NIL DERIVATIONS AND CHAIN CONDITIONS IN PRIME RINGS

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1 proceedings of the american mathematical society Volume 94, Number 2, June 1985 NIL DERIVATIONS AND CHAIN CONDITIONS IN PRIME RINGS L. O. CHUNG AND Y. OBAYASHI Abstract. It is known that in a prime ring, a derivation nilpotent on a nonzero ideal must also be nilpotent in the entire ring. In this paper we show that a derivation of a prime ring is not necessarily nil even though it is nil on a nonzero ideal. It is nil if the ring satisfies the ascending chain condition on left (right) annihilator ideals. Let R be a ring and 3 a derivation of R. Then 3 is called nil if for any x g R there is a positive integer n = n(x) such that d"x = (see [2]). Here, if the number n can be taken independently of x, 3 is called nilpotent. Assume that R is a prime ring and 7.is a nonzero ideal of R. Chung and Luh [3] proved that if 3 is nilpotent on 7, then it is nilpotent also on R. Nil derivations are important because they are related to automorphisms of the ring via the exponential mapping [2]. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following Question (*). Let 3 be a derivation on a prime ring P. If 3 is nil on a nonzero ideal 7 of R, is it nil on the whole ring P? The answer is negative, as will be shown in 1. We shall give three counterexamples of independent interest. In 2 we show that the answer is positive under some additional conditions, especially under certain chain conditions. We would like to express our thanks to Professor J. Luh and the referee for many valuable suggestions. For instance, Example 2 in 1 was suggested by the referee. 1. Examples. Throughout this section p is a prime number. For a subset A of a ring R with 1, A*"1 denotes the set of inverses of all invertible elements of A. Lemma 1. Let R be a ring with 1 of characteristic p and X a subset of R. If a derivation 3 of R is nilpotent (resp. nil) on X, then it is nilpotent (resp. nil) on the subring of R generated by X U A"1. Proof. have Let a, b, c g R and suppose ab = c. Then for any positive integer n, we (dp"a)b + adp"b = dp"c. So, if dp"a = dp"b =, then dp"c = ; and if dp"b = dp"c = and b is invertible, then 3 p"a =. From this observation the assertion of the lemma follows. Received by the editors March 22, 1984 and. in revised form, August 9, Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 16A72. ey words and phrases. Nil derivation, prime ring, ascending chain condition. 21 '1985 American Mathematical Society /85 $1. + $.25 per page

2 22 L. O. CHUNG AND Y. OBAYASHI If we only consider the subring generated by X in Lemma 1, the existence of 1 in R is not necessary. The lemma enables us to construct a derivation on a field of positive characteristic, which is nil but not nilpotent. Example 1. Let AT be a field of positive characteristic. On the (commutative) polynomial ring [xx, x2,... ] over in a countable number of variables, define a derivation 3' over by 8'x, = xi_l for i > 2 and d'x^ =. 3' can be extended uniquely to a derivation 3 of the quotient field (xx, x2,...). Then 3 is nil by Lemma 1 but not nilpotent. The reason why we need an infinite number of variables in Example 1 can be explained by the following proposition. By a right quotient ring of R we mean a ring 5 with 1 containing P as it subring such that any element x G S is written x = ab'1 for some a, b g P with b invertible in S. characteristic nilpo'tent. 1. Let R be a finitely generated algebra over a commutative ring of p. Then a nil derivation of any right quotient ring S of R over is Proof. Let R be generated by a finite set A. A nil derivation 3 of S over is nilpotent on X U. So it is nilpotent on R and, consequently, nilpotent on S by Lemma 1. A derivation 3 of R is called locally nilpotent if for any a G R there is a subring S of R such that a g S, 35 ç S, and 3 is nilpotent on S. locally nilpotent. 2. Let R be a ring of characteristic p. Then a nil derivation of R is Proof. Let 3 be a nil derivation of R and let x g P. Then 3"jc = for some positive integer n. Let S be the subring generated by {x, dx,...,d"~lx}. Then ds ç S and 3 is nilpotent on S by Lemma 1. In s 1 and 2 the positivity of the characteristic is essential. In fact, let R = [x] be the polynomial ring over a field of characteristic, and let 3 be the ordinary derivation given by d"x = nx"^1. Then 3 is nil but not locally nilpotent. The following example answers Question ( * ) in the negative in the case of positive characteristic. Example 2. Let F = (xu x2,...) be the field and 3 the derivation of F given in Example 1. Let P be the ring of countable by countable, row by column finite matrices over F. Then R is a prime ring with the unique proper ideal 7 consisting of matrices with only finitely many nonzero entries. Define a derivation 3 of R by da = [8a,--] for a matrix A = a in P. Then 8 is nil on the ideal 7 but not nil on the whole ring R. The following proposition shows that the construction in Example 2 does not work in the case of characteristic. 3. A division ring D of characteristic has no nonzero nil derivation. Proof. Suppose D has a nonzero nil derivation 3. Then there is a in D such that 8a = and 82a =. Let b be the inverse of a; then d"~lb = and d"b = for some

3 NIL DERIVATIONS AND CHAIN CONDITIONS 23 positive integer n. We have = 8"(1) = 8"(aZ>) = n(da)d"~1b, but this is a contradiction. The following example covers the case of characteristic. Example 3. Let A' be a field of characteristic, and let 5 = (x, y, z) be the polynomial ring in three noncommuting variables x, y, and z over. For a monomial M in S, deg^ M and degv,m denote the degree of M with respect to x and y, respectively. Let 7 be the ideal of 5 generated by the monomials of the forms Mz and zm, where M ranges over all the monomials in x and y such that degx M > degv M. Define a derivation 8 of S over by dx = x2, dy = 1, and 8z =. Since 37 ç. 7, 3 induces a derivation 8 of the factor ring P = 5/7. Then P is a prime ring and 3 is nil on the ideal RzR but not nil on R, where z is the residue class of z modulo 7. The algebra R in Example 3 is finitely generated. In view of 1, it seems difficult to construct such an example in the case of a positive characteristic. The following example works for arbitrary characteristic. Example 4. Let A' be a field and P the ring of countable by countable, row by column finite matrices over. Let A be a matrix in P formally written in the following way: OO A= E4' + l)- I>(z'2,/2 + l), (=1 /=1 where e(i, i + 1) is the matrix with 1 in the (/', / + l)th place and elsewhere. Then the inner derivation ad^ induced by A is nil, not on R, but on the unique proper ideal consisting of matrices with only finitely many nonzero entries. 2. Chain conditions. The rings given in Examples 2-4 do not satisfy the ascending (descending) chain condition on one-sided ideals. In this section we give some positive results on Question ( * ) under certain conditions. Theorem 1. Let R be a ring, I a right ideal of R, and 3 a derivation of R. 7/8 is nil on I, then for any a G 7 and x g R there is a positive integer TV = N(a, x) such that ad"x = for all n > TV. Proof. If we let / = L^Lod'I, then J is a right ideal of P such that 7 c/, 3.7 J, and 3 is nil on J. So we may assume from the beginning that 87 c 7. We prove the assertion by induction on the nilpotency m of 3 on a, that is 3ma =, but 3"'_1a =*=. If m =, then a = and there is nothing to prove. Let m >. Since d'a is in 7 and its nilpotency is smaller than that of a for i: = 1,...,m - 1, the induction hypothesis assures us that there is a positive integer TVj = Nx(a, x) such that (d'a)d"x = for i: = 1,...,m - 1 and n > TV,. Since ax G 7, we see dn2(ax) = for some positive integer TV2 = N2(a, x). Therefore, if n ^ max{tv2, TVj + m - 1}, then This completes the proof. =3"(«x) = E(")(3'a)8"-'x = a3"x. i-o

4 24 L. O. CHUNG AND Y. OBAYASHI Corollary. Let I be a right ideal of R containing at least one right regular element. Then a derivation of R which is nil on I is nil on R. Theorem 2. Let I be a nonzero right ideal of a prime ring R which satisfies the ascending chain condition (ACC) on left annihilator ideals. Then a derivation of R which is nil on I is nil on R. Proof. Let 3 be a derivation of P which is nil on 7. Let x g R and let «be a nonnegative integer. Define I (x)= {a g P a8'x = for all i > n). Then we have an ascending chain {In(x)}n^, 2 of left annihilator ideals of P. By assumption there is a positive integer TV such that IN(x) = IN+1(x) =. By Theorem 1 we find that I r- I I r t \ J Í \ I ^ U In[X) = IN(X). --o This means 78^ =, and, consequently, dnx = because P is prime. Corollary 2. Let R be a prime right (left) Goldie ring. If a derivation 8 of R is nil on a nonzero right ideal of R, then 8 is nil on R. Proof. Since, in either case, R satisfies the ACC on left annihilators [1, 1.15], the conclusion follows from Theorem 2. Theorem 2 is not true at all if we replace "prime" by "semiprime". In fact, let P, and R2 be prime rings and 8[ a nonnil derivation of Rv The derivation 8 of R = P, R2, defined by d(xx + x2) = dxx, x g P,, is nil, not on P, but (actually zero) on the ideal P2. So the conditions in the next theorem may be reasonable. Theorem 3. Let R be a ring with the ACC on left annihilator ideals. Let I be a right ideal of R containing the prime radical of P. 7/a derivation 3 of R is nil on I, then it is nil on the ideal I generated by I. If, moreover, I is essential in R as a left ideal, then 3 is nil on R. Proof. We may assume 87 <z I. Then 37 ç 7. The prime radical P of P is an intersection of prime ideals Pa of P. Let ie/; then by the proof of Theorem 2, 78"x = for some positive integer n. If 7 < Pa, then d"x g Pa. On the other hand, if 7 ç Pa, then d"x g 7 c Pa. It follows that d"x g P. Since 3 is nil on P by assumption, it is nilpotent on x. Now let x be an arbitrary element in P. Since 78"x =, 73 "x = holds. So, if 7 is an essential left ideal, then dnx is in the left singular ideal Z of P. Since Z is a nilpotent ideal by [1,1.6], we find that d"x g Z ç P ç 7. Thus, 3 is nilpotent on x. In Theorems 2 and 3 the ACC on left annihilator ideals is indispensable. It cannot be replaced even by the ACC on right annihilator ideals, as the following example shows. Example 5. Let A" be a field of arbitrary characteristic. Let P be the factor ring of the polynomial ring (xx, yx, x2, y2,... ) over A" in a countable number of noncommuting variables xx, yx, x2, y2,... modulo the ideal 7 generated by all x y, and

5 NIL DERIVATIONS AND CHAIN CONDITIONS 25 yty- y-yi such that /' < j. Define a derivation 8 of P over by dx = xj_1 for /' > 2, dxx =, and dyj = yj+l for y > 1 modulo 7. Then P is a prime ring with the ACC on right annihilator ideals, 3 is nil on the right ideal E^Jc^P, but it is not nil on every nonzero left ideal. In fact, for any nonzero element z in P, 8 is not nilpotent on J'<,!. Finally, the following example shows that, in Theorem 3, the condition that 7 contain the prime radical of P is also necessary. Example 6. Let A" be a field and let P \a, b,c, d G k Then P is an Artinian ring whose prime radical is The derivation 8 defined by is zero on the right ideal of P but not nil on the ideal generated by 7, and 7 is an essential left ideal of P. Note added in proof. Related and interesting results were also obtained independently by Y. Hirano and H. Yamakawa in a paper On nil and nilpotent derivation to appear in Math. J. Okayama Univ. References 1. A. W. Chatters and C. R. Hajarnavis, Rings with chain conditions. Pitman, Boston, Mass., L. O. Chung, Nil derivations, J. Algebra (to appear). 3. L. O. Chung and J. Luh, Nilpotent derivations in an ideal, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 9 (1984), Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Faculty of Education, Tokushima University, Tokushima 77, Japan

RIGHT-LEFT SYMMETRY OF RIGHT NONSINGULAR RIGHT MAX-MIN CS PRIME RINGS

Communications in Algebra, 34: 3883 3889, 2006 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0092-7872 print/1532-4125 online DOI: 10.1080/00927870600862714 RIGHT-LEFT SYMMETRY OF RIGHT NONSINGULAR RIGHT