Lecture 10: Plate Tectonics I. 1. Midterm 1 scores returned 2. Homework #9 due Thursday 12pm
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1 Lecture 10: Plate Tectonics I 1. Midterm 1 scores returned 2. Homework #9 due Thursday 12pm
2 Learning Objectives (LO)! Lecture 10: Plate Tectonics I! ** Chapter 3 **! What we ll learn today:" 1. Describe the origin and recycling of oceanic crust" 2. Identify the evidence that the polarity of Earth s geomagentic field has reversed in the past" 3. Describe the additional evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics"
3 Earth s magnetic field is like a bar magnet Has a north and south pole; reverses direction every ~ few million yrs
4 Earth s magnetic field can be represented by a dipole that points from the north magnetic pole to the south Every now and then, the magnetic polarity reverses North Pole North Pole Magnetic field points from NP to SP FLIP! Magnetic field points from SP to NP South Pole South Pole Normal polarity (today) Reversed polarity
5 Rocks get magnetized when lava flows Basalt contains magnetite, a strongly magnetic mineral Lava records magnetic field of Earth
6
7 Volcanoes & EQs occur along similar boundaries. WHY?
8 Alfred Wegener ( ) Continental Drift Observations: jigsaw puzzle fit of South America & Africa coastal fossil records of S. America and Africa Theory: supercontinent Pangea split up 200 million years ago
9 Wegener's Idea (1915) The Origin of Continents and Oceans Continental Drift: the continents plowed through the oceanic crust Problem: Wegener did not describe the forces that caused continents to move!
10
11 MODERN CONTINENTS EVOLVED FROM PANGEA!
12 1960s: The Development of Plate Tectonics Harry Hess, 1962: A History of the Ocean Basins Seafloor spreading allows plates to move Explains volcanism (rifting) in the center of oceans. Prediction: The seafloor is youngest near the spreading center.
13 1950s - Magnetic Field Surveys of the Seafloor Across the Atlantic Basin! magnetic anomaly! Magnetic Anomaly: symmetric about ridge bathymetry! (topography)! Seafloor Bathymetry: A high ridge in the middle of the Atlantic
14 Layers of volcanoes record magnetic field changes over time Layers reveal flip-flops of normal polarity and reversed polarity
15 Magnetometer (measures magnetic field) Fig. 3.28a magnetic field signal seafloor W. W. Norton! Ocean Ridge + same polarity as today (normal) - different polarity (reversed)
16 Magnetometer (measures magnetic field) seafloor Fig. 3.28a W. W. Norton! magnetic field signal Normal magnetic field polarity Reversed magnetic field polarity
17 Oceanic crust preserves a record of Earth s magnetic polarity at the time the crust formed Normal magnetic field! Reversed magnetic field! New seafloor is being created as the seafloor spreads. The continents move apart as new seafloor expands the ocean basin The magnetic field is "frozen" in the newly-created seafloor. Normal magnetic field!
18 # 1. Age of crust! (millions of years)! present! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! The pattern of magnetic stripes discovered all over ocean floor Found: increasing seafloor age away from ridge center - young rocks nearby - old rocks far away
19 Frederick Vine:
20 Seafloor ages vary from 0 to ~160 Ma with a distinctive pattern Oldest seafloor is much younger than most of continental crust Ma = Million years ago 1 billion years = 1 Gyr 1 million years = 1 Myr 1 thousand years = 1 kyr
21 Age of the Earth: 4.5 Gyr Oldest continent rocks: 3.8 Gyr Youngest continent rocks: 250 Myr Time span (billions of years ago)! 0.25 to 0! 2.5 to 1.7! 2.5 to 0.7! 0.7 to 0.25! 3.8 to 2.5! 3.8 to 1.7! 1.7 to 0.7!
22 Topography (elevation of continents) Bathymetry (elevation of seafloor) ocean ridges
23
24 Fig.4.11a! high at ocean ridges Warm colors = higher heat flow Cool colors = lower heat flow
25 Fig.4.11a! Heat flow is high at a ridges and lower further away Crust bathymetry is high at ridges because it is hot and buoyant Away from a ridge, the crust has cooled and sunk --> seafloor is lower Mid-Ocean Ridge Heat flow Heat flow
26 earthquake locations volcano locations sea floor age sea floor bathymetry + heat flow too!
27 Volcano and earthquake locations Wegner s observations of continental drift Reversals of Earth s past magnetic field (recorded in rocks) Bathymetry of the ocean floor Age of the ocean floor Heat flow from ocean floor
28
29 How Fast do the Plates Move? Typical Plate Speeds Atlantic Basin: 1-2 cm/yr Indian Basin: 3-7 cm/yr Pacific Basin: 5-10 cm/yr
30 Action Items for Thursday, Oct Read Chapter 3-2 to Complete homework assignment #9 What you should know from today:" 1. Describe the origin and recycling of oceanic crust" 2. Identify the evidence that the polarity of Earth s geomagnetic field has reversed in the past" 3. Describe the additional evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics"
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