International Journal Geology and Mining Vol. 4(2), pp , September, ISSN:
|
|
- Della McDonald
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Journal Geology and Mining Vol. 4(2), pp , September, ISSN: IJGM Case Study Sedimentology of the Turonian Ezeaku Sandstone in the Afikpo Basin, Nigeria *Edirin Akpofure 1, Innocent Didei 2 1,2 Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria Sedimentological studies, including outcrop logging, facies analysis and paleo-environmental studies were carried out in the Ezeaku Formation outcropping in Akpoha, Ibii, and Amasiri in order to determine the original depositional environment of these sandstone and associated concretions. The sandstone occurs as ridges; four facies were observed: which include bioturbated mudstone with randomly spherical concretions; ripple laminated, heterolithic, interbedded sandstone and mudstone; planar and trough cross-bedded facies; and swaley crossstratified facies. Such a facies suite indicates that these bars and concretions were formed under a storm-influenced shelfal to shoreface environment. The paleo-current evidenced by the crossbedding clearly shows a NE-SW paleo-flow indicating the Abakiliki and Oban massifs as provenance sources. Keywords: Facies; Calcareous sandstone; Swaley cross-stratification; bioturbation; Heterolithic; Paleo-current INTRODUCTION The Ezeaku Formation, is one of the stratigraphic units erected by Shell D Archy geologists in the 1950s. The Formation consists of hard, flaggy, calcareous grey or black shales and siltstones with impressions of Innoceramus sp. common (Simpson, 1955). Murat (1972), introduced the term Ezeaku Shale Group, and included all the stratigraphic units deposited in the Late Cenomanian to Turonian in the southern Benue Trough. The formation is subdivided into several lithofacies - calcareous and non-calcareous sandstones, siltstones, shales and limestones (Umeji, 1984). The stratigraphy and petrography of these sandstones was documented by Reyment, 1965; Banerjee, 1980; Amajor, Reyment (1965) suggested that the Ezeaku Sandstones were deposited in a shallow marine environment and Banerjee (1980) postulated a tidal deposit. From a facies analysis of these sandstones, Amajor (1987) argued that the sandstones of Ezeaku Formation are not tide, but storm dominated. From petrographic studies, Hoque (1977) and Amajor (1987) considered the sand bodies to be texturally and compositionally immature feldspathic arenites. The depositional environment of the calcareous concretions within the sandstones has been a debatable issue. Amajor (1985) interpreted these calcareous concretions as clastic materials derived from uplifted Asu River Group facies during the Cenomanian and transported from the nearby Oban or Cameroon Massifs. By means of sedimentological, facies, and paleoenvironmental analysis, the present work shows that the late post depositional, penecontemporaneous calcareous concretions found in the region originate from diagenetic precipitations in a shallow marine environment. GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE AFIKPO BASIN The Afikpo area is accessible by a diversified road network, such as the Okigwe Abakiliki - Enugu expressway, Okposi Amasiri Afikpo roads and other minor ones (Figure 1). It has an elevation lower than 100m on average, and it is characterized by ridges and swale *Corresponding Author: Edirin Akpofure, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria. E- mail: edirinakpofure@yaho.com; Co-Author innosilicate@yahoo.com
2 Akpofure and Didei 212 Figure 1: Map of study area showing outcrop, communities, major roads, minor roads and rivers (Ogbonnaya, 2012). topography. The Ezeaku Formation in the Afikpo Basin is represented by the Amasiri Sandstone lying unconformably on the lithostratigraphic units of the Asu River Group. The Amasiri Sandstone consists of series of parallel asymmetric ridges, designated as EZi to EZviii (Ukaegbu and Akpabio, 2009; see Table 1 herein). They all display a NE-SW trend and a dip ranging from 3 o to 20 o NE. The gentler and coarser side face southeastward while the steeper side faces westwards. These sandstone ridges alternate with shales swales forming the lowlands. The most prominent ridges occur in the western part of the study area around Amasiri and Ibii, while the northern part of the study area is a low land. The Amasiri Akpoezi sandstone ridges are the highest (120 m), while the Ibii and Akpoha sandstone ridges are about 75 m high. This study deals with three of these ridges, the Akpoha ridge (EZiv), Ibii ridge (EZvii) and the Amasiri ridge (EZiii) - all within the Amasiri Sandstone. The Akpoha ridge (EZiv), Ibii ridge (EZvii) and Amasiri ridge at Uzara Ukwu, all presented calcareous concretions occurring locally. In the Afikpo Basin, three main Cretaceous lithostratigraphic units are namely; the Asu River Group, the Ezeaku Group and the post Santonian Proto-Niger Delta succession (Odigi, 2007). Parallel and high anticline and synclinal structures are noticed in the area. The Asu River Group (Late Albian Early Cenomanian) has a maximum thickness of about 1500 m (Shell, 1957). It consists of the Ogoja Sandstone, Awi Formation/Mamfe Formation and Abakaliki Formation in the Southern Benue Trough (Nwajide, 2013). These are the oldest sedimentary
3 Int. J. Geol. Min. 213 rocks overlying the pre-cambrian basement complex rocks. They are non-marine to marginal marine deposits. The Asu River Group consists of sandstones and dark shales with ammonites. The Asu River Group represents deposits of the first transgressive-regressive marine depositional cycle in the area (Peters, 1980). Unconformably overlying the Asu River Group are 200 m thick, Late Cenomanian Early Santonian sediments of the Ezeaku Group. The Ezeaku beds consist of shales, limestones, calcareous sandstone and sandstone ridges with a NW 40 o SE average strike and a dip ranging from 20 o to 68 o. The sandstone bodies are parallel and elongate features. The Ezeaku beds represent the second transgressive depositional cycle occuring in the Upper Cretaceous (Murat, 1972), and are unconformably overlain by post-santonian sediments of the pro-niger Delta. The end of the Turonnian is marked by a regressive phase, this later being terminated by a third cycle of the Campanian- Maastrichtian transgression and regression that led to the deposition of the post-santonian Campanian- Maastrichtian proto-niger Delta succession in the broad and gentle depression of the Afikpo Basin. Table 1: Stratigraphic sequence of the study area (From Ukaegbu and Akpabio, 2009) AGE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS GROUP FORMATION MEMBER SYMBOL THICKNESS (in m) Uroro EZviii 200 Shale Ibii EZvii 150 Sandstone TURONIAN Iyi Ogwe EZvi EZE-AKU Shale Okpo-Ezi EZv 130 Sandstone Akpoha EZiv Sandstone Amaseri Shale Amaseri EZiii 150 Sandstone Amate-Elu EZii Shale Amate-Elu EZi 40 Sandstone ALBIAN Amuro Shale 35 ASU Amauro Shale 40 RIVER Amenu Sandstone 35 GROUP Amenu Shale 400 one of calcareous concretion, the other of calcareous sandstone, the two others from the Ozara-Ukwu community - a concretion and the sandstone. After proper grinding and sieving, the pan fraction of sandstone samples were analysed by x-ray fluorescent spectrography. The required filters for each element were selected accordingly and probed. The initial results of selected elemental concentration were shown in diffractions that were then converted into concentration in weight percentage of respective oxides. These results are presented in Table 4. FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE SANDSTONE AT AKPOHA Lithologic Description (Akpoha Ridge) The Amasiri Sandstone occurs as a linear ridge in Akpoha. The outcrop is geographically located at 5 o N - 7 o E with an elevation of 30 m asl. The bar, ca, 6 m high, displays four beds of highly indurated calcareous sandstone. Fresh outcrop surface shows a dark to light grey colour but dirty brown when weathered. Three different facies are discernable. The basal bed, Bed A, represents the bioturbated calcareous sandstone facies: highly bioturbated with randomly distributed calcareous concretions or the casts of dissolved concretions (from 5 40 cm in diameter; see Figures 3, 4 and 5). The bioturbation has blurred the primary bedding structures. Bed A is about 2 m thick and is overlain by Bed B, this later consisting of thin-bedded series with swaley crossstratification and trough cross-beds (Figures 3 and 6) giving rise to the swaley and cross-bedded facies. Bed B, ca. 1.5 m thick, displays fine to medium grains that are white to grey. The contact between Beds A and B is sharp and erosional. Bed C, ca. 1 m thick, is dirty white to light grey in colour, very fine to fine grained, moderately to well sorted, thin and ripple-laminated interbedded sandstone and mudstone as parallel beds (Figures 5 and 6). Generally, the bed is fining upwards, though there is an alternation of fine and very fine grains within the beds - that is, laminations of fine-grained sand beds and mudstone beds. Occasional burrowing and bioturbation occur, especially within the mudstone units. These all represent the ripple-laminated interbedded mudstone and sandstone facies. Bed D, partly weathered and ca. 1 m thick, overlies Bed C and is made up of fine to medium grained, moderately sorted, bioturbated calcareous sandstone with concretions likewise Bed A. METHODOLOGY The outcrops at Akpoha and Amasiri were mapped and their respective lithological descriptions reported. Since the outcrop was blasted, no lithological description was likely to be recorded for that at Ibii. Only the basal bed was properly emplaced. Four samples were collected for oxide analytical purpose: two samples from the Ibii community; - Bed A is highly bioturbated, while Bed B displays series of broad swaley cross-stratification and trough cross-beds. Ripple-laminated interbedded mudstone and sandstone occur in Bed C. The outcrop documents a coarseningupward facies succession passing from bioturbated mudstone with calcareous concretions at the base to swaley and trough cross-bedded sandstone, then ripplelaminated, interbedded mudstone and sandstone facies overlain by a bioturbated mudstone with calcareous concretions.
4 Akpofure and Didei 214 Figure 2: Lithologic description of Akpoha ridge outcropping at the Government Technical College, Akpoha. Amalgamated swales Cast of concretions Figure 3: Akpoha ridge showing amalgamated swaley cross-stratification and cast of concretions
5 Int. J. Geol. Min. 215 Figure 4: Akpoha ridge showing bioturbation Figure 5: Akpoha ridge showing planar cross-bedding, sharp sandstone base and concretion casts Trough Cross-bedding Figure 6: Akpoha ridge showing trough cross-bedding.
6 Akpofure and Didei 216 Figure 7: Akpoha ridge showing parallel lamination and trough cross-bedding. ANALYSIS OF PALEO-CURRENT RECORDED IN THE SANDSTONE AT AKPOHA The Paleo-current direction was estimated from measuring orientation of respective cross-beds within Bed B. The direction of flow current was measured and put on display on rose diagrams (Figure 8) and histograms (Figure 9) to clearly evidence the dominant directions of current flow. The dominant flow direction is NE-SW for the Akpoha Sandstone ridge with surbordinate NW current. Cross-bedding azimuth readings from the Amasiri Sandstone in Akpoha Table 2: Frequency of cross-bedding azimuths into 20 o class interval Class Interval Frequency Total 60 Figure 8: Rose diagram of paleo-current of the Akpoha ridge at the Government Technical School, Akpoha, showing SW- NE direction with subordinate NW current.
7 Int. J. Geol. Min. 217 Figure 9: Histogram plot of the Akpoha ridge at the Government Technical School, Akpoha, showing a bimodal current direction. FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE SANDSTONE AT IBII The Amasiri Sandstone ridges are more isolated, and alternate with shale swales southwards. The ridge beds at Ibii have been displaced by blasting but the basal bed can still be identified. The rock type is a calcareous sandstone (geographic location: at N E ; altitude: 33.1 m). The basal bed consists of very fine to fine-grained sandstone, highly indurated, and intensely bioturbated with massive calcareous concretions at its base. The concretions range from 5 cm to 90 cm, while some casts measure from 160 cm to 250 cm. The fresh sample break appears light grey to grey in hue. Concretions and host rock have similar grain size, and colour, and occur randomly within host rock (Figures 10, 11 and 12). Dip values range from 24 o to 30 o in a SE direction. Vertical joints are observed and may result from the blasting. The paleo-current direction was not evaluated here since the lack of structures obliterated by the blasting. Figure 11: Ridge at Ibii showing calcareous concretions in bioturbated host rock. Concretions and host rock have the similar colour and grain size. Figure 12: Ridge at Ibii showing calcareous concretions FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE SANDSTONE AT AFIKPO calcareous concretions Figure 10: Ibii ridge showing calcareous concretions The studied outcrop of the Amasiri Sandstone ridge in Afikpo is situated at 5 o N and 7 o E with an elevation 74.2 m asl behind the Government College, Afikpo. The outcrop, ca. 16 m high, displays highly indurated arenaceous sandstone, with a NE-SW direction.
8 Akpofure and Didei 218 Figure 13: Lithologic description of sandstone outcropping behind the Government Technical College at Afikpo. Three coarsening-upward sequences and one finingupward sequence are evidenced. Sequence one is a coarsening-upward sequence, ca. 0.6 m thick, made up of Beds A and B (Figure 13). Bed A, as the basal bed of the Ezeaku Formation, lies unconformably upon the Asu River Group, with pebbles underlining the unconformity. The grains are medium to coarse, poorly sorted. Here the Sandstone colour is white. Beds C and D build up Sequence 2, 2 m thick. These beds consist of cross-bedded, white to grey, very coarse and pebbly sandstones. They clearly illustrate the crossbedded sandstone facies. The base of Bed C is an erosional surface with pebble lag (Fig 14). Sequence 3 is heterolithic, and about 5 m thick (Figure 13). Thin sandstone beds are interbedded with thin mudstone beds, displaying ripple-laminated interbedded mudstone and sandstone facies. The sandstone beds are fine to medium-grained and moderately well-sorted. Ripple laminations occur within the sandstone and mudstone beds. Sequence 4 builds another coarsening-upward sequence with cross-bedded beds F, G and H. Bed F is 1 m thick, while Beds G and H are 2 m thick each. Bed F is dark grey, poorly sorted, fine to medium grained, and shows reactivation surfaces. Beds G and H are very coarse to pebbly, white to grey in colour. Beds I, J, K and L build Sequence 5, a coarsening-upward sequence about 3 m thick. Grains in Beds I, J, and K, are poorly sorted, medium to coarse and white in colour. Planar crossbedding also occur. Bed L is poorly sorted, coarse to very coarse with pebbles. Fractures and quartz veins occur within the outcrop. The outcrop is characterized by series of shallowingupwards successions of cross-bedded facies, and ripplelaminated, interbedded mudstone and sandstone facies forming the heterolithic beds (Figure 15). Presence of fractures within the ridge may originate from the Santonian tectonic event.
9 Int. J. Geol. Min. 219 Coarse grain planar cross-bedding Figure 14: Amasiri Ridge showing coarse grained, planar cross-bedding structure, behind the Government College, Afikpo Table 3 : Frequency of cross-beddings azimuths into 20 o class interval Class Interval Total 60 Frequency Thin heterolithic beds Figure 15: Amasiri ridge outcropping behind the Government College at Afikpo ANALYSIS OF PALEO-CURRENT RECORDED IN THE SANDSTONE AT AFIKPO Figure 16: Rose diagram of paleo-current of Amasiri ridge behind Government College Afikpo mainly NE with ESE subordinate current. The direction of flow current was evaluated from crossbeddings, and put on display in a rose diagram (Figure 16) and histograms (Figure 17) to illustrate the dominant direction of the original current flow. The dominant flow direction is NEward for the Amasiri Sandstone ridge, with surbordinate current in the ESEward. Cross-bedding azimuth readings from the Amasiri Sandstone at Afikpo Figure 17: Histogram plot of the Amasiri ridge behind Government College at Afikpo, mainly NE with ESE subordinate current.
10 Akpofure and Didei 220 The Amasiri Sandstones occur as NE-trended linear bars. Four lithofacies are observed in the three studied bars. In the Akpoha bar, the basal lithofacies observed was an intensely bioturbated sandstone bed with calcareous concretions. The colour and grain size of concretions and host rock are similar (Figures 8 and 9). The concretions are ovoid and spherical and lack any regular internal structure. This is followed by Facies 2, which is swaley and cross-bedded. A sharp contact separates Facies B from underlying Facies A. Facies 3 is made up of ripplelaminated interbedded sandstone and mudstone that occur as parallel beds, while ripples occur in the sandstone beds. Facies A is repeated in Bed D. Facies 4 occurs in the Amasiri sandstone ridge as coarsening-up sequences of coarse to pebbly crossbedded sandstone, repeatedly stacked on each other. Facies 3 also occurs as heterolithic beds of ripplelaminated interbedded mudstone and sandstone facies. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Oxide analysis of sandstones and concretions from the Amasiri and Ibii ridges were to determine the rock chemistry (Table 4).Chemistry of the concretions and that of the host rock differ. Concentrations of SiO2, K2O and Al2O3 are lower in the concretions than those in the host rock. SiO2 content in the host rock is 50.67% at Ibii and 66.14% at Amasari, while that in the concretions is 32.20% at Ibii and 42.16% at Amasiri. K2O and Al2O3 contents show the same trend: K2O is 4.54% and 4.598% at Ibii and Amasiri respectively, while those of the concretions are 2.832% and 3.084% at Ibii and Amasiri respectively. Al2O3 content in the concretions is 9.766% for Ibii and almost double in Amasiri concretions (16.39%). The Al2O3 value is highest at Amasiri (23.55%) and 17.34% at Ibii. The Na2O content is also almost double the content in Amasiri with 3.936%. The content in Ibii ridge, Ibii and Amasiri concretions are 1.834%, 2.089% and 1.964% respectively. There is no noticeable difference within the respective concentrations of Fe2O3, TiO2, and MnO. MgO in Amasiri ridge is comparatively high (2.545%) while others are 0.318%, 0.246% and 0.940% for Ibii ridge, Ibii concretions and Amasiri ridge respectively. Comparatively, CaO is higher in the concretions than in the host rock (19.55% and 13.44% for Ibii nodules and that of Amasiri nodules respectively, while Ibii ridge shows a value of 3.222% and Amasiri ridge, 0.672%). Table 4: Chemical composition of studied Sandstone Sample no. Location SiO2% K2O% Al2O3% Na2O% Fe2O3% TiO2% MnO% MgO% CaO% Sample1 (Ibii ridge) Ibii Sample2 Ibii nodules (Ibii ridge) Sample3 Ozara-Ukwu (Amasiri ridge) nodules Sample4 (Amasiri ridge) Ozara-Ukwu DISCUSSION The Ezeaku Formation at Akpoha is represented by bioturbated shales at the base passing into shoreface interbedded mudstone and sandstone and upwards into relatively cleaner sandstone bars. These bars occur obliquely with a general NE-SW trend. Southwards, the ridges become more isolated and alternate with shale swale. Walker and James (1992), postulated that, in a storm dominated shorefaces, the cross-bedding tends to be obliterated by storm waves, and replaced by parallel lamination and/or swaley cross-stratification. Such sedimentary structures were observed in Bed B in the Akpoha ridges with a sharp contact with Bed A, while Bed A consists of bioturbated mudstone with calcareous concretions. Bed C consists of parallel interbedded sandstone and mudstone with ripple cross-lamination occurring in the sandstone. Bed C describes BC beds of the Bouma sequence. The facies indicate a waning current that may be unidirectional or oscillatory. The sharp base indicates scouring of a muddy shelf floor during the commencement of storm, followed by the emplacement of sand as the storm waned. The heterolithic beds consisting of interbedded mudstone and sandstone with ripples suggest an offshore depositional environment. This facies occur in Bed C in Akpoha, and below the ridges. This is also the case of Bed E, ca. 7 m thick in Amasiri ridge behind the Government College, Afikpo. The stacking pattern of the coarsening-upward succession in ancient marine settings usually reflect coastal progradation or aggradation. Isolated sand bodies or ridges, and adjourning swales of shales, especially southwards from Ibii sandstone ridge towards Afikpo, and the coarsening-upward sequence series suggest offshore bars developing on muddy seafloor. The concretions in Akpoha and Ibii sandstone ridges constitute some hard, compact mass of matter resulting from calcitic-cement poronecrosis. This pervasive growth may have occurred simultaneously throughout the sediment. Such concretions usually form in the early stage of diagenesis before the final hardening of sediments into rock. Such a differential diagenetic cementation makes the
11 Int. J. Geol. Min. 221 concretions harder and more resistant to weathering. The colour and grain size of the concretions are similar to those of the host rock: grey and fine-grained. They are oval or spherical, and range from about 3cm to 2m in size. They have not been found in all the beds, but randomly within the bioturbated beds. The sandstones are generally richer in K-feldspars than Na-feldspars, Al2O3 content is also moderately abundant. These features are typical of arkosic sandstones. Lower content in SiO2 and higher one in CaO than those of the host rock, all support a diagenetic replacement of SiO2 by calcite within the sandstone. The presence of calcite cement indicates impregnating seepage of original sediments by alkaline pore fluids irrespective of Eh. The concretions occurrence in bioturbated beds suggests deposition in a shallow marine shelf environment under a waning current. Such evidences are in total disagreement with former assertions (Amajor, 1985; Odigi, 2007) that these concretions are clastic materials/boulders derived from the Abakiliki anticlinorium. The dominant flow direction is NE-SW for the Akpoha Sandstone ridge and mainly NE for the Amasiri Sandstone with an ESE subordinate current. The paleo-current derived from the cross-stratification suggests a shore-parallel flow. It also documents an average flow and a net geostrophically-driven flow along the funnel-shaped paleo-shelf coastline (Duke, 1990; Duke et al., 1991). CONCLUSION The Ezeaku Formation in the Afikpo basin occurs as series of parallel asymmetric ridges, designated as EZi to EZviii (Ukaegbu and Akpabio, 2009). They all display a NE-SW trend and dips ranging from 3 o to 20 o NE. Three of these ridges, the Akpoha ridge (EZiv), Ibii ridge (EZvii) and the Amasiri ridge (EZiii), were studied. The Akpoha ridge (EZiv), Ibii ridge (EZvii) and Amasiri ridge at Uzara Ukwu, presented calcareous concretions occurring in places, mostly in the basal bed. Some of these sandstones are calcareous like the Ibii ridge, while the others are arenaceous like the Amasiri ridge behind Government College, Afikpo. The observed sedimentary structures are indicative of a shallow marine and shelfal environment. They include: ripple lamination, parallel lamination, planar crossbedding, erosional surfaces, and sandstone ridges alternating with swales of shales. The storm structures observed in these ridges include: swaley and hummocky cross-bedding, coarse planar cross-beds, trough crossbedding, and bioturbation. Some of these ridges (e.g., Amasiri ridge) occur as stacks of prograding facies with erosional surfaces occurring in places indicative of coastal aggradation and progradation. The paleo-current analysis suggests a NE-SW dominant flow direction for the Akpoha Sandstone ridge and mainly NE one for the Amasiri Sandstone with ESE subordinate current. The paleo-current derived from the crossstratification suggests a shore-parallel flow. The sandstones are richer in K-feldspars than in Nafeldspars, but the silica content is higher in the host rocks than in the concretions. Al2O3 occurs in a moderately high amount, while CaO is higher in the concretions than in the host rock. Oval or spherical shape concretions, ranging from about 3cm to 2m in size, occurring in the Akpoha, Amasiri and Ibii sandstone ridges, originate from the poronecrosis by precipitation of calcite cement. They occur in bioturbated beds, suggesting deposition in a shallow marine shelf environment with a wanning current. This invalidates former assertions of Amajor (1985) and Odigi (2007) that the concretions are clastic materials/boulders derived from the Abakiliki anticlinorium. REFERENCES Amajor, L. C. (1985). The Cenomanian hiatus in the Southern Benue Trough, Nigeria. Geological Magazine.121, pp Amajor, L. C. (1987). The Ezeaku Sandstone ridges (Turonian) of southeastern Nigeria. A re- interpretation of their depositional origin. Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geology, 23 (1&2), pp Banerjee, K. (1980). A subtidal bar model for the Ezeaku Sand bodies, Nigeria. Journal of Sedimentary Geology, 25, pp Boggs, S. Jr. (2006). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy: Pearson Education Inc. pp Duke, W. L. (1990). Geostrophic circulation of shallow marine turbidity currents? The dilemma of paleoflow patterns in storm influenced prograding shoreline systems: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60 pp Duke, W. L., Arnott, R. W., Cheel, R. J. (1991). Shelf sandstones and hummocky cross-stratification: new insight on a stormy debate: Geology, v.19, pp Hoque, M. (1977). Petrographic differentiation of tectonically controlled Cretaceous sedimentary cycles, South Nigeria. Journal of Sedimentary Geology, v.17, pp Murat, R. C. (1972). Stratigraphy and paleogeography of Cretaceous Lower Tertiary in southern Nigeria. African Geol. T.F.J. Dessauvagie and M.d. Whiteman (Ed), University of Ibadan press pp Nwajide, C. S., Reijers, T. J. A. (2004). A geological field excursion to parts of the Anambra Basin Nigeria, In: NAPE mini conference held at Federal University of Technology, Owerri 7-8 May 2004, pp1-28.
12 Akpofure and Didei 222 Nwajide, C. S. (2013). Geology of Nigeria s sedimentary Basins. CSS Press pp Odigi, M. I. (2007). Facies and sequence stratigraphy of Cretaceous formations, southeastern Benue Trough, Nigeria.Ph.D Thesis.Uni. Port Harcourt. 300pp. Ogbonnaya, C. O. (2012). Sedimentology and facies analysis of Amasiri Sandstone, Lower Benue Trough, southeastern Nigeria. pp. 6 & 138. Petters, S. W. (1980). Biostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Benue Trough, Nigeria. Journal Forams. Research, 10, pp Reyment, R. A. (1965). Aspects of Geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, pp Simpson, A. (1955). The Nigerian Coalfield: Geology of parts of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Bul.l GSN No. 24, pp. 85. Ukaegbu, V. U., Akpabio, I. O. (2009). Geology and Stratigraphy of Northeast of Afikpo Basin, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 10 (1): pp Umeji, O. P. (1984). Ammonite palaeoecology of the Ezeaku Formation, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology.,v.21, pp Walker, R. G., James, N. P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to sea level change. Geological Association of Canada. Accepted 31 August 2018 Citation: Akpofure E, Didei I (2018). Sedimentology of the Turonian Ezeaku Sandstone in the Afikpo Basin, Nigeria. International Journal Geology and Mining 4(2): Copyright: 2018 Akpofure and Didei. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Middle Cretaceous Sequences Northeast of Afikpo Basin, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Middle Cretaceous Sequences Northeast of Afikpo Basin, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. V.U. Ukaegbu, Ph.D. 1 and I.O. Akpabio, Ph.D. 2 1 University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt,
More informationPetrographic Study of the Sandstones of Eze-Aku Formation (Turonian) in Abaomege, Southern Benue Trough, Nigeria.
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-issn: 2321 0990, p-issn: 2321 0982.Volume 1, Issue 2 (Jul. Aug. 2013), PP 16-22 Petrographic Study of the Sandstones of Eze-Aku Formation (Turonian)
More informationSedimentary and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Viking Sand in the Edgerton/Wainwright Area, Central Alberta* By Russell Walz 1
Sedimentary and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Viking Sand in the Edgerton/Wainwright Area, Central Alberta* By Russell Walz 1 Search and Discovery Article #50030 (2006) Posted June 25, 2006 *Extended abstract
More informationSedimentary structures and depositional environment of the Amasiri sandstone (Turonian), in Akpoha, Southeastern Nigeria
American Journal of Science and Technology 2014; 1(5): 277-282 Published online October 10, 2014 (http://www.aascit.org/journal/ajst) Sedimentary structures and depositional environment of the Amasiri
More informationViking Lowstand Deposits in West Central Saskatchewan: Depositional Model for the Reservoir Units in Dodsland-Hoosier Area, Saskatchewan, Canada
Viking Lowstand Deposits in West Central Saskatchewan: Depositional Model for the Reservoir Units in Dodsland-Hoosier Area, Saskatchewan, Canada Hasan Ferdous* PetroSed Geoconsulting Resources, Calgary,
More informationGranulometric Analysis of Sandstone Facies of Late Maastritchian Nsukka Formation Outcrops in Ihube and Isiukwuato Areas, Southeastern Nigeria
American Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2018; 1(3): 124-131 http://www.aascit.org/journal/ees Granulometric Analysis of Sandstone Facies of Late Maastritchian Nsukka Formation Outcrops in
More informationA BIOFACIE STUDY OF AN OUTCROPPING UNIT AT IBII QUARRY SITE, AFIKPO BASIN, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
A BIOFACIE STUDY OF AN OUTCROPPING UNIT AT IBII QUARRY SITE, AFIKPO BASIN, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA SORONNADI-ONONIWU, G. C. 1, DIDEI, I. S 2 1,2 Department of Geology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce
More informationFacies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The. Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh. Abstract
Facies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh Joyanta Dutta Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
More informationGranomeric Analysis of Mamu Formation and Enugu Shale around Ozalla and Its Environs; Evidence from Field Study
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-issn: 2321 0990, p-issn: 2321 0982.Volume 3, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 19-26 www.iosrjournals.org Granomeric Analysis of Mamu Formation
More informationHigh-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation
Page No. 069-1 High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation Thérèse Lynch* and John Hopkins, Department
More informationPetrography of Ajali Sandstone in Ayogwiri Fugar Orame. Area of Western Anambra Basin: Implication for Diagenetic and. Depositional History.
Petrography of Ajali Sandstone in Ayogwiri Fugar Orame Area of Western Anambra Basin: Implication for Diagenetic and Depositional History. Edirin Akpofure 1* John O. Etu-Efeotor 2 1. Department of Geology
More informationPALYNOLOGICAL AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF AN OUTCROP AT AKPOHA, AFIKPO BASIN SOUTH EASTHERN NIGERIA
PALYNOLOGICAL AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF AN OUTCROP AT AKPOHA, AFIKPO BASIN SOUTH EASTHERN NIGERIA Ogbumgbada Igochi Fortune 1, Ihunda Chigozi Eze 2 and Adiela U.P 3 1,2 Department of Geology, Port
More informationSpectral Analysis of Aeromagnetic Anomalies from Parts of Mmaku and its Adjoining Areas in Southeastern, Nigeria
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2015 1 Spectral Analysis of Aeromagnetic Anomalies from Parts of Mmaku and its Adjoining Areas in Southeastern,
More informationPETROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF AMENU- AMAURO AREA, AFIKPO BASINS SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA
PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF AMENU- AMAURO AREA, AFIKPO BASINS SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA OLOTO, I.N 1 IYAYI, A.O 2 Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Geology, university of Port Harcourt, Nigeria 1 Graduate Researcher, Dept.
More informationES120 Sedimentology/Stratigraphy
Midterm Exam 5/05/08 NAME: 1. List or describe 3 physical processes that contribute to the weathering of rocks (3pts). exfoliation frost wedging many others. roots, thermal expansion/contraction also credit
More informationNAME: GEL 109 Final Winter 2010
GEL 109 Final Winter 2010 1. The following stratigraphic sections represents a single event followed by the slow accumulation of background sedimentation of shale. Describe the flows that produced the
More informationSediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment
Sediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) Sedimentary
More information=%REPORT RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT. October 25, 1977
=%REPORT ON FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT October 25, 1977 Bruce D. Vincent Imperial Oil Limited, Minerals - Coal, CALGARY, ALBERTA CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT Introduction The Chisholm Lake
More informationSedimentology and Permeability Distribution of the Ajali Sandstone around Odugbo, North Central Nigeria
Journal of Geography and Geology; Vol. 5, No. 3; 2013 ISSN 1916-9779 E-ISSN 1916-9787 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Sedimentology and Permeability Distribution of the Ajali Sandstone
More informationPaleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments
Paleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments page - 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT Grain size and grain shape: The sizes and shapes of sedimentary particles (grains) are modified considerably during their transportation
More informationBulletin of Earth Sciences of Thailand
Depositional Environments and Stratigraphic Development of the Grand Taman Sari Circuit Outcrop: an Analogue for Transgressive Mahakam Delta Successions Ridha Santika Riadi Petroleum Geoscience Program,
More informationSedimentological Characteristics and Geochemistry of Ajali Sandstone Exposed at Ofe-Jiji and Environs, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 6(1): 10-17, 2014 ISSN: 2041-0484; e-issn: 2041-0492 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2014 Submitted: July 26, 2013 Accepted: August 16, 2013 Published:
More informationThe unknown giants - low-permeability shallow gas reservoirs of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada.
The unknown giants - low-permeability shallow gas reservoirs of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. Shaun O'Connell* Belfield Resources Inc., Calgary belfield@shaw.ca ABSTRACT The gas reserves contained
More informationUnderstanding Earth Fifth Edition
Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Press Siever Chapter 5: SEDIMENTATION: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes Lecturer: H Mohammadzadeh Assistant professors, Department of Geology, FUM Copyright
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2013 ISSN
Paleoenvironmental Indications From Textural Parameters: A Case Study Of The Paleocene To Eocene Sandstones In Some Parts Of Anambra Basin, South-Eastern, Nigeria. Obinegbu I.R., Chiaghanam, O.I., Chiadikobi,
More informationGeoCanada 2010 Working with the Earth
Lithofacies Identification and the Implications for SAGD Well Planning in the McMurray Formation, Christina Lake Area, Alberta Travis Shackleton*, Robert Gardner, Sung Youn, Grace Eng and Lori Barth Cenovus
More informationLecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018
Lecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018 Quiz 2 scheduled for Friday Feb 23 (Interlude B, Chapters 6,7) Questions? Chapter 6 Pages of the Past: Sedimentary Rocks Key Points for today Be
More informationGeology 252, Historical Geology, California State University, Los Angeles - professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo
LAB # 1 - CLASTIC ROCKS Background: - Mechanical and Chemical Weathering - Production of Clastic Sediment - Classification of Sediment according to size: Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay - Erosion, Transportation
More informationESC102. Sedimentary Rocks. Our keys to the past. Monday, February 11, 13
ESC102 Sedimentary Rocks Our keys to the past Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are rocks that form through the accumulation of sediment and the process of lithification. Lithification occurs after deposition
More informationThe San Benito Gravels: Fluvial Depositional Systems, Paleocurrents, and Provenance
ES120 FIELD TRIP #2 10 April 2010 NAME: The San Benito Gravels: Fluvial Depositional Systems, Paleocurrents, and Provenance Introduction The San Benito Gravels (SBG) consists of a 500 m thick section of
More informationSediment and Sedimentary rock
Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, silt or mud, which are not cemented together. Mechanical and chemical weathering produces
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Classification of sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are products of weathered, fragmented or dissolved,
More informationDakota Sandstone. of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin
Dakota Sandstone of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin Dakota Sandstones of the Green River Basin Overview The Dakota sandstones of the Moxa Arch and surrounding Green River Basin remain attractive
More informationThe boundary between two formations (or any distinct layers) is called a contact. Sedimentary rocks cover 75% of continents.
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks form at the Earth s surface through interactions of the hydrologic system and the crust. Fortunately, many of these processes are in operation today, and geologists
More informationEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND SEDIMENTATION!
Sed and Strat EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND SEDIMENTATION! 2/27 Lecture 7- Exposure: Weathering and the Sediment Factory 3/04 Lecture 8 - Rivers and Landscapes 3/06 Lecture 9 - Waves (not Tides) 3/11 Lecture
More informationDetermining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the Turonian Eze-Aku Shale from Ibii, Lower Benue Trough in Southeastern Nigeria
International Journal Geology and Mining Vol. 3(3), pp. 128-136, October, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: XXXX-XXXX IJGM Research Article Determining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the
More informationUnbioturbated Marine Mudstones: Environmental Stress or Rapid Deposition? A Worked Example from the Ordovician Beach Formation, Newfoundland, Canada*
Unbioturbated Marine Mudstones: Environmental Stress or Rapid Deposition? A Worked Example from the Ordovician Beach Formation, Newfoundland, Canada* Dario Harazim 1, Duncan McIlroy 1, Joe Macquaker 1,
More informationAccommodation. Tectonics (local to regional) Subsidence Uplift
Accommodation Accommodation varies over time; it is the distance between a reference horizon and the sea surface (i.e. relative sea level). The space to be filled in with sediments or water What are the
More informationFluid-Mud Deposits of the Lower Jurassic Tilje Formation, Offshore Mid-Norway By Aitor A. Ichaso and Robert W. Dalrymple 1
Fluid-Mud Deposits of the Lower Jurassic Tilje Formation, Offshore Mid-Norway By Aitor A. Ichaso and Robert W. Dalrymple 1 Search and Discovery Article #50107 (2008) Posted August 10, 2008 *Adapted from
More informationSediment. Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface
Sediment Some basic terminology Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface Erosion: removal of weathered rock and minerals from one place to
More informationGeology Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010)
Name: Answers Reg. lab day: Tu W Th Geology 1023 Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010) Introduction Stratigraphic correlation is the process of comparing rocks at one locality with related rocks
More informationGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IRONSTONE FACIES OF THE MAASTRICHTIAN PATTI FORMATION, BIDA BASIN, NIGERIA: INSIGHTS FROM CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY
GENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IRONSTONE FACIES OF THE MAASTRICHTIAN PATTI FORMATION, BIDA BASIN, NIGERIA: INSIGHTS FROM CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY Olusola J. Ojo 1, Toba E. Bamidele 2, Idris Kelani 2 1 Department
More informationFORMATION EVALUATION OF SIRP FIELD USING WIRELINE LOGS IN WESTERN DEPOBELT OF NIGER DELTA
FORMATION EVALUATION OF SIRP FIELD USING WIRELINE LOGS IN WESTERN DEPOBELT OF NIGER DELTA 1 Obioha C, ²Adiela U. P and ³*Egesi N 1,3 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt,
More informationLithofacies Characterization of Sedimentary Succession from Oligocene to Early Miocene Age in X2 Well, Greater Ughelli Depo Belt, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 2, 77-84 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jgg/6/2/5 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jgg-6-2-5 Lithofacies Characterization
More informationSup. Mat. 1. Figure DR1. Map showing the distribution of the Vanrhynsdorp Group. 02
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2013142 Buatois, Almond and Germs Treptichnus pedum - List of supplementary materials: Sup. Mat. 1. Figure DR1. Map showing the distribution of the Vanrhynsdorp Group. 02 Sup. Mat.
More informationPaleoenviromental and Sequence Stratigraphic Studies of the D7.000 Sand, Eme Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
ISSN: 2276-7851 Impact Factor 2012 (UJRI): 0.7799 ICV 2012: 5.88 Paleoenviromental and Sequence Stratigraphic Studies of the D7.000 Sand, Eme Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria By Soronnadi-Ononiwu G.C. Omoboriowo
More informationStructural Features and Fracture Orientation similarities between outcrops of the Ridgeley Sandstone
The JUNIATA JOURNAL of GEOLOGY, 1, 1-8 (2014) Original article Structural Features and Fracture Orientation similarities between outcrops of the Ridgeley Sandstone Robert W. Baronner Two outcrops of the
More informationDELTAIC AND SHELF DEPOSITIONAL PACKAGES OF THE GULANI MEMBER OF PINDIGA FORMATION, GONGOLA SUB-BASIN, NORTHERN BENUE TROUGH, N.E.
Science DELTAIC AND SHELF DEPOSITIONAL PACKAGES OF THE GULANI MEMBER OF PINDIGA FORMATION, GONGOLA SUB-BASIN, NORTHERN BENUE TROUGH, N.E. NIGERIA B. Shettima 1, A.I. Goro 2, M. Bukar 1, Y.B. Mohammed 1
More informationLab 7: Sedimentary Structures
Name: Lab 7: Sedimentary Structures Sedimentary rocks account for a negligibly small fraction of Earth s mass, yet they are commonly encountered because the processes that form them are ubiquitous in the
More informationAccepted 15 December, 2012
International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 7(49), pp. 6255-6262, 30 December, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.657 ISSN 1992-1950 2012 Academic Journals
More informationGRANULOMETRY AND PEBBLE MORPHOMETRY OF AWI SANDSTONES, CALABAR FLANK, NIGERIA
GRANULOMETRY AND PEBBLE MORPHOMETRY OF AWI SANDSTONES, CALABAR FLANK, NIGERIA ITAM, A. ESSIEN AND INYANG,D. OKON Department of Geololgy,University of Calabar,P.M.B1115 Calabar,Nigeria E-mail asukwoitam@gmail.com
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 100. Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationRed Sea Basins. by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour
Red Sea Basins TECTONO-SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF THE NW PARTS OF THE RED SEA The pre-rift rift by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour 1.a. The Precambrian basement and the inherited structural pattern of the rift
More informationLab 8: Facies Analysis and Correlations: Sequence Stratigraphy in the Book Cliffs, Utah
Geology 109L Lab 8: Facies Analysis and Correlations: Sequence Stratigraphy in the Book Cliffs, Utah Goal: In this lab, you will put together your knowledge of near-shore facies and sequence stratigraphy
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationUNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS Sediments are loose Earth materials (unconsolidated materials) such as sand which are transported by the action of water, wind, glacial ice and gravity. These
More informationLectures 6 & 7: Flow, bedforms and sedimentary structures in oscillatory and multidirectional flows
GEOL 440 Sedimentology and stratigraphy: processes, environments and deposits Lectures 6 & 7: Flow, bedforms and sedimentary structures in oscillatory and multidirectional flows Today, aim to examine:
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationPreliminary investigations into the high-purity silica sand of the Winnipeg Formation, southern Manitoba by K. Lapenskie
GS-17 Preliminary investigations into the high-purity silica sand of the Winnipeg Formation, southern by K. Lapenskie Lapenskie, K. 2016: Preliminary investigations into the high-purity silica sand of
More informationReservoir Characterization of the D7.000 Sand, Eme Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Reservoir Characterization of the D7.000 Sand, Eme Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria Soronnadi-Ononiwu, G.C 1.Oloto, I.N 2. Yikarebogha, Y 3. Omoboriowo, A.O 4 Department of Geology, Niger Delta University,
More informationModule 9 Sedimentary Rocks
Module 9 Sedimentary Rocks SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Rocks formed from material derived from preexisting rocks by surfacial processes followed by diagenesis There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks Clastic
More informationUPPER MANZANILLA FORMATION AT FISHING POND VILLAGE FIELDTRIP GUIDE
UPPER MANZANILLA FORMATION AT FISHING POND VILLAGE FIELDTRIP GUIDE Saturday 10 th March 2012 Trip Leader: Georgia Huggins INTRODUCTION MANZANILLA Formation Author of name: WARING (G.A.) (1926.). The geology
More informationDetermination of Geothermal Gradient in the Eastern Niger Delta Sedimentary Basin from Bottom Hole Temperatures
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, 2014, 109-114 ISSN: 1792-9040 (print), 1792-9660 (online) Scienpress Ltd, 2014 Determination of Geothermal Gradient in the Eastern
More informationThe Clearwater Formation: A Facies Study for SAGD Water Source in the Athabasca Oil Sands
The Clearwater Formation: A Facies Study for SAGD Water Source in the Athabasca Oil Sands Wallace, J. and Lavigne, J Introduction Water source has become an increasingly important issue recently with the
More informationImage: G. Parker. Presenters: Henry Chan, Kayla Ireland, Mara Morgenstern, Jessica Palmer, Megan Scott
Image: G. Parker Presenters: Henry Chan, Kayla Ireland, Mara Morgenstern, Jessica Palmer, Megan Scott Is the Ross Formation a suitable analog for sand-rich turbidite plays in passive margin basins? Play:
More informationPetrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir Sands (OML 60) from Wire-line Logs, Niger Delta, Nigeria. EKINE, A. S.
JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserved Full-text Available Online at wwwbiolineorgbr/ja J Appl Sci Environ Manage December, 2009 Vol 13(4) 81-85 Petrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir
More informationPROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017
IPA17-369-SG PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017 FACIES ANALYSIS OF LATE NEOGENE DEPOSIT: MARINE TO CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MERAPI
More informationSEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Processes, Environments, Structures and Rocks. Sedimentary Processes and Rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Processes, Environments, Structures and Rocks Sedimentary Processes and Rocks Origins of Sedimentary Rocks Sediment transport and texture Sedimentary structures Lithification Classifying
More informationSEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS OF THE MIOCENE FILARET FORMATION
Reprinted from: Nishida, H. (ed.) Post-Cretaceous Floristic Changes in Southern Patagonia, Chile, ChuoUniv., Tokyo, p. 103-107, (2006) 103 SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS OF THE MIOCENE FILARET FORMATION Toshihiro
More informationClastic Shelf Depositional Environment: Facies, Facies Sequences and Economic Values
Clastic Shelf Depositional Environment: Facies, Facies Sequences and Economic Values C.S.E. Nnaji Geology Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Abstract Perhaps more than any other single environment,
More informationDepositional Sequences Sequences
Depositional Sequences Transgressive and Regressive packages can be bound by unconformities Because sediment can only be preserved during net aggradation and progradation All other times there is either
More informationGY 402: Sedimentary Petrology
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 9: Walther s Law Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick Today s Agenda 1. Walther s Law 2. Sequence stratigraphy 3. Markov Chain Analysis Named
More informationHYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND EXPLORATION IN VOLCANIC MARGINS: FRONTIER LEADS IN BENUE TROUGH OF NIGERIA
Article Open Access HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND EXPLORATION IN VOLCANIC MARGINS: FRONTIER LEADS IN BENUE TROUGH OF NIGERIA J. N. John Onwualu 1* and Kingsley K. Nwozor 2 1 Department of Geology, University
More informationBlack Point & Bihler Point
Black Point & Bihler Point Conglomerate Photo: looking north toward end of Black Point (south of post 1) All of the rocks in this photo are conglomerate. Both Black Point and Bihler Point are formed from
More informationOutcrops from Every Continent and 20 Countries in 140 Contributions. Tor H. Nilsen, Roger D. Shew, Gary S. Steffens, and Joseph R.J. Studlick.
Paper VIII Tor H. Nilsen, Roger D. Shew, Gary S. Steffens, and Joseph R.J. Studlick Editors Outcrops from Every Continent and 20 Countries in 140 Contributions http://bookstore.aapg.org Length ~ 23 m (75.5
More informationTransgressive Shoreline Deposits of the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Bluesky Formation in the Boyer and Steen Field Areas of Northwestern Alberta*
Transgressive Shoreline Deposits of the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Bluesky Formation in the Boyer and Steen Field Areas of Northwestern Alberta* Shaun O Connell 1 Search and Discovery Article #2298 (215)
More informationEPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
More informationData Repository item
Data Repository (B25407): Localities and descriptions of measured sections of study areas Table 1. Localities of the measured sedimentary sections in the NW Sichuan Basin Section Number Stratigraphy Locality
More informationNC Earth Science Essential Standards
NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.
More informationSequence Stratigraphic Analysis from Well Logs of an X- Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Current Research in Geosciences Original Research Paper Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis from Well Logs of an X- Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria Godwin Omokenu Emujakporue and Alphonsus Joseph Eyo Department
More informationCement Stabilization Characteristics of Shale Subgrade of parts of the Lower Benue Trough, Southeastern Nigeria
International Journal of Science and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2014 Cement Stabilization Characteristics of Shale Subgrade of parts of the Lower Benue Trough, Southeastern Nigeria Nnamdi E. Ekeocha,
More informationSedimentology and Depositional Environment of D2 Sand in Part of Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Research Articles Sedimentology and Depositional Environment of D2 Sand in Part of Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria Prince Suka
More informationThe Kingfisher Field, Uganda - A Bird in the Hand! S R Curd, R Downie, P C Logan, P Holley Heritage Oil plc *
A Bird in the Hand! EXTENDED ABSTRACT The Kingfisher Field, Uganda - A Bird in the Hand! Heritage Oil plc * The Kingfisher Field lies on Uganda s western border beneath Lake Albert, situated in the western
More informationFeet. SAND; clayey, fine grained; shells are common; rounded quartz grains. SHELLS; muddy; almost no sand, shells and fragments common
SAND; clayey, fine grained; shells are common; rounded quartz grains SHELLS; muddy; almost no sand, shells and fragments common SAND; back to medium to fine; has a mottled appearance and looks burrowed;
More informationGY 112L Earth History
GY 112L Earth History Lab 2 Vertical Successions and Sequences of Events GY 112L Instructors: Douglas Haywick, James Connors, Mary Anne Connors Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama
More informationPetrographic Comparison and Contrast of Fluvial and Deltaic Sandstones, Upper Pennsylvanian Oread Cyclothem, NE Oklahoma
Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering
More informationOUTCROP! CHARACTERISATION! OF! TRANSGRESSIVE! SANDSTONE! RESERVOIRS:! QUANTITATIVE!COMPARISON!OF!OUTCROP!ANALOGUES!
OUTCROP CHARACTERISATION OF TRANSGRESSIVE SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS: QUANTITATIVECOMPARISONOFOUTCROPANALOGUES OLIVER D. JORDAN 1, PETER J. SIXSMITH 2, GARY J. HAMPSON, SANJEEV GUPTA & HOWARDD.JOHNSON DepartmentofEarthScienceandEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,SouthKensington
More informationFacies Cryptic description Depositional processes Depositional environments Very well sorted. Desert dunes. Migration of straight crested mega ripples
Very well sorted Travelled grate distance, effective sorting 5 medium-grained sandstone with well rounded grains; large scale high angle planar cross-beds. Migration of straight crested mega ripples Desert
More informationJournal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN (Paper) ISSN (Online) Vol.5, No.17, 2015
Lithofacies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the Eocene Nanka Sand as Exposed at Alor and Environs, Southeastern Nigeria: Evidence from Field Study and Granulometric Analysis Ezenwaka, Kingsley.C
More informationChapter 5. The Sedimentary Archives
Chapter 5 The Sedimentary Archives Factors affecting Sedimentary Characteristics 1. Tectonic setting 2. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the depositional environment 3. Method of sediment
More informationEffects of Tides on Deltaic Deposition: Causes and Responses*
Effects of Tides on Deltaic Deposition: Causes and Responses* Piret Plink-Bjorklund 1 Search and Discovery Article #50626 (2012)** Posted June 25, 2012 *Adapted from oral presentation at AAPG Annual Convention
More informationMicroscopic and X-ray fluorescence researches on sandstone from Shahejie Formation, China
IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 06, Issue 04 (April. 2016), V2 PP 27-32 www.iosrjen.org Microscopic and X-ray fluorescence researches on sandstone from
More informationAmerican Institute of Professional Geologists South Dakota Section
American Institute of Professional Geologists South Dakota Section 2015 Field Trip Guide Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Frac Sand Potential Saturday, September 12, 2015 1 Field
More informationDepositional Model and Distribution of Marginal Marine Sands in the Chase Group, Hugoton Gas Field, Southwest Kansas and Oklahoma Panhandle
Depositional Model and Distribution of Marginal Marine Sands in the Chase Group, Hugoton Gas Field, Southwest Kansas and Oklahoma Panhandle Nathan D. Winters, Martin K. Dubois, and Timothy R. Carr Kansas
More informationGEOS 302 Lab 3: Sedimentary Structures (Reference Boggs, Chap.4)
GEOS 302 Lab 3: Sedimentary Structures (Reference Boggs, Chap.4) Objectives: 1. Become familiar with the different sedimentary structures 2. Understand the origin of these different structures and be able
More informationSedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and
More informationStratigraphy and sedimentary structures: Umunya section, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (6):3514-3521 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Stratigraphy and sedimentary structures: Umunya section,
More informationCharacteristics of self-potential anomalies in Abakaliki Lower Benue trough of Nigeria
International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (2276-6618) Vol. 3(7) pp. 257-269, August, 2013 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjgm.2013.025 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/irjgm
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5 Sedimentation Rocks Formed by Surface Processes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Mineralogy of sandstones Key Figure 5.12
More information3rd-order sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the Bearpaw Horseshoe Canyon transition, Alberta plains
3rd-order sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the Bearpaw Horseshoe Canyon transition, Alberta plains Ben Hathway, Alberta Geological Survey, Alberta Energy Regulator, Edmonton, Alberta, ben.hathway@aer.ca
More information