of all goods and services produced within the US, P (t), in billions, for t years between 1965 and The general formula P ( t) Pe models this growth. a. Use the graph to find the initial GDP, P b. Substitute a point on the graph into the formula P( t) Pe to find the constant grow rate, k. c. Use P 0 and k to find the general formula P( t) Pe d. Use the formula found in part c. to calculate the GDP in e. Use the formula found in part c. to find when the GDP will be $20,000 billion.
5 2. Plutonium-239, a radioactive material used in most nuclear reactors, decays exponentially. If there are originally 16 grams of plutonium-239, then the amount of plutonium-239, P(t), remaining after t years is modeled by the formula P( t) 16e, where k < 0, since the amount of plutonium decreases as time goes on. a. If approximately grams of plutonium-239 remain after 50,000 years, find the decay rate, k. And, state the function that models this case. b. How much plutonium will remain after 50 years? c. How long will it take to have only 2 grams remain?
6 3. Carbon-14, found in all living organisms, decays exponentially when the organism dies. If there are originally 16 grams of carbon-14, then the amount of carbon-14, P(t), remaining after t years is modeled by the formula P( t) 16e, where k < 0, since the amount of carbon decreases as time goes on. a. If approximately 8 grams of carbon-14 remain after 5,730 years, find the decay rate, k. And, state the function that models this case. b. How much carbon-14 will remain after 50 years? c. How long will it take to have only 2 grams remain?
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