Coulomb crystal extraction from an ion trap for application to nano-beam source"
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1 Coulomb crystal extraction from an ion trap for application to nano-beam source" K. Ito, K. Izawa, H. Higaki and H. Okamoto,! Aadvanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University,! Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima Japan! Contents" 1. Introduction" 2. Coulomb crystal" 3. Concept design" 4. Experimental procedure" 5. Result" 6. Conclusions"
2 THOBMH03 1. Introduction Nano-ion beam" An ion beam with the radius of nano meter order" It allows extremely localized irradiation onto a target Applications of nano-ion beam" Study of radiation damage New Material Creation Micro machining* (deposition & ablation)" in bio-molecules and semiconductor" (precise implantation)" Living Cell" LSI" Ion" substrate" 1.0µm" DNA" Radiation breeding " Lithographic mask repair" Secondary ion-microprobe mass spectorometry" etc." *)Provided by SII NanoTechnology Inc."
3 2. Conventional method of a nano & sub-micro ion beam production" collimation" strongly focusing by micro apertures" by magnetic or electric lens" focal (target) point" from " a beam source" Liqiuid metal: ~kev, ~na" Accelerator: ~MeV, Single ion (Cyclotron, Tandem)" The tiny beam is obtained near the focal point," but the beam divergence is large." The initial beam emittance" is not sufficiently low."
4 3. The ions are crystallized near zero Kelvin" Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) images of trapped ions " Ion cloud (~10 3 K)" Q-Rod" Cooling Laser" laser cooling to ~mk" End Plate" The emittance of a Coulomb crystal is close to the ultimate limit!!" String" Single ion" 100 µm" Zigzag" 100 µm" Shell" 100 µm" small size" &" small divergence" Lo" Line Density" Hi"
5 4. Concept of the nano-ion beam generator by Coulomb crystal" 1. Trapping" 2. Cooling" 3. Extraction" 4. Acceleration" Pre-acceleration gap" linear Paul trap" rf linac" Ion cloud" rf separatrix" Taget" 1. The emittance is close to the ultimate limit. The transverse size and the divergence are extremely small." 2. The time interval between any two ions is almost identical and controllable. The ion train can be accelerated by rf field without major heating." 3. Individual ions can be observed by LIF imaging. The precise number of ions can be counted." 4. Ions are not lost in acceleration process. Radiation protection is not necessary." 5. etc." M. Kano et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (2004) 760." K. Ito, A. Ogata and H. Okamoto, Int. J. Appl. Electromagnetics and Mechanics 14 (2000) 23."
6 4. Concept of the nano-ion beam generator by Coulomb crystal" 1. Trapping" 2. Cooling" 3. Extraction" 4. Acceleration" Pre-acceleration gap" linear Paul trap" rf linac" String Crystal" rf separatrix" Taget" 1. The emittance is close to the ultimate limit. The transverse size and the divergence are extremely small." 2. The time interval between any two ions is almost identical and controllable. The ion train can be accelerated by rf field without major heating." 3. Individual ions can be observed by LIF imaging. The precise number of ions can be counted." 4. Ions are not lost in acceleration process. Radiation protection is not necessary." 5. etc." M. Kano et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (2004) 760." K. Ito, A. Ogata and H. Okamoto, Int. J. Appl. Electromagnetics and Mechanics 14 (2000) 23."
7 4. Concept of the nano-ion beam generator by Coulomb crystal" 1. Trapping" 2. Cooling" 3. Extraction" 4. Acceleration" Pre-acceleration gap" linear Paul trap" rf linac" rf separatrix" Taget" 1. The emittance is close to the ultimate limit. The transverse size and the divergence are extremely small." 2. The time interval between any two ions is almost identical and controllable. The ion train can be accelerated by rf field without major heating." 3. Individual ions can be observed by LIF imaging. The precise number of ions can be counted." 4. Ions are not lost in acceleration process. Radiation protection is not necessary." 5. etc." M. Kano et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (2004) 760." K. Ito, A. Ogata and H. Okamoto, Int. J. Appl. Electromagnetics and Mechanics 14 (2000) 23."
8 4. Concept of the nano-ion beam generator by Coulomb crystal" 1. Trapping" 2. Cooling" 3. Extraction" 4. Acceleration" Pre-acceleration gap" linear Paul trap" rf linac" rf separatrix" Taget" 1. The emittance is close to the ultimate limit. The transverse size and the divergence are extremely small." 2. The time interval between any two ions is almost identical and controllable. The ion train can be accelerated by rf field without major heating." 3. Individual ions can be observed by LIF imaging. The precise number of ions can be counted." 4. Ions are not lost in acceleration process. Radiation protection is not necessary." 5. etc." M. Kano et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (2004) 760." K. Ito, A. Ogata and H. Okamoto, Int. J. Appl. Electromagnetics and Mechanics 14 (2000) 23."
9 4. Concept of the nano-ion beam generator by Coulomb crystal" 1. Trapping" 2. Cooling" 3. Extraction" 4. Acceleration" Pre-acceleration gap" linear Paul trap" rf linac" rf separatrix" Taget" 1. The emittance is close to the ultimate limit. The transverse size and the divergence are extremely small." 2. The time interval between any two ions is almost identical and controllable. The ion train can be accelerated by rf field without major heating." 3. Individual ions can be observed by LIF imaging. The precise number of ions can be counted." 4. Ions are not lost in acceleration process. Radiation protection is not necessary." 5. etc." M. Kano et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (2004) 760." K. Ito, A. Ogata and H. Okamoto, Int. J. Appl. Electromagnetics and Mechanics 14 (2000) 23."
10 5. Experimental setup" Energy diagram of 40 Ca + Doppler limit = 0.54 mk Excited state (4p 2 P 3/2 ) Cooling laser 397 nm LIF Meta Stable (4s 2 S 1/2 ) Re-pump laser 866 nm Vacuum chamber Base pressure: < 5x10-7 Pa Re-pump Laser Intensity: 0.8 mw/mm 2 Radius: 1 mm Line width: <9 MHz Ground state (3d 2 D 3/2 ) Optical bench 1.5 m x 1.0 m Cooling Laser Intensity: 2.9 mw/mm 2 Radius: 0.4 mm Line width: <1 MHz
11 5. Experimental setup" Energy diagram of 40 Ca + Doppler limit = 0.54 mk Excited state (4p 2 P 3/2 ) Cooling laser 397 nm LIF Vacuum chamber including the linear Paul trap Meta Stable (4s 2 S 1/2 ) Re-pump laser 866 nm Vacuum chamber Base pressure: < 5x10-7 Pa Re-pump Laser Laser Source Intensity: 0.8 mw/mm 2 Radius: 1 mm Line width: <9 MHz Ground state (3d 2 D 3/2 ) light sheilding box including the LIF imaging system Optical bench 1.5 m x 1.0 m Cooling Laser Intensity: 2.9 mw/mm 2 Radius: 0.4 mm Line width: <1 MHz
12 THOBMH03 6. Linear Paul Trap" Parameters" Ion: Electron gun" MCP" Atomic oven" Lens" 40Ca+" Q-Rod" Radius: 3.45 mm" Length: 180 mm" End Plate" Distance: 6 mm" Trap region" Radius:3 mm" Length:6 mm" rf voltage on Q-rod" ~30 V@2 MHz" dc voltage on End-Plate" 0.5V@Trapping"
13 Laser" 7. Extraction of Coulomb crystal" 90 mm" 5mm" End plate B" End plate A" Pre-AMP" MCP" Biased voltage on the end-plate" Uend! Uend! Oscilloscope" sampling time : 0.1ns" End-Plate B" End-Plate A" Axial potential on the trap axis" z! to MCP" z! W. Schnitzler et al., " Phys. Rev. Lett 102 (2009)
14 Laser" 7. Extraction of Coulomb crystal" 90 mm" 5mm" End plate B" End plate A" Pre-AMP" MCP" Biased voltage on the end-plate" U B " Uend! Uend! End-Plate B" End-Plate A" 0" z! Oscilloscope" sampling time : 0.1ns" Axial potential on the trap axis" to MCP" z! W. Schnitzler et al., " Phys. Rev. Lett 102 (2009)
15 8. 3D simulation -Trapping-" Hi" Potential calculated by CST STUDIO* at a moment" 3D multi-particle simulation code" External potental is calculated by CST." Coulomb potential is calculated directly." Ion distribution in the crystal state" Lo" *) y (µm)" x (µm)" z (µm)"
16 Spatial distribution" of extracted 40 Ca + ions on MCP" Hi" 9. 3D simulation -Extraction-" Potential distribution" Ion distribution during the transport" Lo" y (µm)" x (µm)" z (mm)" Ions are kept a string!!
17 Spatial distribution" of extracted 40 Ca + ions on MCP" Hi" 9. 3D simulation -Extraction-" Single shot" Potential distribution" Ion distribution during the transport" Lo" y (µm)" x (µm)" z (mm)" Ions are kept a string!!
18 Spatial distribution" of extracted 40 Ca + ions on MCP" Hi" 9. 3D simulation -Extraction-" Single Multi shot" Potential distribution" Normalized rms emittance m!!" (ideal case)" Ion distribution during the transport" Lo" y (µm)" x (µm)" z (mm)" Ions are kept a string!!
19 10. We succeed in extracting string crystals!" Coulomb crystal" (LIF signal)" number" spatial position" distance" Extracted ion" (MCP signal)" number" TOF timing" time interval" The spatial structure of the Coulomb crystal" The temporal structure of the extracted ions " Ultracold ions are extracted without major heating!!"
20 11. TOF can be controlled by the extraction voltage." Dependence of the TOF" of an ultracold single ion on U B " Controllability of TOF is important." TOF decreases with the increasing U B." We can control the TOF by U B!!" The experimental observations are in good agreement with 3D simulation results. " Other results:" The average TOF is almost independent of the initial ion number." Possible errors in TOF measurements < 7ns"
21 12. Time interval between two ultracold ions is also controllable by the extraction voltage." Dependence of the time interval of two ultracold ions on U B " Another key factor is the controllability of time intervals between ions." Δτ decreases with the increasing U B." We can control" the time interval by U B!!" The experimental observations agree well with 3D simulation results. "
22 13. Conclusions" We have performed an experimental study of a novel ion source. The core of the system is a compact linear Paul trap where a small number of ions are manipulated with a laser before the extraction." 1. We have succeed in extracting a few ultracold ions from a linear Paul trap." 2. Detailed 3D numerical simulations are performed which indicate that the normalized rms emittance of the order of m. " 3. The TOF and the time interval between adjacent ions can be well controlled by adjusting extraction voltage. The experimental observations are in good agreement with corresponding 3D simulation results. " The present experimental facts suggest the feasibility of the ultralowemittance beam generator that enables one to carry out extremely localized, deterministic irradiation of high-energy ions onto various targets."
23 A1. Doppler laser cooling Deceleration of an ion by photons ω L ω 0 1 v // c ω L, k L : angular frequency and wave number of photons ω 0 : resonant frequency of the ion Cooling of trapped ions v z u z = c f / f 0 f = f L - f 0 : detune u z Laser z
24 A1. Doppler laser cooling Deceleration of an ion by photons ω L ω 0 1 v // c ω L, k L : angular frequency and wave number of photons ω 0 : resonant frequency of the ion Cooling of trapped ions v z u z = c f / f 0 f = f L - f 0 : detune u z Laser z
25 A1. Doppler laser cooling Deceleration of an ion by photons ω L ω 0 1 v // c ω L, k L : angular frequency and wave number of photons ω 0 : resonant frequency of the ion Cooling of trapped ions v z u z = c f / f 0 f = f L - f 0 : detune z v z Cooling! z u z Laser
26 A2. Laser cooling and LIF measurement of 40 Ca + The ion species that can be cooled directly by laser is limited. Mg +, Ba +, Hg +, Sr +, Yb +, Ca +, Cd +, etc It is easy to handle. It can be cooled by laser diode. Energy diagram of 40 Ca + about laser cooling & LIF Cooling laser 397 nm LIF 4p 2 P 3/2 4s 2 S 1/2 Re-pum laser 866 nm attainable temperature = 0.54 mk 3d 2 D 3/2
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