Least squares and motion. Nuno Vasconcelos ECE Department, UCSD
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1 Las squars ad moo uo Vascoclos ECE Dparm UCSD
2 Pla for oda oda w wll dscuss moo smao hs s rsg wo was moo s vr usful as a cu for rcogo sgmao comprsso c. s a gra ampl of las squars problm w wll also wrap up dscusso o las squars roduc wo ps of moo smao bloc machg dffral mhods wll al abou moo ambgus ad local vs global moo
3 Las squars a las squars problm s o whr w hav wo varabls XY rlad b a uow fuco Y gx a rag s D { } a modl Y f;φ whr Φ s a vcor of paramrs h goal s: o fd h modl paramrs ha lad o h bs appromao o h obsrvd daa.. o drm h caocal ampl s h problm of fg a l o a s of pos hr * ε m Φ [ f Φ ] Φ a b ad f ; a b a + b 3
4 Two ma cass o-lar las squars fφ o lar o Φ.g. lar las squars fφ lar o Φ.g. f ; Φ s f ; Φ s o: all ha mars s lar o Φ boh olar o ohr lar modls: polomals spls ural wors Fourr dcomposos c. 4
5 5 o-lar las squars mos dffcul cas opmal soluo f ad ol f: grad of ε s zro Hssa of ε gav df gral hs has o closd form umrcal soluo.g. grad dsc pc al sma Φ ra < Φ z z z T ε Φ ε ε ε Φ ε ε ε ε ε L L Φ Φ Φ Φ + ε α εφ Φ ε
6 6 Lar las squars closd form soluo wr soluo s gv b ormal quaos.g. for a l f; + Φ Γ Φ Φ f f L T T Γ Γ Γ Φ Γ L
7 7 Vr powrful Q: wha s h bs lar appromao of a po squc b DFT sl poals? o g las squars soluo w d Γ 4 4 L L L
8 8 Bs Fourr appromao hs mas ha hs s orhoormal.. Γ T Γ ad.. h bs appromao ar h DFT coffcs assocad wh h poals Γ 4 4 L L L T T T Γ Γ Γ Γ Φ...
9 Sgal appromao Q: wha s h bad-pass flr h whos oupu bs appromas a sgal h frquc rag Ω? w hav s ha mus hav DFT Y X hc opmal flr has DFT Ω ohrws Ω H ohrws.. s h dal bad-pass flr of bad Ω uv: dal bs appromao LS ss! 9
10 oo smao s a mpora praccal ampl of LS problms ma applcaos: rcogo: ma vs ar characrzd b h p of moo.g. walg vs rug srog clus abou sc srucur.g. wh w roa a 3D obc moo of a pl drmd b how far h 3D po s from camra sgmao hgs ha mov oghr blog o h sam obc algm oc w ow h moo w ca alg mags a squc.g. h ASA paoramas comprsso sma moo alg mags rasm ol rror c
11 oo smao cosdr h followg wo mags m
12 oo smao cosdr h followg wo mags m +
13 oo smao goal: gv mags ad + for ach pl fd uv whch mmzs dffrc [ u v ] D + problm: mpossbl o solv from o pl alo wo uows uv o quao uv -u-v m 3
14 Fudamal law moo ca ol b solvd ovr a ghborhood d a las wo pls mas ss o cosdr mor ad mmz h avrag rror hs s las squars ε [ u v + ] uv -u-v m 4
15 Bloc machg fac s a o-lar las squars problm sc -u-v s a o-lar fuco of uv soluo : bloc machg for ach bloc + do a hausv sarch for h closs mach vr commo comprsso.g. PEG 5
16 Bloc machg s compuaoall sv d o compu h squard rror bw h bloc ad a collco of blocs h prvous mag dos o alwas produc good moo smas.g. ma machs ca b quall good hs s a problm for all moo smao mhods: moo ca b ambguous wh masurd locall.g. b machg wdows? 6
17 oo ambgus clarl w cao drm h moo of a fla ghborhood for a dg ghborhood w ca ol drm o of h wo compos h wo compos ar uqul dfd ol wh h ghborhood coas D mag srucur hs s calld h aprur problm?????? 7
18 8 Dffral mhods w ca a las lma h compl problm b loog for a closd-form soluo o problm: hs s a o-lar fuco of uv soluo: clarl h problm s du o hs quao ca b mad lar o uv b a Talor srs appromao v u + [ ] + d d v u * m ε v u v u
19 9 Dffral mhods whch lads o o: w ow how o compu hs rms A s h dffrc bw coscuv frams B s.. a fuco of h mag grad B A v u T A + T v u B T
20 Dffral mhods w hus hav ad h las squars problm s o: sc s cosa w om hs s ow lar las squars w ca us us our formula rcall ha + u v * ε + [ + u + v ]
21 Lar las squars f h h LS soluo s: wr soluo s gv b ormal quaos [ ] * m Φ Φ f ε Φ Γ Φ Φ f f L T T Γ Γ Γ Φ
22 Las squars soluo for moo sad of w hav ad wr [ ] * Φ f ε [ ] * + + v u ε Φ Φ v u f f
23 3 Las squars soluo h ormal quaos ar ladg o h soluo v u L L L L v u
24 4 Las squars soluo wh s hs wll dfd? o ha s h mar ha w usd o dc corrs s vrbl ol wh s wo gvalus ar o-zro H T wdow
25 prsg Wdows rcall: cosa wdow small gvalus dg wdow o mdum o small flow wdow o larg o small corr wdow wo larg gvalus H H H H hs cofrms wha w had alrad s: moo ca ol b compud uambguousl wh h ghborhood coas D formao.g. corrs 5
26 6 summar [UV] lsm w compu grads - for ach pl l wdow compu ma U u V v rur UV v u { } w w w w + +
27 7 Problms rcall w usd h Talor srs appromao hs s a good appromao ol for small uv o avod hs problm w d o us pramds v u v u +
28 Hrarchcal smao algorhm: do moo smao usg ad o oba u v warp wh u v : wpd -u -v up-sampl b o g wpd warp moo smao u v do moo smao usg ad o oba u v warp wh u v warp moo smao u v c. wpd... 8
29 Hrarchcal smao ach sag mprovs h mach u v soluo: upsampl all u v o full rsoluo add o oba uv u v + o ha small dsplacms a low rsoluo ar larg dsplacms a full rsoluo combs lar wh abl o sma larg dsplacms... 9
30 oo modls so far w hav dal local moo ach pl movs b slf raslao + u v local moo s h mos grc.g. r lavs blowg h wd o mpora alrav cas s ha of global moo moo of all pls sasfs o commo quao usuall du o camra moo: pag roao zoomg zoom roao 3
31 3 mpora cass po a m warpd o po a m + mpora global moos ar raslao b uv roao b θ scalg b s s θ uv s + v u ' ' θ θ θ θ cos s s cos ' ' s s ' '
32 3 Aff rasformaos hs ar all spcal cass of h aff rasformao moo of r mag dscrbd b Φ abcdf T ca accou for raslao roao scalg ad shar + f d c b a ' ' raslao roao uform scal ouform scal sharg
33 33
Least squares and motion. Nuno Vasconcelos ECE Department, UCSD
Leas squares ad moo uo Vascocelos ECE Deparme UCSD Pla for oda oda we wll dscuss moo esmao hs s eresg wo was moo s ver useful as a cue for recogo segmeao compresso ec. s a grea eample of leas squares problem
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